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Predchalcedónska soteriologická kristológia pápeža Leva Veľkého v kontexte dobových teologicko-kultúrnych diskurzov

Author(s): Miloš Lichner / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 01/2018

Pope St. Leo the Great has substantially influenced the text of the Confession of the Faith accepted by the Council of Chalcedon and used by Eastern and Western Christian Churches. In this study, we analyse Leo‘s pre-Chalcedonian Homiletic Christology. As part of our research, we are interested in his thoughts about the two natures of the Incarnation of the Word of God in his homilies. In addition to this, our study offers relevant source translations into the Slovak language. This way, we intend to enrich the previously missing translations of Church Fathers that are necessary for creation of our own Slovak theological dictionary. The homiletic work of this important pope and theologian allows us not only to perceive the versatility of cultural and educational skills of Church Teachers, but it can also provide methodological bases for the research of spirituality of everyday life at any time during the development of Christian culture in the European environment.

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Cyrilské liečiteľské príručky z 18. storočia (etnolingvistická analýza pomenovaní chorôb)

Author(s): Katarína Žeňuchová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 03+04/2018

Cyrillic healing manuscripts from the 18th century include recipes and instructions for treatment of human diseases and farming procedures in the field and crop growing procedures as well as healing guides for diseases and treatment of domestic animals, especially cattle, horses, sheep, and pigs. In the paper we focus on terminological motivation and its symbolism and information on cultural code by comparative research of folk terminology and issues related to research of language picture of the world presented in Slavic spiritual culture.

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Terminological Entry in Animal Science Language

Author(s): Izabela Oprea / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Recently, the number of works centred upon terminological entries has multiplied, a great number of linguists showing interest in this field. Nevertheless, concerning animal science language, terminological entries aren’t studied enough. Thus, we aim at presenting in our work a trial of delimitating certain phrases and terms which are very important for animal science specialists and students, making comparisons between words and terms. Consequently, we will present significant information on general lexicon in order to conclude with animal science lexicon. Our work will comprise the following stages: 1. definition of terminological entries and conveying a short history; 2. extraction of phraseological units candidates to the terminological unit status; 3. application of Cabré (1998)’s principles.

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Tri kapitolky zo života biblických frazém

Author(s): Viera Kováčová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 02/2023

The paper focuses on a selected group of biblical phrasemes [(po)zdvihnúť pätu (päty) proti niekomu; krívať (kuľhať) na obe (dve) nohy vs. krívať (kuľhať) na obe (dve) strany; kameň úrazu vs. kameň urážky]. In addition to the formal-semantic and communication analysis, their connection with the biblical source is given particular attention (based on Slovak translations of the Bible, comparing the contemporary translations with historical ones). The life path of biblical idioms in a diachronic-synchronic perspective is created, on the one hand, on the material base of the Historical Dictionary of the Slovak Language and selected historical written sources bearing witness to the past of the language; on the other, drawing on the material of the Slovak National Corpus (the corpus of Slovak texts available on the web), which provides testimony on the language of the present.

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Про «это, как его... ну, это самое...»

Author(s): Marina Valentsova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 02/2023

The article deals with the verbs formed from pronoun bases, which have indefinite meaning – Slovak ondiať (sa) and onačiť (sa) and their correspondences in other Slavic languages and dialects. In the Czech-Moravian-Slovak linguistic territory both verbs with synonymous meaning are represented. In the rest of Slavic territory, either verbs like ondiť (Lusatian and almost all South Slavic languages) or verbs like onačiť (Polish, Ruthenian, Ukrainian) are known. Special attention is paid to the etymology of these verbs. The reasons for such areal distribution of the verbs in question are suggested, and the possibility of interpreting Carpatho-Ukrainian lexemes is suggested.

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Reflexie o duáli *vyšnije Moravě i etnonymách *Marhari a *Merehani cez prizmu Šafárikových Slovanských starožitností

Author(s): Ivor Ripka / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 01/2024

The paper presents reflexively the previous interpretations of the dual forms *visnije Moravě and the ethnonyms *Marhari and *Merehani, evidenced in the 9th century manuscript of the Bavarian Geographer. The author recalls the ever-inspiring interpretations of Pavel Jozef Šafárik from his Slavonic Antiquities. He divided Upper Moravia (in later literature – from the time of Constantine Porphyrogenitus – traditionally referred to as Great Moravia) into the Danube and the Pannonian parts. Opinions according to which these are the territories of Pomoravie and Slovak Ponitrie are not correct or acceptable.

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Nový etymologický časopis zo Skopje : (Etymologica Macedonica. Македонско списание за етимологиjа)

Author(s): Ľubor Králik / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 01/2024

The article reviews the first volume of Etymologica Macedonica (2023), a new scholarly journal of etymology initiated by the Krste Misirkov Institute for the Macedonian Language in Skopje, North Macedonia. In this context, the author also points out some particular issues of Slavonic etymology and etymological lexicography (etymological journals published in Slavonic countries, treatment of Macedonian lexis in the academic Bulgarian Etymological Dictio- nary, need for a separate etymological dictionary of Macedonian, etymological dictionaries of the successor languages of Serbo-Croatian, etc.).

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О народним еортонимима у српском језику и њиховим паралелама у другим словенским језицима

Author(s): Nataša Milanov / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 02/2024

The paper presents the semantic and word-formation aspects of the folk names of Orthodox Church holidays in the Serbian language. The research material is excerpted from descriptive and dialectal dictionaries of the Serbian language, from ethnolinguistic studies, as well as from everyday speech. The analysis will be completed giving a review of the situation in other Slavic languages (Russian, Bulgarian, Czech, etc.), which was recorded in studies dealing with folk names of holidays. The aim of the research will be to present the folk terminology related to religious holidays, to list the formal characteristics of these names and describe their semantic properties, as well as to look into the attitude of speakers towards the customs and beliefs associated with a certain holiday, through the use of linguistic units. By comparing them to the corresponding names in other Slavic languages, common elements of the folklore image of the world can be determined, as well as whether there are any general features in the understanding of reality among the Slavic peoples.

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Laenud tulnud, laenud läinud või jäänud: Marja- ja maaõuntest pirnide ja kartuliteni

Author(s): Jüri Viikberg / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 1-2/2025

This article examines the arrival of German loanwords into Estonian through a small selection of once-exotic fruits of foreign origin (pear, plum, damson, cherry, lemon, bitter orange, and orange) alongside the potato, a vegetable of American origin. Linguistic data provides insight into when these foreign fruits and plants appeared on our tables and in our gardens, as well as the forms these loanwords took in Northern and Southern Estonia, two historical provinces with distinct dialects and written languages. The adoption of new fruit names in Estonian reflects long-term linguistic processes. In the early stages, native vocabulary was often preferred over foreign words. For example, Marja puh (1637), meaning ‘pear tree’, introduced the unfamiliar fruit by paraphrasing it with the native word mari (‘berry’). Another method of naming foreign species involved associating them with their country of origin. Since many southern fruits arrived in Estonia via Germany, Heinrich Göseken, for instance, referred to the pear as Saxa marri Oun and the plum as saxa mah marri (1660). Such explanatory names sufficed temporarily but did not endure over time. A third approach to word formation involved borrowing directly from foreign languages, initially mainly from Low German (e.g., Karsberi marri < kersebere), followed by Baltic German (e.g., kreek < Kreke, pombre marja < Bumbeere), and later from standard German (e.g., kirss < Kirsche, sidrun < Zitrone). Some of the borrowed names fell out of use (e.g., orans ‘orange’, maaõun ‘potato’), but others that entered common usage were gradually adapted to fit the Estonian linguistic system. Repeated borrowing is a well-known phenomenon in this context, occurring in different regions or at different times. For instance, the term for ‘cherry’ appeared as Karsberi marri in Kadrina (1637), Wissila Marri in Urvaste (1648), and Kirsimarri in Pärnu (1720–1730). Thus, the tree and its fruit were named differently in Northern, Southern, and Western Estonia, influenced by the contact languages prevalent in these regions.

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Võrdlevalt eesti vanemast leksikograafiast

Author(s): Madis Jürviste / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 1-2/2025

The earliest Estonian dictionaries, published in the 17th and 18th centuries, have typically been studied in a narrow context, with a focus on individual sources or the authors in isolation. However, this period merits a comparative cross-source analysis, describing the lexicographical landscape from a broader perspective. This constitutes the main objective of this article. It provides a concise review of the existing literature on this period in Estonian lexicography, followed by a comparative analysis of the macrostructure and microstructure of these dictionaries. The sources analyzed in this study range from Heinrich Stahl’s Vocabula (1637), the first known printed Estonian-German dictionary, up to August Wilhelm Hupel’s Wörterbuch (1780, 2nd ed. 1818). In addition, the article covers Johannes Gutslaff ’s Nomenclator (1648), Heinrich Göseken’s Farrago vocabulorum (1660), Salomo Heinrich Vestring’s Lexicon (first half of the 18th century, originally unpublished in print), and Anton Thor Helle’s Vocabularium (1732). The analysis reveals an evolution from a rather non-systematic presentation of linguistic information in the 17th-century sources to the much stricter approach of the 18th-century dictionaries. Most of these dictionaries were preceded by grammars within the same volumes, with the dictionary entries (primary word forms, declensions) more or less linked to these grammatical descriptions, which were heavily influenced by the German language. The content of these early dictionaries still warrants further extensive research: recent studies utilizing large language models indicate that this new technology can play a crucial role in analyzing the content of historical dictionaries (Jürviste et al., in review). In-depth research in this field is essential for a better understanding of the historical development of Estonian lexical strata.

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Vklad Antona Habovštiaka k problematike teritoriálnej diferencovanosti slovenských nárečí a ich klasifikácie

Author(s): Mária Mikolajová,Gabriela Múcsková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2024

The article presents some models of territorial classification of the Slovak dialectal area, which were created in the course of the development of Slovak linguistics and dialectology. At the same time, it reminds that the differentiation of Slovak dialects has to a large extent the character of a dialectal continuum, therefore territorial classifications are always the result of a certain abstraction and selection of linguistic criteria as well as the consideration of extra-linguistic factors. The first classifications were based almost exclusively on extra-linguistic factors (namely the division of the territory into the old administrative units in the Hungarian Empire). During the development of classifications of Slovak dialects, it is possible to identify a gradual tendency to increase reflection of linguistic data and isoglosses, and extra-linguistic factors served as one of the potential motivations. In this article, special attention is paid to the contribution of A. Habovštiak’s work to the research of dialect differentiation and the basic principles of their classification.

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Otázky sociálnej diferencovanosti slovenského národného jazyka v diele Antona Habovštiaka

Author(s): Stella Ondrejčiková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2024

This paper presents views on the social differentiation of the Slovak national language with regard to the works of A. Habovštiak in the context of development of the Slovak linguistics. The social differentiation of the national language and, within its framework, the relation between the literary or standard language and the territorial dialect was studied by linguists such as J. Horecký, J. Bosák, I. Ripka, D. Slančová and M. Sokolová, Ľ. Kralčák and others. The views on this relation were influenced by the historical development, political situation and the development of society, and it was the topic of several linguistic conferences and discussions. Within this framework, Anton Habovštiak dealt mainly with the questions of the standard – dialect relationship, the influence of other languages on dialects, semi-varieties, the stylistic differentiation in dialects and specific social varieties as slang and argot, in particular, the language of the linen weavers and merchants. The aim is to present an overview of linguistic perspectives and unique contribution of Habovštiak, who looked at these issues from a dialectological perspective.

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Наблюдения върху един ненормативен формообразувателен модел в съвременния български език

Author(s): Krasimira Angelova Chakarova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

The study examines a group of negative verb forms denoting relative posteriority, in which the negation marker is placed before the full (or second auxiliary) verb rather than in the initial position: compare the examples щях да не забележа; щеше да не си (различен); щял съм да не се съглася; щяха да не зависят; щели да не вземат; щял бил да не докосва, etc., with the normative pattern: нямаше да забележа, нямаше да си (различен), нямало да се съглася, нямаше да зависят, нямало да вземат. Notably, such forms are rarely discussed in systematic Bulgarian grammars but are observed in contemporary oral and written communication. The study aims to: 1) identify the reasons for this deviation from the normative formation of verb forms describing relative posteriority by analysing the linguistic contexts in which these forms occur; 2) determine their status within the verb system (whether they represent acceptable variants or deviations). The analysis also incorporates survey data, providing insights into native speakers’ attitudes towards the studied verb forms.

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Лексемата бушон и нейните метафорични и фразеологични проекции

Author(s): Dilyana Dencheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

The article examines the metaphorical projections of the lexeme fuse and the phrases in which it functions as a component. Specifically, it analyses the expressions someone’s fuses blew and fuses blew in terms of their formal structure, variation, paradigms, semantics, origin and other relevant characteristics. The study rejects the hypothesis that the two units share a common origin and instead proposes that they have under-gone distinct processes of phraseologisation, resulting in different internal forms. It is concluded that the identical formal structure and divergent semantics of the expressions exemplify phraseological homonymy. Additionally, the article analyses the conventional metaphorical projections of the lexeme fuse in terms of their stylistic characteristics, semantics, frequency and viability, while also looking for potential connections with the aforementioned expressions. The capacity of fuse to function as a novel metaphor and to contribute to other types of tropes, such as similes, is emphasised. Furthermore, the study examines the dynamics of its various metaphorical projections, noting the increasing frequency and prominence of some and the decline of others. Particular attention is given to the innovative uses of phrases, where techniques and devices characteristic of poetic language are employed. The analysis demonstrates their adaptability across a broad range of discursive contexts, including poetry, journalistic texts and online forum discussions.

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Лексикосемантична характеристика на говора в с. Брезе, Девинско

Author(s): Elena Kanevska-Nikolova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

The article offers a lexicosemantic analysis of an understudied Rhodope dialect spoken in the village of Breze, in the Devin region, and compares it with other Rhodope dia-lects. The study identifies several main thematic groups in the collected lexical material and examines the origins of the included lexemes. Additionally, it explores instances of synonymy and polysemy observed in the dialect.

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Lexika slovenských nárečí v celoslovanskom kontexte. Príspevok ku konfrontačnému slavistickému výskumu Antona Habovštiaka

Author(s): Gabriel Rožai / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2024

This paper presents the results and clarifies the scientific contribution of A. Habovštiak’s confrontational Slavic research focused on the lexicon Slovak dialects in the Slavic context, which he presented in numerous articles published in domestic and foreign scientific journals and proceedings and later in a summarized form in the monograph Zo slovensko-slovanských lexikálnych vzťahov (so zreteľom na lingvistickú geografiu) [From Slovak-Slavic Lexical Relations (with Regard to Linguistic Geography)] from 1993. With an emphasis on the Slovak-Slavic context, we can summarise that the author significantly contributed to the discussions about defining the place of Slovak in the group of Slavic languages, shed light on its West Slavic character and its relations with South Slavic and East Slavic languages, pointed to the peculiar development of the Slovak lexical fund and on the special continuity of the Slovak dialect lexicon with its Proto-Slavic linguistic origin.

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Aspekt lokálneho v toponomastických prácach Antona Habovštiaka

Author(s): Patrik Jakubek / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2024

Anton Habovštiak, known in the wide linguistic sphere primarily as an excellent dialectologist, in addition to his main scientific activity in dialectology, was also engaged in the onomastic sphere, especially in the field of anoikonyms. His toponomastic works, culminated in the summarizing monograph Oravské chotárne názvy [Field Names of the Orava Region] (1970), are significant in their structure not only as a sociolinguistic probe into the life of the former inhabitants of his native Orava and their connection with the use of the language, but above all for their enormous contribution to the then beginnings of nationwide anoikonymy research and the creation of Slovak onomastics as such in the second half of the 20th century. The linking of the sociolinguistic aspect with the traditional onomastic and dialectological element can be described as a novelty of the time, which undoubtedly deserves closer attention. Therefore, the primary aim of the paper is a comprehensive presentation of this selected and still inspiring onomastic segment in the otherwise rich and varied scientific research activity of this renowned Slovak linguist.

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Vplyv nárečovej a historickej lexiky na poetiku a intencionalitu literárnych (povesťových) textov Antona Habovštiaka

Author(s): Peter Karpinský / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2024

The paper focuses on the study of temporal and territorial lexis in Anton Habovštiak’s folklore collection Skamenená dievka [Petrified Girl] (1977), primarily analysing the occurrence and functional use of archaic, historical, and dialectal elements. It examines how these lexemes influence the interpretation of these texts and their poetics to intentionality (the text’s focus on a child recipient). Special attention is given to temporal lexis, intended to characterize different regions of Slovakia, as the folklore collection displays a heteroregional character. The presence or absence of dialectal words is particularly monitored. Another partial topic of the paper is the investigation of how outdated prefixes and suffixes create the archaic character of the text. The paper identifies these elements and examines their impact on the historical, cultural, and linguistic context of Habovštiak’s tales, highlighting a certain temporal universality of his literary expression.

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Kodifizierung als Sprachmanagementprozess. Zu einigen Beobachtungen aus der lexikographischen Praxis am Großen akademischen Wörterbuch Deutsch‑Tschechisch

Author(s): Vít Dovalil,Martin Šemelík / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2024

This study examines selected aspects of codification in the context of bilingual lexicography, with an emphasis on varying noun declension in cases such as des Autors vs des Autoren in German. Based on Language Management Theory, the study provides insights into the dictionary‑making process of the Large Academic Dictionary German‑Czech, an online dictionary currently under development. Using a qualitative, exploratory approach, observation is employed as the primary research method to illuminate the decision‑making processes involved in such codification. The findings reveal that language management is completed relatively quickly, resulting in outcomes that may be open to debate.

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BUDDHAS EPITETU ATVEIDE LATVIEŠU VALODĀ (PAR PIEMĒRU ŅEMOT ŠĀNTIDĒVAS TRAKTĀTU “BODHIČARJĀVATĀRA”)

Author(s): Agita Baltgalve / Language(s): Latvian Issue: Special/2025

The era of globalization has endowed cross-language comparisons and issues of translatology with increasing importance. Asian and European cultures come into a closer contact. This results in need and aspiration to create a growing number of translations into foreign languages, including the translation of literary, as well as religious texts. This research concerns written translation studies and focuses on a semantic comparison of terminology in Sanskrit, Tibetan, English and Latvian languages. The main object of the article is the name “buddha” and its synonyms that are very frequent in Buddhist writings. In this case, the treatise “Bodhicharyavatara” by Indian philosopher Shantideva – one of the most translated Buddhist texts in the world – is chosen as the basis. This text was originally written in Sanskrit, but after being translated into Tibetan, it became most wide-spread among Tibetan Buddhists (Nelson, 2016, 405). Since the 20th century, it has been translated into many languages, and has become very popular throughout the world, not only in Buddhist communities, but also among general readers (Brassard, 2012, 6). Most translations have been rendered in English, but with the spread of Buddhism, and especially Tibetan Buddhist schools in Latvia, the availability of Buddhist texts and terminology in Latvian language has become a topical issue. The close historical relationship between Baltic and Indic languages can be mentioned as an advantage in the process of translating Buddhist texts, because both languages reveal many morphological and phonetic similarities. Currently, the author is working on the translation of the “Bodhicharyavatara” from Tibetan into Latvian, therefore it is important to establish the main concepts and to compare them with their Sanskrit and English equivalents. Since the content of the treatise is related to the bodhisattva path of self-cultivation, where the ultimate goal of practitioners is to become a buddha, the word “buddha” is mentioned rather often. Owing to the lyrical style of the text various figurative epithets are used, and Tibetan and English translators have chosen different renderings of buddha’s epithets. Hence, the main goal of this study is to compare buddha’s names used in Sanskrit, Tibetan and English languages in order to find the most appropriate approach in Latvian – both for the relevant translation and for the translation terminology in general. In conclusion, the author offers recommendations regarding methods of either transcribing or translating personal names that can be useful also for translations in other fields and into other languages.

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