Ideologicko-persuazívne prejavy v publicistických titulkoch denníka Pravda v 60. rokoch

Author(s): Patrícia Molnárová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2020

The contemporary newspaper headlines in the form of an individual part of the journalistic text fulfil, in addition to the basic information and orientation functions, also the function of evaluation, persuasion or manipulation. The tendencies of the latter result from the political and ideological context. In the 1960’s, the manifestations of ideology were reflected in the overlap with the linguistic sphere, creating a specific form of the language of socialism. The extralingual overlap of ideology into language was applied in connection with formal shape and semantics of newspaper headlines in a nationwide political press of Communist Party in Slovakia. The aim of the paper is to identify, analyse and interpret the persuasive and ideologically determined elements in the analytical journalism in Pravda newspaper in the years 1961 – 1970. The research focuses both on a typographic depiction of headlines and of the occurrence, application and function of language in a lexical, semantic and stylistic level.

Lexikologické výskumy v časopise Slovenská reč

Author(s): Oľga Orgoňová,Alena Bohunická / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2022

Lexicology as the study of the lexical vocabulary of the Slovak language was not at the forefront of the journal’s interest in the first two decades of its existence. The primary focus was put rather on the aspects of orthography and practical morphology, i.e. inflection. The theoretical basis of this subject only became a focus of interest after WWII. The peak of the theoretical definition of lexical semantics, which is the focus of this study, is associated with the name of J. Dolník. He eventually synthesized his partial studies published in journals in the monograph "Lexikológia" (1st edition 2003, 2nd edition 2007). The study also pays attention to the theoretical background, debates, and practical applications related to the approaches to lexical classification.

Etymologické výskumy v časopise Slovenská reč

Author(s): Martin Diweg-Pukanec / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2022

The aim of this paper is to present the articles that were published during the years 1932-2022 in the Slovenská reč journal and dealt with etymological research. Etymological research in the entire period of the journal’s existence cannot be reduced to a single line of development from a theoretical point of view, which is visible, among others, in the list of the most prominent etymologists of the Slovak language of the period who carried out a publishing activity in this linguistic field on the pages of Slovenská reč: V. Šmilauer, J. Stanislav, F. Kopečný, V. Polák, Š. Ondruš, and Ľ. Králik. For example, the youngest of the mentioned linguists, Ľ. Králik, belongs more to the conservative wing of etymological research, while, for example, Š. Ondruš, who can be regarded together with Ľ. Králik as the most prolific etymologist in the journal, rather to the modernist wing. This is true if we consider the main criterion of modernity to be a positive or negative attitude towards the possibilities of the laryngeal theory, as was thought in Slovak linguistics about half a century ago. However, if we were to take the modernity of the continuity of the research by the accentologist C. Stang (Slavonic accentuation, 1957) as a criterion, as it is supposed nowadays, we would have to admit that the etymology of the Slovak language in the journal is conceptually more in line with the most important etymological dictionary of Slavic languages, Etimologicheskii slovar slavianskikh yazykov, which did not reflect the work of C. Stang, nor did it follow the research of the Moscow accentological school (V.M. Illich-Svitych, V.A. Dybo, and others). Since the etymological research on the pages of Slovenská reč does not fully follow C. Stang’s accentological work or the works of the Leiden accentological school of F. Kortlandt, which consider Stang’s accentology as their starting point, it may nevertheless look like a certain deficit in the perspective of the large production of new etymological dictionaries of the Leiden school. The example of Š. Ondruš, today’s undecided discussions among accentologists, but especially the modest contribution of accentology to etymology (e.g. in many respects the excellent Slavic etymological dictionary by R. Derksen, a member of the Leiden school, contains new orthography rather than innovative interpretations) show that modern Balto-Slavic accentology is rather a dead end for the etymology of the Slovak language. Therefore, the articles in the field of etymological research published during nine decades in Slovenská reč certainly cannot be regarded as outdated, quite the contrary. Throughout the entire period they have brought ideas reflecting the state of knowledge at the time, but often also very progressive ideas. These ideas, however, seem to have been exhausted at some point and a moderate, more conservative line of etymological research was established, reflecting both the Czech-Slovak as well as Slovak traditions in Indo-European and Slavic studies.

K pravopisu štylisticky príznakových etnických a obyvateľských mien. 2. časť

Author(s): Ingrid Hrubaničová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2023

In this paper we continue to investigate the spelling of stylistically symptomatic ethnonyms and population names (EOMs) (Hrubaničová, 2023), with special attention to cases of unclear boundaries between the proprium and the appellative in so-called stylistically symptomatic EOMs, and orthographic divergence in capitalization in this group of names. We focus on the spelling of proprial suffixal derivatives (type SLOVÁČIK – SLOVÁČISKO; ČECHÚŇ, ČECHÚR, ČECHÁK, ČECHÁČIK) and abbreviative derivatives (type DEDERÓN, DEDERÁK, ENDEERÁK; USÁK) of neutral EOMs.

Ketefete: úvahy o jednom hapax legomenon

Author(s): Ľubor Králik / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2023

The author discusses the word ketefete attested in a collection of historical legends from the Central Slovakian region of Turiec (hapax legomenon with unclear meaning used in a culinary context). The word seems to be of Hungarian origin, cf. Hungarian kötyfötöl "to mix, stir; to cook badly (without knowledge, in a hurry, while combining all kinds of ingredients, etc.)" (probably onomatopoeic). In the author’s opinion, it may be either a loanword from an unattested Hungarian *kötyföt (supposed nominal back-formation from kötyfötöl) or a back-formation from an assumed Slovak verb *keťfetelovať (< Hungarian kötyfötöl). In Slovak, the noun ketefete (with unclear morphological attributes: indeclinable neuter noun? plural form of a masculine *ketefeť?) was probably modified phonetically on the model of reduplicative words.

O terénnom názve Klanec

Author(s): Iveta Valentová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2023

Obec Mlynky (maď. Pilisszentkereszt) sa nachádza na severozápade Maďarska v oblasti Pilišských vrchov a označuje sa za najslovenskejšiu z obcí, resp. slovenských jazykových enkláv v Maďarsku (porov. Szabóová, 2008). Hoci Slováci, ktorí žili v severných horských oblastiach dnešného Maďarska, sa pokladajú za pôvodných, autochtónnych obyvateľov, súčasní Slováci sú skôr potomkovia tých, ktorí prišli do vyľudnených a spustošených oblastí až po porážke osmanských Turkov. Podľa A. Kováčovej a A. U hrinovej (2008, s. 235) prvé rodiny prišli r. 1747 zo susedného Santova, kam sa dostali pravdepodobne z územia západného Slovenska, najmä z okolia Trnavy a Trenčína. Prevažne západoslovenský charakter nárečia obce môže tento predpoklad len potvrdzovať.

Novšie významové vzťahy medzi výrazmi rukávnik, rukávik, rukáv

Author(s): Silvia Duchková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 5/2023

Kompozitné pomenovania s internacionálnymi numerálnymi komponentmi v slovenčine

Author(s): Martin Ološtiak,Slavka Oriňáková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2023

The article deals with compounds with international numerical components in Slovak, e.g. kilogram, nanofarad, monografia 'monograph', polysémia 'polysemy'. These components are defined as bound morphemes with full lexical meaning that can be combined with words (nanotechnológia 'nanotechnology', unilaterálny 'unilateral'), or with bound morphemes (trilógia 'trilogy', pentatlon 'pentathlon'). The former type of compounds is referred to as semi-compounds, the latter as quasi-compounds. The article is structured into four basic sections (apart from introductory notes and conclusions). Methodological background is presented in section 2 where fundamental notions are introduced (including an overview of the principles of word-formation motivation and the classification of compounds). The study of 48 components (i.e. combining forms called baseoids) is presented in the form of "microentries" with information on etymology, semantics, word-formation, frequency (corpus-based data), collocability and the treatment of these entries in selected Slovak dictionaries. In this way two types of combining forms are considered: a) SI metric prefixes: 24 components that signify decimal powers ranging from 10–30 to 1030, e.g. mili-, centi-, kilo-, mega- etc. (section 3); b) non-SI elements: other 24 components with numerical meanings (from "one" to "nine", "half", "many"), e.g. mono-, uni-, tri-, poly- etc. (section 4). Finally, section 5 summarizes corpus data on frequency, examines paradigmatic relations (lexical fields, synonymy, antonymy), polysemy and orthography, and characterizes communication status (words with international combining forms are typical for the languages for specific purposes, i.e. language of science and technology).

Súčasný slovakistický výskum na Pedagogickej fakulte Trnavskej univerzity v Trnave

Author(s): Juraj Hladký,Roman Vojtechovský,Andrej Závodný / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2023

Members of the Department of Slovak Language and Literature at the Faculty of Education of Trnava University in Trnava engage in scientific research in the fields of synchrony, diachrony, and language didactics. Their research dedicated to Slovak sign language is unique in a nationwide context. In terms of project and publication activities, research primarily encompasses onomastics, onomastic terminology, historical lexis, territorial and social dialects, translation, analysis and interpretation of Old Church Slavonic texts, philosophy of language, stylistics, orthography, didactics of Slovak language and Slovak sign language. In addition to monographic publications in the field of onomastics, philosophy of language, research of Old Church Slavonic, and sign language interpretation, the department has also produced bilingual dictionaries dedicated to Slovak sign language. Additionally, a significant number of didactic works and scientific studies, often of fundamental significance (e.g., in the fields of Old Church Slavonic translations and Slovak sign language), have been published by department members. As part of its future plans, the department aims to continue working on ongoing projects, plan new projects, collaborate with external partners and media, and contribute to the popularization of science.

Súčasný slovakistický výskum na Fakulte humanitných vied Sliezskej univerzity v Sosnovci

Author(s): Mariola Szymczak-Rozlach / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2023

The aim of this article is to present the scientific and publishing activities of Slavic linguists and linguodidacticians working at the University of Silesia in Katowice (Sosnowiec). We hereby present the recent scientific achievements covering the period 2018 to 2023 and describe the results of this research. The scientific interests and achievements are preceded by a brief description of the history of Slovak studies as an institution that educates Slovakists and conducts scientific research, cooperating with other Slovak scientific centres and institutions supporting education. The research interests of Silesian Slovakists oscillate around Slovak lexis and lexicology, as well as word formation and semantics. These include synchronic, confrontative, and contrastive Polish-Slovak and Slovak-Polish research and lexicological ones. Additionally, apart from the purely linguistic interests of Slovakists, the focus of their interest is linguodidactics and teaching Slovak as a foreign language.

Súčasný slovakistický výskum vo Výskumnom ústave Slovákov v Maďarsku

Author(s): Tünde Tušková,Alžbeta Uhrinova,Juraj Rágyanszki / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2023

The study presents more than 30 years of linguistic research and project outputs of the Research Institute of Slovaks in Hungary. The main fields of research were sociolinguistics, onomastics, linguistic landscape studies, and the history of Slovak literary language. The article also outlines the perspectives of further linguistic research at the Research Institute of Slovaks in Hungary.

Súčasný slovakistický výskum na Inštitúte slavistiky Viedenskej univerzity

Author(s): Viera Wambach,Stefan Michael Newerkla / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2023

The paper presents results of the research and outputs of Slovak studies at the Department of Slavonic Studies in Vienna since the introduction of Slovak studies as a separate study programme in 2002. Part of the review of the scientific and research activities, mainly in the fields of areal linguistics, lexicography, lexicology and sociolinguistics, is also a brief look into the past and the development of Slovak studies as such.

Porovnanie výkladov teolexikálnych hesiel v Stručnom katolíckom teologickom slovníku a v Slovníku súčasného slovenského jazyka

Author(s): Illya Bey / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2024

Despite the small number of examples examined, at least three factors characterizing the specificity of the reflection of theolexical entries in the SKTS against the background of the SSSJ are evident: 1) the SKTS is "oversaturated" with general information in entries that are only a pretext for the inclusion of this information in the dictionary; 2) despite the fact that it is a terminological dictionary, it lacks some theorems that are in the SSSJ; 3) in SKTS we have also encountered the phenomenon that set expressions with derivatives of the base word are listed, but the base word itself is absent in the dictionary.

Zemplínske dial. chiňar "človek s príliš nízkou telesnou hmotnosťou; chorý, chudorľavý človek": príspevok k štúdiu inoslovanských súvislostí slovenskej nárečovej lexiky

Author(s): Ľubor Králik / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2024

The article discusses the etymology of Slovak dial. chiňar "a person with too low body weight; frail, sickly person", documented in the Zemplín dialect of Eastern Slovakia (cf. also the surnames Chiňar, Chiňár, Chyňar attested in the Zemplín region). In the author’s opinion, the word may be interpreted etymologically as an original nomen agentis ("a person who leans, bends down, etc.", thence probably "a person with a bent posture" > "infirm, sickly, frail person [with low body weight]") derived from an otherwise unattested Slovak *chýňať (sa) (Zemplín dial. *chiňac (še)) as an imperfective-iterative of Slovak *chynúť (sa), Zemplín dial. *chinuc (še) "to lean, bend" < (Proto-)Slavic *chynǫti (cf. Polish chynąć, Russian dial. xinút‘-sja "to lean, bend"). The present etymological note also illustrates the importance of dialectal lexicon for the research into the autochthonous component in the vocabulary of Slovak which should be studied against a wider Slavic background.

Obchodné názvy v kontexte pragmalingvistických vzťahov

Author(s): Jana Sokolová,Vlastimil Pulčár / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2024

This study deals with the issue of business names in the context of their enormous quantity and variability. The aim of the study is to contribute to the knowledge of those pragmalinguistic contexts that lead to the identification of the most distinctive features (expressive qualities) of business names and the identification of preferred procedures in the current Slovak chrematonymic nomination. It captures the causal connections of verbal (naming) behavior and linguistic self-realization of common users of the Slovak language, who seek a compromise between the pressure of legislative regulations, systemic rules of the lexicon and induced individualization, uniqueness and differentiation. It segments the formal side of trade names and, against the background of the tensions between tradition and innovation, normativity and non-normativity and predictability and unpredictability, it justifies the prevalence (and nature) of incomprehensible and meaningfully empty business names.

Koncepcia Poľsko-slovenského slovníka

Author(s): Marta Vojteková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2024

This paper presents the compilation principles of the Polish-Slovak Dictionary – a publication that is being prepared within the project of the Slovak-Polish Commission for the Humanities at the Slovak Ministry of Education and the Polish Ministry of Education. The concept focuses on the characteristics of the dictionary in terms of its macrostructure and microstructure. The following parameters of the dictionary entries are described: entry word, pronunciation, word-class and morphological characteristics, functional qualifiers, translation equivalents and phrases. The principles presented reflect current approaches in lexicographical theory and practice and are based on the compilation principles of the most recent explanatory dictionaries of the Slovak language and the Polish language. The unsatisfactory situation in the Polish-Slovak bilingual lexicography is also briefly pointed out, the reasons for the current absence of a Polish-Slovak dictionary of medium or large size are named, and a publication vision is outlined.

Názvy zaniknutých osád v okrese Galanta

Author(s): Patrik Jakubek / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 5/2024

Settlement names (oikonyms) can give a very rich testimony about the life of our ancestors or about various inter-lingual interactions. However, many named settlements have disappeared in the past for various reasons and their names have gradually fallen into oblivion. In this paper, we therefore focus on the names of now extinct localities that were located within the cadastral boundaries of todayʼs bilingual Galanta district. The main aim is to clarify their onymic motivation on the basis of their etymological backround.

Pytačky: Tradičná oslava záväzku (a) rodiny

Author(s): Martina Kotvanová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 6/2024

In traditional Slovak communities, weddings were not just family events but also significant social gatherings that strengthened community bonds. The process leading to marriage involved several stages, including courtship, engagement, and various pre-wedding rituals. Unlike modern romantic relationships, these stages had practical and socio-economic dimensions. Customs such as "nahováračky" (courtship) and "pytačky" (formal request for marriage) were deeply rooted in cultural norms and varied across regions. The article delves into the unique lexicon and practices associated with these traditions, highlighting their ceremonial nature and regional differences. It also explores the roles of intermediaries like matchmakers and the importance of family approval in the marriage process. The preservation of these customs through repeated practice over the years offers a glimpse into the cultural and linguistic richness of Slovak heritage.

Na tropach słowiańskich dialektyzmów leksykalnych w toponimii Polski: *vertěja 'wzniesienie' i pokrewne

Author(s): Zbigniew Babik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2024

A Polish field name attested in the 20th–21th centuries as Wrzyciej, Wrzycieja and (plural?) Wrzycieje (the village of Apolonka, Silesian Voivodeship, Southern Poland) seems to reflect the ancient Slavic lexical dialectism *vertěja 'small hill; holm (?)', conserved as appellative up to our days mainly in Old and North Russian as well as in few Belarusian and peripheric North-Western Ukrainian dialects. In the main bulk of the paper historical reflexes of this word (including variants) and those of the most closely related lexemes *vertь (*-i-stem) and *vertьje are presented and discussed. The latter, in their turn, may be reflected in the Polish place names Wrzec(z)ko bis (if < *Vert-ьsko) and (so?) Wrzecica (if < *Vertica). As the vowel y of Wrzyciej- might point to the retained length of the etymologically long radical syllable, some remarks are devoted to the prosodic reconstruction and subsequent evolution of possible proto-forms as well.

Slovenski narečni hapaks legomenon mežek 'mlad medved' in slovansko *mečьkъ 'medved'

Author(s): Metka Furlan / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2024

In the paper, the Slovenian dialect hapax legomenon məžək 'young bear', which was only attested in a narrow area of the Gorenjsko dialect, is related and explained from South-Slavic *mečьkъ 'bear' (= Serbian dial. méːčak, Macedonian dial. mečòk). The regularly expected phonetic development from *mečьkъ would be reflected as Slovenian *mečək, therefore, the Gorenjsko məžək belongs to those lexemes which have undergone non-systematic and sporadic phonetic changes. In the paper, it was not possible to give an unequivocal answer to the question of the etymology of the word family *mečьkъ : *mèčьka : *mečьcь with the starting point in the noun *mèka f 'bear', because *mèka could be a hypocoristic for *meduedь 'bear' or a deverbative from *me-ka-ti of onomatopoeic origin.