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In the paper extracted, analysed and commented on is the anthroponymic data of the people baptised in two baptismal registry books of the parish of Jablanac in the period from 1860 to 1895,which has been recorded on microfilm and available on the website www.familysearch.org.
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The dialect of Sveti Juraj is a Shtokavian dialect and belongs to the western dialect, just as all the dialects of the sub-Velebit region, except for the Chakavian dialect of the town of Senj. Senj’s dialect is, like the dialect of the administrative and cultural centre of this area, had a certain influence on the dialect of Sveti Juraj, and so even today there are some Chakavian elements in it. In the paper, the most important phonological and morphological traits of the dialect of Sveti Juraj are represented and the lexis of this Shtokavian dialect is especially considered.
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The Gacka Chakavian dialects in the region of Gacka are ancient dialects, they belong to the Chakavian dialect, by classification they are part of the Ikavian-Ekavian dialect and are then split into two groups of sub-dialects, marginal and continental (Kuterevo), in order that everything is returned to its source, to the local dialect of individual settlements. Gacka Chakavian is, viewed historical, a remnant of the former prevailing Chakavian dialect not only in the area of today’s Gacka, Lika and Krbava, but also of much further afield. However, due to the Ottoman incursions in the Middle Ages, this linguistic region was on the Vrbas –Neretva line pushed towards the west, the settling occurred of a new population who belonged to the Shtokavian dialect. In modern times Gacka Chakavian is preserved in two areas, in the region of Otočac and the region of Brinje. It relies on the Senj, in other words, Modruš-Ogulin Chakavian and beyond, all the way to the southern ends of Karlovac, in other words, Ozalj. Gacka Chakavian was, like all other X-kavian dialects, as well as many Shtokavian, repressed in the field of public communications. It needed a great deal of effort so that native speakers dared and were encouraged to use it more, and the Chair of the Chakavian Assembly of the Gacka Region was also established with the aim of the promotion and protection of this Chakavian dialect. All of this, after 20 years of the work of the Chair, resulted in the protection of Gacka Chakavian with the region of Otočac as the intangible cultural heritage of the Republic of Croatia.
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The article examines the xenophobic attitudes voiced in one of Euripides' most famous tragedies “Medea”, revealing mainly through lexical analysis how fear or anger towards the “other” perceived as foreign, unknown or even dangerous is expressed both in Euripides's original play and its translations and interpretations. In order to study the mediation of xenophobic ideas in the Baltic reception of Euripides' “Medea”, we selected those Medea-themed plays conveyed into the Baltic national languages in the genre of tragedy, and which have either already been staged or are suitable for the stage in their form. The analyzed material includes the tragedies of Euripides, Seneca, Franz Grillparzer, Jean Anouilh, Christa Wolf and Lyudmila Razumovskaya. The research part of the article is divided into three chapters devoted to different versions of “Medea” in Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian. Research results show that in Medea tragedies in the Baltic cultural space, Euripides' ideological construction is almost never fully recreated: shifts in meaning occur both through lexical substitutions and as a result of omissions. However, the reasons for the changes are very different: behind them may be the need to make the piece more audience-friendly, to adapt the content to quantitative versification, and to fit the original theme into a modern context. The agency of these changes is different as well: transformations are made by interpreters, translators, editors and/or theater-makers.
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This article aims to make a contribution to typological semantics presenting the patterns of semantic development attested in Ancient Greek. The etymology of 22 word families meaning ‘fear’ and occurring in Ancient Greek has been examined and classified, according to their original semantics, into 11 groups belonging to six semantic fields. The etymological analysis outlines six large groups in terms of semantic development based mainly on metonymy. The contextual analysis of the uses of the words denoting fear shows that in Ancient Greek, most lexemes do not just indicate the emotion of fear but also contain a semantic component linked to a physical symptom or reaction.
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This article considers the language characteristics of the Megleno-Romanian dialect, using texts recorded by a speaker from Gevgelija (Huma), North Macedonia. The texts were collected during an ethnolinguistic survey while studying funeral and memorial rites among the East-Romanian communities of Macedonia, including the Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians. The Megleno-Romanian recordings have significant linguistic value. Given the fact that Megleno-Romanian is on the verge of extinction, it is important to gather data from the few speakers in order to document the state of the idiom today and compare it with the earlier studies. This article also includes a small comparative component: the collected Megleno-Romanian data is analysed and compared with the neighbouring Aromanian dialects and the Romanian language.
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The translation of an ancient theoretical text opens up two possibilities: to use internationalisms freely and where necessary, or to consistently avoid them, allowing the target language to express itself both with its existing vocabulary and, in many cases, by creating new words. This article considers the translated text of Aristotle’s “Rhetorics” from ancient Greek. Here, the translators chose the second option – to use only Latvian words in the translated text. Innovations are considered, they are organized in the specially created glossary attached to the translation text, which is an arsenal of examples used in the article. The principles of creating such a glossary are evaluated analytically, and the main techniques of word formation are presented, commenting on the connection of new words with the context of the source language, their dependence on it, as well as their integration into the Latvian language environment. The article is based on the materials of two successive editions (2020 and 2023) of the Latvian translation of “Rhetorics”, comparing them and commenting on the changes / additions in the glossary.
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This article aims to analyse the methods of ideologization applied in Lithuanian linguistic academic literature during the post-World War II period. Based on a series of publications by the prominent academic linguists Juozas Balčikonis, Jonas Kruopas and Kazys Ulvydas, the study investigates the shaping of Lithuanian linguistics in the 1950s with a view of identifying the diversity of forms of ideologization reflected in the nature and structure of post-war linguistic activities. The aim of this article is to analyse, with referring to primary sources (articles written during the early post-war period by linguists Juozas Balčikonis, Jonas Kruopas and Kazys Ulvydas), a selection of linguistic publications in order to develop an algorithm for conducting more in-depth studies of the soviet-period linguistic activities. The tasks of the study were to (1) analyse the methods of ideologization and their expression in Lithuanian linguistic academic literature based on the publications on the time; (2) identify the ways in which the content of Lithuanian linguistics was being shaped during the post-war period; (3) summarise the results of the study. The analysis conducted shows that the publications of the early post-war period are all characterised by a near-identical macrostructure. Ideologically mandatory linguistic cliches were used either throughout the entire text or just in the foreword and conclusion of the article. In the first case, the entire academic content was ideologized, while in the second example, publications - although ideologically “framed” - could still retain their academic value. The analysis shows that early post-war ideologization displayed certain characteristic elements used in linguistic publications: methodological provisions expressed through the aim of the article and the tasks set; the “correct” choice of object, material and method of research; the academic apparatus, i.e. referencing the literature listed and quoted; the structure of the article - the cliches in beginning and the ending; the correlation between the academic content and the ideology of the time. Post-war linguistic articles display frequent simplification of ideologized content which is often expressed through ellipsis or distortion of linguistic content. The most recognisable form of simplification is related to various Marxist-Leninist dogmas adapted to linguistic content. The unique style of the author is often steamrolled through the use of specific (and simplified) figures of speech as a means of expressing academic thought. This is why, when assessing the linguistic work conducted by prominent Lithuanian academics in the 1950s, it is helpful not to discard the authentic cliches appearing in their works and biographies.
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Review of: Petras Avižonis, Lietuviška Gramatikėlė (1898–1899), Bibliotheca Archivi Lithuanici 12, parengė Jurgita Venckienė Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2022, 216 p. ISBN 978-609-411-319-2.
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An adjectival simile is an established phraseological unit with a standardised form (blind as a bat). It is perhaps for this reason that it has not been attracting much attention, and most studies on similes focus on verbal similes. This study reports a significant diachronic shift in the usage of adjectival similes, identified by comparing a lexicographic sample with one from a corpus. Analysing corpus data, we collected a representative sample of 309 adjectival similes in English, which further served for the compilation of a “simile minimum” of 60 types. Both corpus samples were then contrasted with lexicographic lists from a dictionary of idioms: English Idioms and How to Use Them (Seidl & McMordie, 1978; 1988). The comparison shows that the lexicographic minimum (65 types) overlaps with that from the corpus by just one-third and the whole representative list (166 types) only by one-fifth. The significant disproportion can be explained as a shift in linguistic reality but also as a result of the dictionary authors’ idiolects or homogeneity of their data. These findings can serve for textbook and reference manual authors as a warning against relying too much on their own linguistic intuition.
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Given the role that word-formation plays in vocabulary organization, there seems to be a consensus that word-formation needs to be taken into account in some way within the lexicographic process. Thus, the present study is devoted to central issues of dealing with word-formation in the dictionary, which include its consideration in the so-called outer texts, the type of macrostructure, entries of word-forming elements, special word-formation sections of the entries, word-formation in the definitions, and the use of typography to highlight word-formation phenomena. The subject of the analysis is selected dictionaries of the German language primarily published before the year 1854, which represents an important caesura in German lexicography constituted by the publication of the first volume of the Deutsches Wörterbuch (German Dictionary) by the Brothers Grimm. Much more often than in the case of today’s lexicographical works, the view of word-formation is linked to a more general conception of language and reflections on it, or even to a broader cultural context, including religion, or life in a pre-secular society, respectively.
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This article compares the adaptation of anthroponyms of foreign origin in Slovak and Spanish across historical periods. We analyze ancient names of Latin and Greek origin where Spanish shows, in general, a deeper level of adaptation. We have also included biblical, Near Eastern, and Egyptian names and names from the medieval and early modern periods, where the predominant tendency is to find native equivalents, not only for first names, but for surnames as well (in a significantly more systematic way in the case of Spanish). Nowadays the clear tendency is to maintain the original graphic form of foreign names in languages using the Latin alphabet, except for names of popes and monarchs. Searching more widely, the article analyzes rules for transcribing names from Slavic languages, Arabic, and Chinese, noting a greater degree of adaptation in Spanish. Different approaches are found in transcription of Chinese names, with Spanish using pinyin and Slovak employing a system of transcription based on its own alphabet. The article concludes with translations of anthroponyms, highlighting variations in the use or absence of translation of descriptive names (nombres parlantes, e.g. Schneewittchen) into the two languages analyzed.
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This paper concerns the usage of the linguonym mowa chachłacka (Khakhol language) in Galicia, Podolia and Volhynia during the first half of the 20th Century. Therefore, it can be considered in the realm of historical sociolinguistics. The source material is comprised of interviews, recorded 1992–2006, with over 100 forced migrants from eastern voivodeships of the interwar Second Polish Republic. After World War 2, the respondents were resettled from their home towns into the new borders of post-war Poland, areas which belonged to Germany until 1945. The research method chosen was partially standardized interviews, which were first recorded and then written down. The paper is focused around the following issues: 1) which linguistic variety was referred to as mowa chachłacka in the interwar period within the researched communities, 2) whether this name contained a value judgement, 3) what was the prestige of mowa chachłacka in these communities. The first chapter of the paper concerns the history of the Russian lexeme хохол/хaхол, which forms the basis of the linguonym mowa chachłacka, and which has been used since the 17th Century to refer to Ukrainians. The article takes into account ideas concerning researching social attitudes to a language, such as standard language ideology and monoglossic ideology.
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The article focuses on the creation of a typology of the administrative vocabulary and its distribution into lexico-semantic groups as exemplified by the Courts Organization Act of 1899. The typology of the administrative vocabulary and its classification by lexico-semantic groups are two approaches to the analysis and organization of lexical units, each of them having a different focus and application. Typological analysis focuses on the structural and functional relationships between the various units of the administrative vocabulary. It examines how these lexical items are organized and interact within a given system or context. Lexico-semantic classification divides words into categories and subcategories according to their meanings, thus showing how different concepts are related by their meaning.
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The article analyses the symbolic meanings of lexemes denoting animate and inanimate objects and describing specific actions in the context of the Ukrainian childbirth rites, which once again testifies to the identical features in the linguistic picture of the world of different ethnic groups, primarily Slavs. The commonality of symbolic meanings among Slavic peoples is due to the history and development of consciousness. Ritual texts have their code - a system of syncretic symbols, traditionally called verbal, object, and action symbols. The meaning of such symbols has either changed over time or has been forgotten. Thus, given the process of globalization and the fact that the original ritual syncretism in the spiritual culture of each nation is lost over time, a thorough analysis of the symbolic meanings in the context of the most secret rite of childbirth among the Ukrainians is relevant and timely. The object of our attention is the symbolic meanings of objects, actions, plants, etc., expressed by language in the context of peoples' rituals. The subject is the peculiarities of symbolic meanings, including the transformation of such meanings in certain Ukrainian lexemes of ritual texts and songs. The universal symbolic meanings of most peoples of the world are the meanings of lexemes naming the elements of fire and water. In the childbirth ritual, the mother and child need protection, and a third person, the midwife, needs purification. The protective power of fire was represented by various red objects: thread, rope, ribbon, etc. As a result of the metonymic transfer, metal objects that passed through the fire acquired a symbolic meaning in the context of the rite: a knife, a needle, an awl, scissors, etc. The blacksmith's actions also took on a symbolic meaning. The fire was kept in a furnace, so the furnace itself became a multiple symbol. The addition of grain, bread, flowers, etc transforms the symbolic meaning of water. Various plants, fabrics, and clothes as object symbols are also widely used in the birth ritual. The name of the bird - the stork - has a symbolic meaning.
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The article delves into English neologisms associated with the Russia-Ukraine war, which gained significant media prominence from its onset on February 24, 2022, until the end of 2022. The following categories were identified: 1) lexical neologisms, which first appeared after the beginning of the war, e.g., sanctionista, Zelensky-washing, Putinflation, etc.; 2) semantic neologisms, which existed before the war but acquired new meanings due to it, e.g., deputinization, digital blockade, etc.; 3) re-actualized lexical units, which were sporadically used up to 2022 but gained renewed relevance and additional contextual valency in the context of the war, e.g., ruscism, stalinization, etc. Some of the neologisms under study were first coined in the Ukrainian or Russian languages and subsequently spread to other languages (e.g., missile terrorism), while others are limited to English only and have no equivalents in either Ukrainian or Russian (e.g., sanctionista). Focusing on the media coverage of the Russia-Ukraine war, we trace the etymology of the identified neologisms, their recurrence, and context of usage, as well as the pragmatic value they have in shaping public stances on the war in Western countries. We also take into consideration humorous neologisms that trended on social media during this period of the war, providing a way of releasing tension while also contributing to Ukrainian information warfare and fundraising purposes. The study is instrumental in driving our understanding of the role of linguistic creativity in the media framing of emotionally loaded and potentially divisive political issues.
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The present study comparatively analyses metaphors and metaphorical phraseological units used in German and Ukrainian press texts to refer to the concept of WAR during the Russia-Ukraine war. The analysis focuses on the structural-semantic and conceptual features of the metaphors to highlight the culturally specific concepts of WAR represented by each metaphor. War metaphors are classified based on reference objects, their lexical source domains, and structural features. By contrasting German-Ukrainian lexical and phraseological pairs for semantic similarities and differences, full, partial, and zero equivalents are identified. The pragmatic functions of the selected metaphors are examined within their contextual embedding. The data consists of 205 Ukrainian and 105 German metaphors and metaphorical phraseological units collected from online dictionaries as well as digital versions of newspapers and magazines from February 2022 to December 2023.
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The Great Czech-Russian Dictionary is a digitized form of a great lexicographical work created within the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences from the 1970s up to the early 1990s. It contains a huge amount of unique vocabulary reflecting also the political and social situation at the time of its origin. Due to its considerable extension, it was not possible to revise and to update it. Containing almost 129,000 entries it is one of the largest bilingual dictionaries in the Czech lexicographical history. Technical possibilities of the electronic form (automatic links, filtering by defined parameters etc.) can be used for extracting narrowly defined groups of vocabulary (i.e. terminology) or grammatical categories (i.e. grammatical gender of nouns etc.). It was published gradually and now it is completly available, also in a mobile version.
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The article examines phonetic-etymological and lexical peculiarities of the Upper Kama dialect of the Komi language in comparison to other Komi dialects. The Upper Kama dialect, also referred to in scientific literature as the Zyuzdinsky dialect, the Zyuzdinsky vernacular, the Upper Kama dialect of the Permian Komi language, the language of the Kirov Permyaks, is the language of the ethnic group of Komi living in the upper reaches of the Kama River. This idiom developed independently of the area of distribution of Komi dialects and until recently existed only in an oral form. In Komi linguistics, the question of the place of the Upper Kama idiom in the dialectal area of the Komi language remains unresolved. This study aims to determine the degree of similarity between the phonetics and basic lexicon of the Upper Kama dialect and those of Komi-Permyak (northern and southern dialects) and southern Komi-Zyryan dialects of the Komi language. This is achieved through the use of the tools provided by the LingvoDoc linguistic platform (lingvodoc.ispras.ru). The study is based on four Komi-Permyak dictionaries, two audio dictionaries of south Komi-Zyrian dialects, and an audio dictionary of the Upper Kama dialect uploaded to the LingvoDoc platform. The analysis of the cognates showed that the Upper Kama dialect is the most similar to the Upper Sysola dialect of the Komi-Zyrian language in terms of phonetic and etymological criteria. However, according to the method of glottochronology, the Upper Kama dialect and the Kudymkar dialect of the Komi-Permyak language have the highest percentage of similarities in the basic lexicon. This apparent contradiction can explain the discussions regarding the place of the Upper Kama dialect within the Komi dialectal area.
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The article addresses the meaning and use of Japanese multi-clause constructions with the conjunction shi. In the literature, the construction X shi Y is usually translated as ‘X and, moreover / and altogether Y’. Using the method of contrastive analysis of parallel texts (books about Harry Potter and their translation into Japanese), we demonstrated the nomenclature of lexical and grammatical means in the English original that served as a trigger for the use of the conjunction shi in translation. This made it possible to identify the following semantic characteristics of constructions with shi: a) combined predications belong to some homogeneous set; b) this set is open, i. e. the listener is given to understand that in addition to the named events/states of affairs, there are other similar ones; c) the second predication has more pragmatic weight; d) combined predications are presented as links in a chain of cause-and-effect relationships or in a chain of reasoning leading to a certain conclusion. From the point of view of linguistic theory, the construction is of interest in the context of the debate about the distinction between coordination and subordination. We have shown that although the construction with shi passes the main tests of syntactic coordination (both related clauses are headed by a finite predicate, the conjunction is located between the clauses, none of them can be nested within the other, it is impossible to include only one of the clauses in the scope of a question or other external operator, excluding the other), from a morphological point of view and, especially from the point of view of semantics and pragmatics, the components of the construction do not demonstrate the expected symmetry. We believe that these results indicate that in the zone of clause combining one should not consider the opposition of coordination and subordination as a privative opposition: a multifactorial approach turns out to be more fruitful.
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