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Les verbes de perception en anglais et en roumain peuvent acquérir des valeurs pragmatiques en tant que marqueurs de la négociation conversationnelle ayant le but de rendre la communication plus sensible aux attitudes et émotions des protagonistes.
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The aim of the current study is to investigate Turkish EFL learners’ linguistic and lexical errors and their causes. The participants were 30 second year English Language and Literature level students at Karabuk University, Turkey. The students were asked to write an essay about “The Qualities of a Good Language Teacher” as an ordinary English language exercise in the class. As a next step, the essays were collected and analyzed based on the taxonomy of Wakkad (1980) and Tan (2007). Error analysis indicated that the five most common errors were articles, word choice, prepositions, word order and subject-verb agreement. The major causes of these errors were attributable to limited vocabulary, poor grammar knowledge and interference from first language. The analysis also revealed the most common cause of the errors as being L1 interference.
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Comparative analysis of Russian and Polish ethnonyms shows both similarities and distinctions of lexical strata in these cognate Slavic languages. One of the reasons of discrepancy in Russian and Polish ethnonymical vocabularies is different suffixes, which are used in ethnonyms formation. The most productive suffix in Russian is -ец, in Polish – -czyk. There are ethnonyms in the dictionaries of the Russian language but there are not ones in the dictionaries of the Polish language (for instance, Słownik języka polskiego, red. M. Szymczak). There are three grammatical forms of Russian ethnonyms (forms of masculine and feminine gender and the plural form) and two forms of Polish equivalents (only the forms of masculine and feminine gender) in Russian-Polish Dictionaries. It is difficult to form the plural of less known Polish ethnonyms. One have to find these forms in special dictionaries (Słownik nazw własnych).
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The aim of the article is to analyse appellatives, recorded in the Dictionary of surnames used in Poland in the 21st century, which were derived from Polish and German names of agricultural tools. Personal names created in this manner indivisualised a person, indicating his profession according to the metonymic model DOER FOR INSTRUMENT. The surnames subject to analysis were: Brona, Ger. Egge, Cep, Ger. Flegel, Kosa, Ger. Sense, Lemiesz, Ger. Pflugschar, Pług, Ger. Pflug, Radło, Ger. R¨uhrpflug, Sierp, Ger. Sichel, Socha, Ger. Hakenpflug. At the moment of their creation, these surnames were characteristic of lower social strata: peasants or craftsmen. The nominainstrumenti carrier could have been the user or the maker of a given tool. The surnames are then vehicles of content and values connected with a particular individual, thus fulfilling the culture-forming function.
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The problems involved in separating Polish-Russian interlingual paronyms from a group of homonyms are described in this article. The aim of the research is to elaborate on specific criteria for selection of such lexical units. The most common articulation differences – including explanations of their reasons – are defined and discussed in the pairs of words that have both similar pronunciation and the same root. Finally, criteria for the selection of Polish-Russian paronyms are developed on the basis of regularly repeating (the most typical) phonetic asymmetries that could be interpreted from a historical perspective, e.g.: Pol. ó / Rus. o ≤ Pr.-Slav. *o (nałóg – налог), e/o ≤ * ˚ ъ (nosek – носок), -y/-ый, -ой ≤ * ˚ ъja ь (pozorny – позорный).
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The paper refers to the issue of medicinal plants, their names and motivation. Linguistic nomination of the discussed group – with environmental conditions as motivational factors – is illustrated with numerous Polish and Russian examples (both botanical and common names), as well as Latin ones (scientific names). The author believes that the choice of a nomination model is not fortuitous. Specific features of plants and places where they grow influence word formation processes and provide information about the plant species in question.
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W artykule zawarto nowe materiały z dziedziny francuskiego słownictwa teatralnego i literackiego szesnastego wieku. Okres ten należy do najmniej zbadanych przez historyków języka. Potwierdza to analiza wydanego przed trzema laty dwutomowego słownika, Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, który opracowała, pod kierunkiem Alain Reya, redakcja serii leksykograficznej Le Robert. Celem autorów jest przedstawienie najnowszego stanu badań dotyczących zarówno etymologii, jak i najważniejszych etapów historii współcześnie istniejącego słownictwa francuskiego. To pierwsze tego typu dzieło, które służyć może nie tylko specjalistom, ale i szerszemu gronu czytelników. Jednak informacje o słownictwie szesnastowiecznym wymagają wielu sprostowań i uzupełnień. Znaczną ich część autorzy zaczerpnęli z pierwszych 14 tomów Trésor de la langue française. Zebrana w artykule dokumentacja i komentarze leksykalne uzupełniają lub korygują dane 25 haseł tych dwóch najnowszych słowników języka francuskiego. Znalezione w wyniku własnych lektur autorki materiały zmieniają w stopniu niekiedy bardzo znacznym historię omawianych słów, a co za tym idzie, obraz szesnastowiecznego słownictwa teatralnego i literackiego. W wielu przypadkach przesunięto daty pierwszych zaświadczeń słów: acteur, w znaczeniu ‘aktor’, o około 160 lat wcześniej od roku podanego przez oba słowniki, auteur tragique o przeszło 100 lat wcześniej, comique, ‘autor komedii’, o ponad 40 lat, tragique, ‘autor tragedii’, o około 140 lat, itd. Wiele nowych danych dostarczyły tłumaczenia klasyków (m. in. komedii Terencjusza), w zbyt małym stopniu wykorzystywane przez leksykografów, choć, jak wiadomo, odegrały one dużą rolę w kształtowaniu nowoczesnego języka francuskiego.
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В статье рассматривается 611 личных имен, выполнявших в приходских книгах роль фамилий, прежде всего крестьяноского населения (хотя наблюдаются также заметки о фамилиях шляхты и евреев). Несмотря на обязывающий в 1 пол. XIX в. административный указ о наличии определенной фамилии, в этом плане господствовали старые обычаи: наблюдается все время довольно большая вариаигивность и колебания, прежде всего в патронимических конструкциях, образуемых посредством суффиксации от названии профессии, имени или фамилии отца. Анализ показал большое количественное преобладание имен с морфологической мотивировкой (517) над переносами (94). В группе перепосов преобладают происводные от прозвищ, реже встречаются происходящие от названии профессии и чинов, немногочисленны производные от имен и совсем исключительны случаи „фамилий” восходящих к этническим и топонимищеским названиям. Среди имен с морфологической мотивировкой большинство возникло блогодаря применению суффиксов -ski, -ak, -ik//-yk (-czyк) и -ic(z).
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the oldest sources of West Ruthenian lexicography written in the 16th-17th and the 18th centuries, such as Лексисъ с to-лкованієлгь словенскнхъ мовъ просто (anonymous from the first half of the 16th century), Лєксис СирѢчъ Рєчєнїа (L. Zizanij, Vilno, in 1596), Лєѯікогть славеноршсскій и имєггь татЪкованіє (Р. Вегупс1а, Kiev, in 1627) as well as Леѯиконъ СирѢчъ Одо вєсниісь Олавєнскін (Suprašl, in 1722). The dictionaries, wliich were of usable and instructive nature, manifested the tradition of normative-lexicographic studies of Old Church Slavonic language initiated by fraternity schools in the Grand Dutchy of Lithuania. The analysis of macro- and microstructure of the dictionaries renders it possible to observe gradual evolution of their authors’ lexicographic workshop.
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Review of: І. А. Гапоненка "Лексіка беларускай лгшарагпурнай мовы XIX -пачатку XX ст. Асаблівасці станауленпя і развіцця"; Minks 2012, 307 pages by: Lilia Citko
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Sinonima Slavyenorosskaya is an anonymous relic of West Ruthenian lexicography published in 1889 by an Ukrainian philologist Pavel Zityetzki who dated it to the end of the 17th century. The dictionary is an inverted version of P. Berynda’s Tezaurus of 1627, which means that the Russian language filled with Polonisms was the original language of the source. The role of metalanguage here was performed by the Church Slavonic language. The article discusses the features of lexicographic relic, the elements of its macro- and microstructures, dependence on a prototype as well as characteristics of the Belarusian language and types of influence from Polish.
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In this paper I discuss the language of blogs in the context of their connections with diaries and memoirs, contemporary reading habits and the use of the Internet, as well as the marketing dimension of virtual presence. To sort out the analysis, I introduce the following terms: ‘blogolekt’, ‘emocjolekt’ (analogous to sociolekt), ‘emotional pact’.
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Der Aufsatz betrifft Spitznamen unter Schülern, die lateinische Elemente enthalten, wobei über 500 Belege aus mehreren Ober- und einigen Hochschulen verwertet werden konnten. Die wichtigsten Ursachen für deren Gebrauch sind im Widerwillen gegen traditionelle, immer noch anzutreffende Spitznamen, im Hang zum Imponieren, aber auch im Bedürfnis, sich aus dem Kollektiv auszunehmen, zu sehen. Die meisten Spitznamen (70%) wurden semantisch kreiert, d.h verstehen sich als Übersetzung eines polnischen Appellativums ins Latein. Beispielsweise wird ein dicker Schüler Pera (zu lat. pera (Tasche)) genannt. 30% der Spitznamenanthroponyme bedienen sich der formalen Mittel, von denen das häufigste die Derivation ist. Das mit Abstand häufigste Suffix ist -a, z. B. Bacyla (zu bacillum (Stock)). Unter den Komposita kommen Zusammenstellungen am häufigsten vor, z. B. Honut Talpa (zu homo (Mensch) und talpa ( M.tuiwurO) Seltener sind Kontaminationen anzutreffen, wie z. B. Irakundel (zu iracundus (rabiat) + kundel (Köter)).
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The word God is present in every language of the world. However, its etymology and its meaning are not always the same; it is often different in the language of philosophers, and others in the language of a given religion. In this article, the author wishes to develop this problem, taking as its reference points two important aspects in the history of religion and philosophy: Christian religion and the philosophical thought of Aristotle. What is the history of God's word for Christians, what are the similarities and differences between them in Greek philosophers? After discussing these issues, the author also presents a brief historical outline of natural theology, which also owes its scientific base to Aristotle.
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This is a review article of the work by Henry G. Burger The Wordtre«®. The Wordtree is a dictionary-thesaurus published in 1984. It is an attempt at defining the lexicon of processes expressed by English transitive verbs. Burger provides information concerning different types of sense relations in each entry. The most challenging part refers to the conceptual analysis of lexical items. Burger applies the binary componential method and tries to define each verbal concept in terms of two sub-parts, one - indicating its cause, the other - its effect. Although the enterprise is unprecedented in its scale, it underrepresents the meaning of lexical items. Also while his binary selections seem convincing for the nodes higher in the hierarchy, they are more arbitrary for the lower ones.
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Na wstępie niniejszego artykułu zostanie przedstawiona krótka analiza filologiczna. Następnie zostanie zaprezentowane funkcjonowanie badanego pojęcia w Starym Testamencie, obejmujące zarówno dominujące tam znaczenie prawne, jak i zaczątki teologicznego rozumienia występujące u Deutero-Izajasza i w Psalmach. W dalszej kolejności omówione zostanie świadectwo w Nowym Testamencie, zwłaszcza w pismach Łukasza i Jana, u których nabiera ono nowych, rewelatywno- -ewangelizacyjnych rysów i staje się nośnikiem doniosłych treści teologicznych. W trzecim punkcie, na podstawie analizy terminu od strony personalistycznej, wskazane zostaną istotne akcenty w zawartości tego pojęcia, jak znakowa i dialogalna struktura aktu świadectwa, związek świadka z powierzoną mu prawdą i podmiotem poświadczanych zdarzeń, świadectwo jako forma komunikacji interpersonalnej, kwestia obiektywnej wartości świadectwa, męczeństwo, a wreszcie funkcje świadectwa.
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Aided by the instruments of prototype theory, the current study sets out to determine whether in password creation there is a common underlying cognitive pattern in the categorization of the elusive natural language concept of LOVE. Our framework combines free listing, a method providing critical information about the words that are more generally associated with a concept, and analysis of prototype rating surveys. The results obtained are compared to a dataset of randomly selected passwords to determine the semantic associations of the concept of LOVE and clarify the semantic processes involved in the structure of passwords. Results suggest that, in categorizing LOVE, password users have compatible representations that afford a meeting of minds. We conclude that LOVE acts as a fixpoint in the mental processing of this CONCEPTUAL SPACE and that it takes, with password users, idealized forms of representations rather than individual experience-based representations, as might be expected. Our investigation method has facilitated the collection of data on how LOVE prototypes specify more exhaustively the mode of synthesis and the cognitive mapping under which these may occur.
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In view of the harmful effects produced by the civilization of the image, the author proposes to form a logosphere which is the medium of speech. The article presents this logosphere as the alternative for the iconosphere where the image dominates. The logosphere is a medium where speech is preferred. For Christians it is Jesus Christ - the Incarnate Word who is the most important in this logosphere. It makes every honest activity deeper.
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The paper analyzes the lexical characteristics of the Gospel of Dovolja. The analysis shows numerous lexical similarities with the second Slavonic translation (T2). Consequently, this Bosnian codex from the beginning of the 15th century shows lexical innovations that are characteristic for the Center of the Preslav, which separates it from most other Bosnian codex that have significant orientation towards a more conservative tradition. In addition to lexical innovations, other linguistic innovations have also been studied in detail, such as the transition l > o. Considering this transition, the Gospel is placed at at the beginning of the 15th century. Comparative analysis of the preserved text of the Gospel showed that innovations are not equally represented throughout the codex. In fact, in the first part of the manuscript, that is, in Matthew's Gospel, they are far more frequent than in the Gospel of Luke, and significantly less than the Gospel of Mark. Various shear solutions result from the existence of at least two different templates, from which the writers transcribed the text of the Gospel.
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The article contains the analysis of antitheses and antonyms that function as a style feature in contemporary homiletic texts. Contemporary texts are compared with Old - Polish and Renaissance sermons where antonyms are the main method of persuasion.
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