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Отражение гендерных стереотипов в татарских паремиях

Author(s): Fanuza Sh. Nurieva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 02 (13)/2014

The article is devoted to the gender analysis of the tokens ‘man’ and ‘woman’ on the material of the Tatar proverbs. Axiological characteristics of man’s and woman’s images were studied on the basis of physiological (features of appearance, age characteristics), psychological (personality traits, intellectual abilities, relationships between a man and a woman) and status and role characteristics (behavioral characteristics, family relations, social status, property condition). The study of gender stereotypes with linguistic and cultural perspective reveals ethnically and culturally conditioned specifics of conceptualization of masculinity and femininity in the Tatar proverbs.

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Параметрическая стратификация карачаево-балкарской лексики на фоне родственных языков

Author(s): Indira Semenova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 02 (13)/2014

The article deals with the quantitative analysis of the vocabulary of the Turkic-Russian dictionaries according to the functional, syntagmatic, paradigmatic and epidigmatic parameters. The aim of the research is to single out the lexicosemantic nucleus of the Karachay-Balkar language and to compare it with the similar nuclei of Turkish, Uzbek and Tofalar (Tofa).

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О некоторых мифологических представлениях башкир

Author(s): Firdaus Khisamitdinova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 02 (13)/2014

The article considers the basic mythological concepts of the Bashkirs: about creation of the world and landscape formation, about the two brothers-demiurges (the deities-antagonists), about vertical (three levels of the universe) and horizontal (four cardinal directions) models of the world. The article also focuses on the characters of the Bashkir lowest mythology: the images of spirits-owners (patron-spirits) and spirits of diseases, demons and totemic ancestors of the Bashkirs.

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Лексико-семантические модели сложных (составных) финно-пермских фитонимов, содержащие детерминант

Author(s): Igor Brodski / Language(s): Russian Issue: 02 (13)/2014

In the Finno-Permic languages (the branch of the Finno-Ugric languages excluding the Ugriс languages) common lexical-semantic models of composite phytonyms (names of plants) are found. Many of these models are common for all branches of the Finno-Permic languages or only for a part of them. Many of these models contain a determinant which points to the class of the nomination object. In the article the author examines such models, classifying them by existence in different branches of the Finno-Ugric languages. If there are identical or close models in contact languages, they are also specified. As it becomes clear, an unusually large number of the lexical-semantic models is common for the Baltic Finnic and Permic languages. On the other hand, in the Finno-Volgaic languages the common models are found very rarely; their majority applies to the names of mushrooms.

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К вопросу о принципах реконструкции номинационных моделей (дискуссионная заметка)

Author(s): Juliya Victorovna Normanskaya / Language(s): Russian Issue: 02 (13)/2014

The author of the discussion article notes the importance of the problem, that Igor Brodski deals with in the paper “Lexical-semantic models of composite Finno-Permic phytonyms with determinants”. The author also pays attention to some methodic disadvantages of this work.

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Артикуляционно-акустические характеристики фонем /ҫ/ и /ҙ/ башкирского языка по экспериментальным данным

Author(s): Linara Ishkildina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 03 (14)/2014

The author discusses the articulatory features of the Bashkir specific phonemes /ҫ/ (/θ/) and /ҙ/ (/ð/) analyzed by innovative experimental methods. The dialectal data concerning these phonemes and their positional allophones are also considered in the article.

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Древнетюркские термины в согдийских документах с горы Муг

Author(s): Andrey Kubatin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 03 (14)/2014

In the Sogdian documents of the first quarter of the 8th century found on Mug Mount (Tajikistan) there are Old Turkic names, titles, terms, directly and indirectly related to the Turkic Khaganate. Despite the fact that there is original information on the history of the Turkic peoples, in particular the Western Turkic Khaganate, in the documents, it was not studied by turkologists and historians. One of the reasons for this fact is controversial reading and interpretation of the terms in the first publications.

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Лексика традиционного костюма в диалектной речи коми-пермяков

Author(s): Alevtina Lobanova,Alexander Chernykh / Language(s): Russian Issue: 03 (14)/2014

The article presents the analysis of the terms of clothing in the Komi-Permyak language. In the article the functional and semantic features of the common and dialectal lexemes are identified. The authors also deal with the etymology of the words from the lexical group. The ways of borrowing to Komi-Permyak are considered too.

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Графическая система корейского языка XVIII века

Author(s): Ekaterina Logunova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 03 (14)/2014

The article presents a complete description of the 18th century Korean writing system, which is noticeably different from today’s Korean. The description includes both “reading rules” and “writing rules”, providing free transition between a word written in Korean alphabet and its phonological transcription. Some peculiarities of the 18th century Korean writing system are presented in this paper for the first time (e. g. orthographic rules of syllabic clustering and spelling of aspirated consonants).

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GOVORI ZAPADNOHERCEGOVAČKIH HRVATA U KONTEKSTU HRVATSKOGA JEZIKA

Author(s): Sanja Vulić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2015

The paper analyzes spoken language of Westherzegovinian Croats in the context of Croatian language as a whole. It is emphasised that this spoken language as a part of Croatian new-'štokavian' 'ikavian' dialect represents partly the foundations of the norm of the modern Croatian literary language. The analysis shows that in the 20th ct. this spoken language preserved many words that have, for centuries, been a part of Croatian literary works, written documents as well as Croatian local speeches in Croatia and in indigenous communities in old Croatian diaspora in Central Europe. Naturally, many of those linguistic realisations have been preserved till now. That is the reason why in this paper we deal with words and expressions of Croatian Westherzegovinian spoken language in the context of different Croatian idioms in history and in present. We analyze some phonological and morphological elements, whereas special attention is paid to the lexis. It is emphasised that for the preservation of national identity not only the norm of Croatian literary language is important, but also different linguistic elements of the local speeches that are quite often a silent link between Croatian linguistic past and present. Numerous examples from the spoken language of Westherzegovinian Croats are an important link in that Croatian linguistic chain.

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Uwagi o polszczyźnie inskrypcji nagrobnych na Grodzieńszczyźnie

Author(s): Katarzyna Konczewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 38/2014

The article presents the analysis of features of the Polish language displayed in gravestone inscriptions of the chosen Catholic cemeteries of Grodno region – Kvasovka, Indura, Vereyki, Replya, Lunno, Volpa, Ros. The author briefly describes the districts where research was conducted, gives a general characteristics of the cemeteries and analyses the Polish language inscriptions in gravestones, noting regional linguistic features.

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Filologia a tożsamość. Dwugłos polsko litewski o ks. Antonim Juszkiewiczu, twórcy słowników przekładowych

Author(s): Vilija Sakalauskiene,Zofia Sawaniewska-Mochowa / Language(s): Russian,Polish Issue: 38/2014

The nineteenth-century lexicographical legacy of Fr. Antoni Juszkiewicz (Antanas Juška) is a common linguistic and cultural heritage of Poles and Lithuanians. The translational dictionaries, made by the bilingual author, document the spoken Lithuanian language (in dialectal and colloquial versions) and, as well, Polish regional language in the contemporary territory of Lithuania in the period of partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth. The dictionaries are treated as important sources that provide ethnolinguistic information on two phenomena: - conceptualization of the world by the two nations at the time of crystallization of the Lithuanian identity, - personal vision of the world presented by the lexicographer, the priest, remaining in the situation of a cultural Polish-Lithuanian bivalence. In the mid-19th century the Antanas Juška’s idea of documenting the folk colloquial vocabulary was a new and significant phenomenon in Lithuanian lexicography. The dictionary of Lithuanian-Polish language was a matter of importance for the society. Lithuanians needed the dictionary even more than Poles did. At first the author of this dictionary dedicated his attention to the intellectuals. The brightest minds of that time were going to Polish schools, so the Polish and Lithuanian languages were always used side by side. As a lexicographer, Antanas Juška understood that not only folk colloquial language but also ethnography was an important aspect of national cultural development. For a few decades he dedicated his inexhaustible energy to recording Lithuanian words, phrases, songs and customs of the country. He was attentive to the psychological, historical and traditional aspects of the culture as well as tried to describe the way people expressed their thoughts. Anatans Juška recorded more than 30,000 words of the spoken language. The ‘Lithuanian Polish Dictionary’ in its different editions reflects the state of Lithuanian language in the second half of the 19th century. The words in this dictionary include loanwords, vulgarities and sentences that reflect the difficult human conditions of that time. ‘The Lithuanian-Polish Dictionary’ by Antanas Juška is an important source of lexicography. The remaining manuscript and editorial processes reflect many difficulties leading to the final results. It is an important and valuable source for researching the development of Lithuanian literary writing.

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O warstwach leksyki pochodzenia litewskiego na obszarze ignalińsko jezioroskim

Author(s): Krystyna Rutkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 38/2014

In this study lexical lithuanisms were analysed, functioning in the Ignalina–Zarasai area, on the Lithuanian–Latvian–Belarussian borderland. Lithuanian proceeds on Slavic dialect have an ancient history, which can be associated with a period, dated quite early based on sources of language. Studying Lithuanian vocabulary in these dialects, the dynamics of influences can be observed simultaneously, as contacts between Lithuanian and other dialects existed in this area for a long time. Therefore, several layers of lithuanisms, differentiated based on time and manner of borrowing, can be distinguished: a) a layer of borrowings with a wide range, shared by many language groups, certified in Polish, Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages; b) a layer of contact lithuanisms, certified in the border zone of Lithuania and the Polish language, dialects occurring in Belarus, also in the Russian dialects of Old Believers; this vocabulary can have a wider range of occurrence or be listed within a single language area, for example only in the Ignalina–Zarasai or Vilnius region; c) borrowings with the rank of infiltration, resulting from active contacts with the Lithuanian language and dialects.

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Językowo-kulturowy obraz dziecka w gwarach góralskich

Author(s): Agnieszka Gotówka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2014

The child image has not been examined in detail by dialectologists to date. However, researchers of standard Polish language and popular culture are interested in this subject. The paper analyses the reconstruction of the linguistic child image in many Gorale dialects (Podhale, Orawa, Spisz, Slask Cieszynski, Zywiecczyzna, Bukowina). Examples have been taken from regional and dialect dictionaries from the years 1900 – 2011, from proverbs and various mass media texts. Vocabulary which conceptualizes the child image in Gorale dialects is rich and interesting not only from a formal and stylistic point of view, but also, and it is worth mentioning, its origins and geography which are very diverse. This vocabulary reflects the people’s relationships and traditions. It reveals the emotions and hierarchy of values, which are typical not only for Gorale but also reflect Polish people’s attitude towards the family.

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Web-Based Software System for Processing Bilingual Digital Resources

Author(s): Ralitsa Dutsova / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2014

The article describes a software management system developed at the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, BAS, for the creation, storing and processing of digital language resources in Bulgarian. Independent components of the system are intended for the creation and management of bilingual dictionaries, for information retrieval and data mining from a bilingual dictionary, and for the presentation of aligned corpora. A module which connects these components is also being developed. The system, implemented as a web-application, contains tools for compilation, editing and search within all components.

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Presentation of the Verbs in Bulgarian-Polish Electronic Dictionary

Author(s): Ludmila Dimitrova,Violetta Koseska-Toszewa / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2014

This paper briefly discusses the presentation of the verbs in the first electronic Bulgarian-Polish dictionary that is currently being developed under a bilateral collaboration between IMI-BAS and ISS-PAS. Special attention is given to the digital entry classifiers that describe Bulgarian and Polish verbs. Problems related to the correspondence between natural language phenomena and their presentations are discussed. Some examples illustrate the different types of dictionary entries for verbs.

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The Need for an Electronic Multilingual Dictionary

Author(s): Anna Kisiel,Joanna Satoła-Staśkowiak,Wojciech Paweł Sosnowski / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2014

The paper analyses the issue of providing adequate equivalents in multilingual dictionaries. If equivalents are adequate, it means that: (1) the scope of meaning of one item is identical to its equivalent (cf. drive: drive a nail vs. drive a car); and (2) the collocations of the equivalents overlap. Two significant problems arise when searching for adequate equivalents: the lack of equivalents whose meanings are identical (narrower/wider meanings, partial overlap of meanings, more than equally good equivalent), and equivalents with homographs in a given language. Because such issues are difficult to resolve in a printed dictionary, we put forward some methods of addressing the problems in an electronic dictionary. The paper offers an example entry from such a dictionary, which presents a suggestion of a layout. We also took into consideration the potential problems which may appear if the entry is presented in this manner: first, one must set a limit for the description (a defined number of lexical units); second, one must avoid circularity, but at the same time also strive for an exhaustive description. Electronic dictionaries offer greater possibilities of presenting modern vocabulary and adding new classifiers (e.g. a classifier of politeness).

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Multi-level Annotation of the Specialized Corpus of Dialogs of Disabled Polish Speakers

Author(s): Joanna Trzebinska,Jakub Bartoszewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2014

While Polish language is relatively well represented in general purpose corpora such as National Polish Language Corpus still there are groups of speakers that are underrepresented in reference corpora. One of such sub-groups is the disabled people community. On the other hand there is a growing need for understanding how disability influences social and cognitive abilities, language in particular. In this paper, we present a specialized Corpus of Dialogs of Disabled Speakers. The process of compiling, transcription and annotation of pragmatic, semantic and morphosyntactic features will be described, as well as Corpus applications will be discussed.

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The Norwegian Lexical item akkurat and the Polish akurat: A Cognitive Semantic Analysis

Author(s): Ewa Data-Bukowska / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2014

The aim of the article is to demonstrate to what extent the Norwegian akkurat and the Polish akurat show similarities and differences in their conceptual content (meaning). Adopting the perspective of cognitive semantics (CS), as described in Langacker (1987) and Lakoff (1987), I shall try to show that the meanings ascribed to these etymologically and formally related words constitute complex networks of senses, rooted in a prototypical centre in each of the languages under discussion. In addition to this, the findings will be interpreted with reference to the process of pragmaticalization (a language unit’s development of increasing pragmatic functions). Within this theoretical framework I shall demonstrate that subjectification/ intersubjectification and pejoration/melioration motivate the main semantic difference between akkurat and akurat. The analysis is based on Norwegian and Polish monolingual corpus data.

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Имат ли хората животи или за тенденцията към конкретизация на абстрактните имена в речта на медиите

Author(s): Andreana Eftimova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2015

Bulgarian linguists mark defect use of grammatical category number at abstract substantive. More frequent use of plural at abstract substantive has two possible interpretations: as concretization of their abstract meaning (semantic transposition of plural forms) or as marking of intensity (stylistic plural). This paper offers definition and context study of the lexical form meanings from media texts, as well as experiment for stylistic evaluation of such use. The conclusion is a durable tendency to plural form use as a result of concretization of abstract meaning.

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