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Türkçede Yan Tümce Türleri Ve İşlevleri

Author(s): İlker Aydın / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 126/2004

Subordinate clauses, although it is a sentence with its structure, meaningly bound to main sentence without being autonomous gramatically. Some subordinate clauses like if clauses, wish clauses and verb clauses don’t explain the true meaning of sentences. A subordinate clause can be a component of main sentence as well as taking part in another subordinate clause. Subordinate clauses in their main sentences are always bound to an upper sentence with some syntax functions. Briefly, subordinate clauses strengthen, explain and complete the idea of main sentence and bound to it with some ways. Subordinate clauses in Turkish are two types as subordinate clauses with finite verb forms and with infinite verb forms. Wish – if clauses, that clauses and subordinate clauses which are structured with some prepositions and repeats are finite verb forms. These are also called as fully equipped subordinate sentences and are few in Turkish. Main forms of subordinate clauses are infinite verb forms in Turkish. These kinds of sentences are structured with both noun and nonfinite verbal forms (nonverb, pronoun verb, subordinate verb form) which are functioning as verbs. They are not fully equipped subordinate sentences. Subordinate sentences function as noun, adjective, subject, complement and adverb in sentences. This study is very useful for those who teach and learn Turkish language because it tries to determine principles of Turkish language syntax and bring up the structure of Turkish sentence especially by analyzing compound sentences.

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О семиотическом аспекте изобразительного искусства

Author(s): Yurij Lekomtsev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/1967

Настоящая заметка написана лингвистом и написана в тесной связи с лингвистическими проблемами. Во-первых, изучение семиотического объекта, иного, чем язык, расширяет кругозор лингвиста (о чем говорил еще Ф. де Соссюр), подготовляя для него переход от дескриптивной точки зрения к теоретической - в частности, знакомит его с иными формами сообщения, чем линейная (двумерная, я-мерная). Во-вторых, в самих естественных языках существуют эмоциональные и эстетические моменты, которые наилучшим образом могут быть поняты на их родной территории.

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Об отдельных чертах научного и художественного текстов

Author(s): Alexander Syrkin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/1965

The present paper treats scientific and fiction texts from the standpoint of regularity of relations among units of "plan de contenu" and "plan d'expression". Scientific text is characterised by obligatory semantic regularity of relations among units of "plan de contenu", which does not allow for any arbitrary interpretation, and by optional morphological regularity among units of "plan d'expression". Fiction text on the contrary possesses optional semantic regularity within "plan de contenu", which makes possible a non-unique interpretation, and obligatory morphological regularity within "plan d'expression". The violation of the obligatory relations leads in both cases to the destruction of the text as a sample of a given type. Further study of these features seems desirable since it would be closely connected with the study of such essential problems as non-contradictoriness of a scientific description, the nature of aesthetic effect, evolution in science and arts, the problem of translatability, intermediate types of texts, etc.

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Українсько-польські синтаксичні паралелі у сучасних мовознавчих дослідженнях

Author(s): Nataliya Mahas / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 9/2021

Reviews of the latest research papers on the comparative syntax of Ukrainian and Polish languages are discussed in the article. The syntactic parallels in two languages are described in the monographic works of famous Slavicists. The analysis of scientific works on syntactic connections of Ukrainian and Polish languages is worked out in monographs, textbooks, numerous articles.

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Lada Badurina, Od gramatike prema komunikaciji

Author(s): Jana Jurčević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 92/2021

Review of: Jana Jurčević - Lada Badurina, Od gramatike prema komunikaciji, Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada, Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Rijeci, 2021.

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Priedēkļa pār- nozīmju hierarhijas atspoguļojums radiālajā nozīmju modelī

Author(s): Daiga Deksne / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 12/2021

Prefixation is a productive technique of verb derivation in Latvian. The range of meanings that prefix can assign to different verbs is very wide. Usually, the meanings of prefixes are of spatial, temporal, or quantitative nature. Traditionally in Latvian linguistics, the meanings of prefixes are presented in the form of a list, giving some examples of prefixed verbs. In this study, prefix meanings are reflected in the radial meaning model, which clearly shows the hierarchy of prefix meanings, common and different properties of meanings. Until now, the classification of the meanings of verbal prefixes in the Latvian linguistics has not been addressed in this way. The concept of radial category is widely used in cognitive linguistics (Lakoff 1987, 65). The radial meaning model for the prefix pār- was created by analysing 396 prefixed verbs excerpted from lvTenTen14, LVK2018 and the Saeima corpus. The model includes 13 meanings. Although the prototypical meaning of the prefix pār- is movement over some object, the largest group of the pār- prefixed verbs have the meaning of repeated action.

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Gramatikas mācību satura variācijas pamatizglītības posmā: latviešu valodas standartu analīze (1992–2018)

Author(s): Diāna Laiveniece,Linda Lauze / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 12/2021

Three basic education standards with different content of the Latvian language have been developed in Latvia between 1992 and 2018. The aim of the research is to analyse the proportion of grammar issues in these documents to evaluate the compliance of grammar learning content with learning outcomes. The following research methods have been used – descriptive analysis of documents, the excerpting of the text of Latvian language standards, comparative analysis of grammar learning content, and direct observations. The paper consists of three parts. First, the understanding of the concept of grammar is described. Then an overview of the development of Latvian language basic education standards is given. The third part analyses the content of grammar and its role in the development of language competence. It is important for Latvian language teachers to understand what the child uses unconsciously from the grammar of the mother tongue, and what must be learned consciously. It can be concluded that the proportion of grammar issues in the content of Latvian language teaching has decreased compared to the 1992 document, where more than half of the content of the eight themes is devoted to grammar issues because accents have been changed. The 2004 standard has an important communicative competence, the 2018 standard – the pragmatic aspect of language use and language creativity. In modern linguodidactics, grammar learning takes place in a definite context – speech situation, text – rather than in isolation, as has been the practice of learning Latvian as a mother tongue for more than a century (mainly in the 20th century), when text was only a means of identifying grammatical structures. The use of language is inconceivable without language competence based on grammar.

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„Es neuzskatu, ka latviešu valoda sastāv tikai no gramatikas”: vidusskolēnu valodas lietpratība un attieksme pret latviešu valodas mācīšanos

Author(s): Sanita Martena / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 12/2021

The paper analyses proficiency in Latvian, experiences with learning Latvian and attitudes towards Latvian lessons as reported by young persons in Latvia at the end of their secondary school careers. It is based on the data of two studies conducted among students from both Latvian-medium of instruction schools and bilingual minority schools: first, research on proficiency in Latvian in students` essays (2018), and second, on students’ attitudes towards learning and teaching processes of Latvian (2018–2019). The data is analysed according to the theory of language proficiency (Hulstijn 2015), focussing on both basic and higher / extended language cognition. In addition, theoretical findings on argumentative writing quality are used for analysing students’ essays, particular regarding comprehension of the essays’ topics, skills to express oneself and one’s opinion, and lexical complexity. The essays reveal the students’ written performative competence, i.e., the level they have reached during 12 years of schooling in Latvian and other subjects. The data show that there are different types of problems regarding deviation from language norms. In addition to more traditional levels of error analysis (e.g. punctuation errors when separating participles’ parts of compound sentences), the paper demonstrates how the students’ texts are characterised by a lack of vocabulary development regarding, e.g., lexical diversity, polysemy, or the correct use of specific terminology. Many of the essays do not describe phenomena, events, or persons in sufficiently precise ways, which is grounded both in a lack of knowledge of the topics and insufficient vocabulary. While the essays provide evidence of the outcomes of learning Latvian, the study on attitudes towards the learning processes reveals possible reasons, which affect the acquisition of Latvian. Many students report a lack of motivation based on difficulties in understanding the teachers’ explanations of Latvian grammar, an insufficient inclusion of functional aspects of language, and occasionally – lack of adequate communication between students and teachers.

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Morphosyntactic Features in Late 19th Century African American Vernacular English

Author(s): Costin-Valentin Oancea / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

This paper discusses the use of African American Vernacular English as a literary dialect. The analysis is based on a corpus containing data collected from two 19th century American novels: ‘The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn’ by Mark Twain and ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin’ by Harriet Beecher Stowe. The speech of two characters of African American descent is under scrutiny: Jim and Aunt Chloe. The first part of the study provides an overview of the sociohistorical context in which AAVE originated and subsequently developed. The paper also highlights several morphosyntactic features attested in AAVE and the last part aims at identifying such features in the speech of the two African American characters aforementioned.

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Negacija u vremenskim rečenicama u hrvatskome jeziku

Author(s): Iva Nazalević Čučević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2016

The subject of this paper is a syntactic and semantic analysis of negation in sentences with the subordinated time clause. This paper analyzes the position and semantic implications of negation in sentences which indicate the full simultaneity and borderline of the time course. Special emphasis is on the terminative sentences in which as a formal indication of a time incompatibility of actions in main and subordinated clause appears negation. According to some interpretations, negation in terminative time clauses is expletive (Kovačević 2004, Silić - Pranjković 2005, Zovko Dinković 2013), which means that the same meaning can be expressed with sentences with the affirmative predicates. With the examples of terminative sentences will be analyzed sentences with conditional and purpose meaning. The aim of this paper is to determine in which cases the negation of the terminative time clauses is expletive.

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O WYRAŻENIACH W MIARĘ I NA MIARĘ. ROZWAŻANIA NA MARGINESIE OPISÓW SŁOWNIKOWYCH

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O WYRAŻENIACH W MIARĘ I NA MIARĘ. ROZWAŻANIA NA MARGINESIE OPISÓW SŁOWNIKOWYCH

Author(s): Anna Kisiel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 09/2021

The presented paper takes up a debate with the existing (mainly dictionary) descriptions of expressions assuming the form w miarę and na miarę. It shows that, although the intuition of the authors of the descriptions is often right, the descriptions themselves are not sufficiently precise. What is pointed to as a potential source of the misunderstandings is the multitude of the types of usage of the base noun miara. Based on a description of syntactic requirements, connectivity (including frequent collocations), and meanings, three units assuming the form w miarę (a gradation operator and two prepositions) and two units assuming the form na miarę (a preposition and an attributive expression) are distinguished. At the same time, it is noticed that the attributive (adverbial and adjectival) usages are the least established in terms of syntax and the most controversial ones.

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OPERATORY GRADACJI MAKSYMALNIE, MINIMALNIE – RÓŻNICE W ZAKRESIE ŁĄCZLIWOŚCI Z PRZYMIOTNIKAMI I PRZYSŁÓWKAMI

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OPERATORY GRADACJI MAKSYMALNIE, MINIMALNIE – RÓŻNICE W ZAKRESIE ŁĄCZLIWOŚCI Z PRZYMIOTNIKAMI I PRZYSŁÓWKAMI

Author(s): Adrianna Piotrowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 09/2021

This paper presents an analysis of semantic and lexical connectivity of lexical units assuming the form maksymalnie (maximally), minimalnie (minimally). They are treated as metapredicative operators, or – to be more precise – as operators of gradation, while in fact they are representatives of metalevels. The paper focuses in particular on presenting limitations to the connectivity between the examined operators and the adjectives and adverbs that are called parametric and evaluative in the relevant literature. The analysed lexemes collocate with adjectives and adverbs that are relative in nature. The analyses were conducted based on the dictionary descriptions and examples of usage of the units derived from the National Corpus of Polish (NKJP). The paper uses methods applied in structural grammar and semantics.

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Pohľad do frazeológie stredného Spiša

Author(s): Miroslav Hovančík / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2011

This paper is an attempt to present a few types of phrases and forms part of a study of the dialects of the towns of Spišské Vlachy and Spišské Podhradie and from the villages Letanovce, Vydrník, Spišský Štvrtok, Smižany, Studenec, Chrasť nad Hornádom, Klčov and Markušovce located in the center of Spiš region. The author divides the phrase in terms of their construction into three categories: complex sentences, sentence-like constructs, and syntagmatic expressions. The material for this paper comes from the author’s own research of the Spiš’s dialects and from the corps of the Slovak dialects from the Dialectological department of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Sciences.

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Consideraţii cu privire la categoria gramaticală a genului substantivelor în rusă şi română

Author(s): Maria Osiac / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2011

This study comparatively depicts the gender of nouns in Russian and Romanian, the possibilities and limits of the semantic, formal and syntactic differentiation of this grammatical category, illustrating the similarities and differences between the two languages as far as the gender of nouns grammatical category is concerned.

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ВЕРБАТОЛОШКА И ДИЈАТОПИЈСКА СТРУКТУРА ИВКОВЕ СЛАВЕ СТЕВАНА СРЕМЦА

Author(s): Jelena R. Jovanović Simić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2018

Стеван Сремац [Сента 1855 – Сокобања 1906] познати је српски реалиста и писац хумористичког профила. „Прву реалистичку приповетку написао је 1893. године под насловом ‘Божићна печеница’, а потом следе ‘Ивкова слава’ [1895], ‘Лимунација на селу’ [1896], ‘Поп Ћира и поп Спира’ [1898], ‘Вукадин’ [1903]...“ [’Белешка о писцу’, в. извор грађе]. Иако по школовању одличан познавалац књижевнојезичке норме, иако је служио и у Београду, Сремац је волео и описивао локалне средине и карактере – бачко-банатске на једном крају српства, и нишке на другом, и то и једне и друге врло успешно. Будући да је поседовао изванредан таленат не само да запази и наслика локални колорит, већ и да га зачини локалном речју, Сремац је – описујући ‘пречанске’ и нишке прилике подједнако успешно – умео да их допуни дијалекатском речи различитих боја. Наш је задатак у овом раду да утврдимо језичке варијације и језичке слојеве у ‘Ивковој слави’, као и како су они укомпоновани у целину приче.

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УПОТРЕБА ПРЕДЛОГА У СРПСКОМ КАО НЕМАТЕРЊЕМ ЈЕЗИКУ КОЈИМ ГОВОРЕ УЧЕНИЦИ АЛБАНСКЕ НАЦИОНАЛНОСТИ

Author(s): Ivana Z. Mitić,Marija Stefanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2016

The subject of our research is to investigate the nature and the main characteristics of Serbian language, produced by Albanian speakers in Bujanovac (multiethnic municipality populated by Serbian, Albanian and Roma people). Using comparative, analytic and morpho-syntactic method, we analyze corpus material on two levels: 1. Clear linguistic level based on comparative analysis between language structures (syntax and semantics of prepositions in Serbian and Albanian language: syntactic possibilities triggered by scope of semantics); 2. Sociolinguistic level based on identification of possible environmental influences on language acquisition in multiethnic contexts (social-educational and comparative method as a theoretical frame of teaching a non-mother tongue). Our goal is to identify social and linguistic aspect of acquiring and learning Serbian language as non-mother tongue and offer possible theoretical solutions of language teaching and learning in multiethnic environments.

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Koji i što ga

Author(s): Marija Znika / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 5/1993

The paper discusses the various properties of the relative pronouns koji and što ga and examines the extent and conditions of their interchangeability.

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Jezici u kontaktu i kontrastu (tipološka klasifikacija jezika/fonološko poređenje jezičkih promjena)

Author(s): Aleksandra Banjević / Language(s): Montenegrine Issue: 2/2009

Language contacts can be studied in three directions: a) language acquisition; b) language borrowing; c) translation. In this project all three directions are investigated. The process of language borrowing has been analysed on four levels: the phonological, the morphological, the semantic and the syntactic levels. The adaptation of a model (a foreign word) shows two kinds of changes: primary and secondary changes which take place on all four levels. The adaptation on the quoted levels is carried out according to the three types of transphonemization (zero, compromise and free), three types of transmorphemization (zero, compromise and complete) and, according to the, degree of the change of meaning, on the semantic level.

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Imenička tvorba u njemačkom i srpskom jeziku na primjeru ekspresivnih imenica sa značenjem lica

Author(s): Mihaela Lalić / Language(s): Montenegrine Issue: 8/2012

Im Vordergrund des vorliegenden Aufsatzes steht der kontrastive Vergleich der Wortbildungsmöglichkeiten expressiver substantivischer Personenbezeichnungen im Deutschen und im Serbischen. Beide Sprachen verfügen über eine große Vielfalt an expressiv konnotierten Personenbezeichnungen, die in deren Wortschatz einen wichtigen Platz einnehmen. Wie unterschiedlich die Expressivität in beiden Sprachen zum Ausdruck gebracht wird, beweist, unter anderem, die Gegenüberstellung der Wortbildungsmuster. Obwohl bei dieser Gruppe von Personenbezeichnungen grundsätzlich die gleichen Wortbildungsarten vorzufinden sind, werden sie in unterschiedlichem Umfang genutzt. Die untersuchten Beispiele zeigen, dass bei der Bildung expressiver Personenbezeichnungen im Deutschen neben den suffixalen deonymischen Personenbezeichnungen, auch Zusammensetzungen, insbesondere Possessivkomposita, eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Im serbischen Wortbildungssystem dagegen herrschen suffixale Ableitungen vor. Den deutschen deonymischen Personenbezeichnungen sowie den Possessivkomposita entsprechen im Serbischen vor allem Ableitungen mit den Suffixen der subjektiven Einschätzung, sowie Zusammenbildungen und die Imperativkomposita, die jedoch im modernen Serbischen nicht mehr produktiv sind. Für künftige kontrastive Forschungen beider Sprachen wäre es wichtig, expressive Personenbezeichnungen unter dem Aspekt der semantischen Modifikation zu untersuchen, denn gerade im Metaphorisierungsprozess sowie durch Synekdoche werden zahlreiche expressiv konnotierte Personenbezeichnungen gebildet.

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Revisiting constraints on postverbal argument coding and linearization in English goal ditransitive constructions

Author(s): Bebwa Isingoma / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The current study seeks to revisit the analysis that attributes the infelicity, in all varieties of English, of strings like (1) ‘*He gave the man it’ and (2) ‘*He gave to him it’ to “the clash between the topical character of the pronoun ‘it’ and the focality associated with end position in English”, in addition to the “breach of the short-before-long principle” (Siewierska & Hollmann, 2007: 86f.) The string in (1) is a double object construction (DOC), while that in (2) is a prepositional construction (PPC). In contradistinction to the above constraints, the present study shows that the pronoun ‘it’ can felicitously appear in the end position in DOCs, as in e.g. “He gave him it” (cf. Huddlestone, 2002: 248), besides the fact that the so-called ‘short-before-long principle’ is clearly violated in that sentence without rendering it ungrammatical. Hence, end position and the “breach of the short-before-long principle” are not tenable constraints. Thus, the current study maintains that for a DOC to accommodate a personal pronoun theme, its goal argument must be realized as a lexically unstressed constituent (cf. Antilla, 2008), specifically as a pronoun (e.g. He gave him it). On the other hand, postponing a personal pronoun theme in the PPC is not possible (e.g. *He gave to him it) because a postponed theme involving non-heavy NP shift is only possible if it is a nominal constituent, since nominal constituents are both contrastively and lexically stressable (cf. Antilla et al., 2010), as in e.g. He gave to him the book – a construction that has been reported to occur in the northern dialect of British English (cf. Siewierska & Hollmann, 2007). Any attempt to postpone a personal pronoun theme will render the sentence ungrammatical (e.g. *He gave to him it), even where there is an unequivocally contrastively stressable pronoun like ‘them’ (e.g.*He gave to him them), since, while ‘them’ is no doubt contrastively stressable, it is not lexically stressable. Both lexical stressability and contrastive stressability are a requirement for this kind of postponement.

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