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Varieerumine tarvis-/vaja-konstruktsioonides keelekontaktide valguses

Author(s): Virve-Anneli Vihman,Liina Lindström,Kristel Uiboaed / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 08-09/2014

This article investigates variation in constructions expressing need in Estonian, based on material from the Corpus of Spoken Estonian, the 1990s Fiction Subcorpus of Written Estonian, and the Estonian Dialect Corpus. The predicates included in the study, vaja/tarvis olema ‘need’, form two basic constructions: one takes a nominal complement and expresses a need for something or a lack of something (Mul on raamatut vaja. ‘I need a book’); the other takes an infinitival complement and conveys modal semantics (Mul on vaja raamatut lugeda. ‘I need to read a book’). These constructions are characterised by considerable variability, conditioned by language-internal (both syntactic and semantic) factors on the one hand, and on the other, language-external factors, primarily language contact. In this paper, we focus on those aspects of variation in the ‘need’-constructions which have clear parallels with the closest neighboring contact languages, Russian and Latvian. These include the choice of modal adverb (tarvis or vaja), case-marking on the nominal complement (nominative or partitive), the choice of copula verb (olema ‘be’, tulema ‘come’, minema ‘go’ or copula ellipsis), and case-marking of the experiencer argument (adessive, allative or omitted argument). We describe parallel developments for each of these elements in the corresponding constructions in Russian and Latvian, which partially account for the variation in Estonian.

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Eesti sõnamoodustus ja süntaks

Author(s): Reet Kasik / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 02/2014

The article analyses the relations between word formation and phrase formation. More or less clear parallels between the two have been found in compound structures. The main focus is derivation, but as Estonian compounding and derivation belong to the same continuum in more than one sense there is also some discussion of synthetic compounds. The relations of Estonian word formation and syntax are discussed from three aspects. First, it is studied how syntactic principles are reflected in word internal structure, i.e. what the relations are between lexical integrity and phrase structure. Second, a closer look is taken at such word syntactic phenomena that violate lexical integrity, in other words, it is examined to what extent syntactic structures can be incorporated in words. The phenomena under study are coordination of word parts, phrase-based derivation (=when an affix apparently attaches to a whole phrase) and phrase as a component of a compound word (=when entire phrases enter into compounds). Third, it is investigated how the properties of a complex word are reflected in its syntactic behaviour, especially in its argument structure.

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Kaassõnade tsükliline areng

Author(s): Külli Habicht,Anni Jürine / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 10/2013

The present paper is concerned with a process observed in contemporary written Estonian that results in the development of complex postpositions. Traditionally, the category of postpositions in Estonian consists of nothing but simple items. However, in actual language use, there are numerous examples that are analyzable as complex postpositions. In this account, we aim to explain the development of complex postpositions both theoretically and empirically. In our analysis, we draw on the schema of cyclic development of Estonian function words proposed by Habicht and Penjam (2007). It is shown that the development of complex postpositions is similar to that of complex adverbs. As complex adverbs are defined primarily based on semantic features we propose that semantic analysis is also the best approach to identify complex postpositions. In the present paper, we discuss various phenomena that are relevant to this particular type of grammaticalization such as lexicalization, reanalysis, actualization, extension, and decategorialization. True, our study is concerned with written language only, and so far there seem to be no formal changes present that are typical of grammaticalization (e.g. phonetic reduction). However, in informal settings, the developing complex postpositions have two spelling variants, i.e. they are often misspelled as a single word. In previous studies (Habicht, Penjam 2007; Jürine 2011) the misspelling has been associated with grammaticalization. In this account we assume a critical position towards this issue. We argue that as a tool of standardization spelling cannot precisely be taken as a defining criterion of grammatical change. However, we claim that given the parallels with (complex) adverbialization and the structural type of Estonian, the spelling of a complex postposition as a single word is likely a manifestation of the development of complex postpositions and hence of grammaticalization as well.

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Lokatiivsete Demonstratiivadverbide Asetusest Ja Funktsioonidest Liikumist Väljendavate Klauside Näitel

Author(s): Piia Taremaa / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 06/2017

Demonstratives are extremely important in all languages due to them having various pragmatic, semantic, and syntactic functions. For this reason, they are frequently studied and our current knowledge of demonstratives is also comparatively rich. However, research into demonstratives tends to concentrate mainly on demonstrative pronouns, while demonstrative adverbs have received much less attention. The same applies to Estonian linguistic tradition in that demonstrative pronouns are much more exhaustively investigated than demonstrative adverbs. The current study aims to fill this gap by analysing the use and function of locative demonstrative adverbs in Estonian. The analysis of locative demonstrative adverbs is based on 229 clauses that represent the semantic domain of actual motion (e.g., ta jooksis seal ‘(s)he was running there’). The analysis is primarily qualitative and focuses on the placement of demonstrative adverbs with respect to the other spatial expressions and the predicate in motion clauses. It also describes the syntactic, pragmatic, and semantic functions that demonstrative adverbs may have in discourse. The analysis reveals many patterns for Estonian locative demonstrative adverbs. Firstly, a demonstrative adverb in Estonian may be used as a single nonverb spatial expression in a clause (e.g., ta jooksis seal ‘(s)he was running there’), but it can also be used in combination with other spatial expressions (e.g., ta jooksis seal metsas ‘lit. (s)he was running there in the forest’). Secondly, demonstrative adverbs tend to occur immediately before the spatial expression (see above), but they can also occur after the spatial expression (e.g., ta jooksis metsas seal ‘(s)he was running in the forest there’). Thirdly, they can be separated from the spatial expression by other syntactic units (e.g., seal ta jooksis metsas ‘there (s)he was running in the forest’). Furthermore, when a demonstrative adverb and spatial expression are adjacent, they tend to refer to the same spatial region (e.g., ta jooksis sinna [goal] majja [goal] lit. ‘(s)he ran thereinto the house’). When they are not adjacent, they tend to refer to different spatial regions (e.g., seal [location] ta jooksis majja [goal] ‘there (s)he ran into the house’). As for their syntactic functions, locative demonstrative adverbs can be described as locative adverbials, articles, or apposition-like units. They also help to create textual coherence and they clearly stand for many referential tasks, while also setting the spatial background of a depicted event. As such, the analysis of Estonian locative demonstrative adverbs indicates their rich and intricate structural and functional variability.

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Garo dziesmu strukturēšanas māksla

Author(s): Beatrise Reidzāne / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 39/2019

Review of: Vīķe-Freiberga Vaira. The Singer of Songs: On cognitive schemas and sequential structuring in longer Latvian folk songs. Rīga: Zinātne, 2019.

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KUIDAS ÄRA TUNDA ADJEKTIIVI? KORPUSKÄITUMISE MUSTRITE ANALÜÜS

Author(s): Maria Tuulik,Ene Vainik,Geda Paulsen,Ahti Lohk / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 18/2022

This study was inspired by a survey of Estonian lexicographers (Paulsen, Vainik and Tuulik 2019), where the lexicographers expressed the need for a new digital tool that would facilitate word class identification for ambiguous cases. In the case of adjectives, the lexicographers emphasized the difficulty of determining if a verb participle has sufficient adjectival use to be included in dictionaries as an adjective. In the article, we examine the morphosyntactic features characteristic of the adjective class and test different parameters in the corpora to differentiate adjectives from other word classes. We provide an overview of the test results of six parameters. In the study we analysed 12 groups of 10 words each. The test groups and test words were chosen manually, with consideration given to the problematic cases outlined by the lexicographers. We compared different types of adjectives or near to adjectives (the test groups) as well as different word classes (the control groups). To analyse the parameters’ capability to set adjectives apart, a deviation study was conducted. We determined a normative range for prototypical adjectives and set the minimum and maximum value for every parameter. In addition, we calculated the deviation of other test groups from the prototypical adjective range. The groups of particular focus (regular verb participles vs. adjectives) were best differentiated by three parameters. The sentence beginning testword+noun parameter (which determined if and how often a test word starts a sentence in the complement position) sets participles apart with 90% accuracy. Also, the parameter that measured the existence of comparative forms for test words was 100% accurate. The adverb parameter (which measured how often a test word is preceded by an adverb) was able to distinguish adjectives from verb participles with 80% accuracy. Among all groups, the comparative form parameter was the most accurate in the deviation study at setting prototypical adjectives apart from other test groups. A Euclidean distance analysis was able to differentiate adjective-like test words and test groups from others that do not behave similarly to prototypical adjectives. As all tested parameters produced meaningful results and were able to differentiate some word classes from adjectives, they can be input for a new digital tool which would show a word’s deviation from prototypical word class representatives to help lexicographers with word-class-related decisions.

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ПРЕДИКАТИВИ ЗА СЪСТОЯНИЕ В БЪЛГАРСКИЯ ЕЗИК – СИНТАКТИЧНО ОПИСАНИЕ

Author(s): Marina Dzhonova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: XXXV/2022

The study proposes a formal and semantic classification of constructions with predicative word and an experiencer argument. A syntactic description of the different types of constructions with predicative word is made. The argument structure of the constructions,the semantic roles of their arguments and the possible complements are presented. The conclusions are mainly supported by data from the Bulgarian National Corpus.

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The law review paper between the Kingdom of the law and the realms of academia: A systemic functional analysis of adverbial clauses

Author(s): Najla Fki / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Legal discourse has long been classified among those genres that defy generic changes the most (Gocić 2012). Recently, however, hybrid legal genres have been challenging this generic stability by imposing their own norms to coin a novel kind of ‘legal culture’ (Goźdź-Roszkowski 2011: 11). The law review article is a case in point for it combines both legal and academic standards of writing which make it “far richer in intertextuality and interdiscursivity” (Bhatia 2006: 6) than the traditional set of legal genres. This generic subversion can be traced in the lexico-grammatical choices made by the authors to turn their papers into influential legal sources rather than mere descriptions of the law. In this context, this study aspires to scrutinize the use of adverbial clauses as one specific lexico-grammatical choice in a corpus of 44 accredited law review papers with the aim of showing how this hybrid genre strives to evolve beyond the stagnation of what is termed ‘language of the law’. Specifically, a Systemic Functional Linguistics analysis of the semantic, structural and thematic uses of these structures is conducted to demonstrate how the hybridity of contexts in a single genre can make for unprecedented generic breaches. The quantitative and qualitative analyses revealed an uneven distribution of adverbial patterns in favor of non-finite purpose and finite condition, concession and reason clauses. Additionally, the positional distribution of these patterns is manipulated whenever the need arises to hedge claims as a form of allegiance to the communal demands of the law and academia. These choices are found to comply with the authors’ needs to balance both legal and academic rituals of writing while observing at the same time their personal needs to be highly acclaimed as legal scholars and to “publish or perish” (Christensen & Oseid 2008: 1).

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ИНФОРМАЦИОННА СТРУКТУРА НА БЪЛГАРСКОТО ИЗРЕЧЕНИЕ С ОГЛЕД НА ПОДЛОГА

Author(s): Eleonora Yovkova-Shii / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: XXXV/2022

This paper deals with the problem of the subject and its realization in the information structure of the Bulgarian simple declarative sentences in the written language. The main problems which this paper will make attempt to investigate, are how the pragmatic roles topic and focus are mapped on the subject, and what factors determine the distinction/realization of the pragmatic roles of the subject. For the purpose of the analysis, we will examine the interface of syntactic structure (word order) of the sentence, formal features of the subject noun in relation to the category of definiteness, and information structure of the sentence.

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Связь состояния функций программирования и контроля и развития синтаксиса у детей 8 лет

Author(s): E. S. Oshchepkova,T. V. Akhutina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1-2/2022

This article considers how children’s neuropsychological development, in particular executive functions, influences their speech acquisition. The study involved 71 students of the second grade (average age 8.8 years, standard deviation 0.29) in one of the lyceums in Moscow. The children were asked to do tasks based on a battery of neuropsychological methods, including making up a story using a series of pictures “Garbage”. The results of the neuropsychological tests were used to calculate the following parameters: firstly, the index of the executive functions (3.1) and the index of serial organization (3.2); secondly, the auditory information processing index (2.2) and the left hemispheric index (L); and, thirdly, the visuospatial information processing index (2.4) and the right hemispheric index (R). According to these indices, strong and weak groups were formed 1) for executive functions, 2) for left hemisphere, and 3) for right hemisphere functions. The stories created by the children were used to analyze their speech production ability, as well as both general textual and syntactic parameters. The data obtained revealed that, depending on the level of development of executive functions, children’s stories differ in a number of parameters. The latter include general text features (semantic completeness, semantic adequacy (the presence of incompleteness and distortions), the construction of the semantic program of the story, the number of words in the story) and syntactic and grammatical features (the number of simple and complex sentences, the average sentence length, etc.).

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Принципы отбора синтаксических конструкций с переносным значением для формирования инструмента оценки когнитивных функций

Author(s): Yu. V. Laykova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1-2/2022

In this article, the criteria for selecting such linguistic materials that can be used to identify the most common figurative units of the Russian language are suggested. They can be helpful in developing a tool to assess the cognitive functions in patients with diabetic encephalopathy, which is often associated with cognitive impairment. The latter is an important interdisciplinary problem. To solve it at the early stages of the disease, a successful diagnostic tool is needed. Here, paremiological units (syntactic structures with a figurative meaning) are considered as suitable candidates for this tool. The selection criteria were elaborated from G.P. Permyakov’s paremiological minimum and the core part of E.E. Ivanov’s paremiological corpus: a total of 123 paremiological units were identified and taken as the basis of the experiment.

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Методы исследования глаголов понимания в лингвистике (на основе языковых материалов английского языка)

Author(s): Ajten Uzeir kyzy Efendieva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 06/2022

The study of verbs of understanding in the language structure is an essential issue for cognitive linguistics and scientific research related to the semantic fields of the lexical level. Verbs of understanding in the lexical tier of the language are indicators of the cognitive process of mastering speech by communicators and have a wide semantic scope. The central link in this sphere is the word “know”. After analyzing the formal and semantic valency of the verbs of understanding and describing their semantic and syntactic features, the researchers classified them into four groups, determined the functionality of these verbs by parts of speech, and identified subcategorical signs of right- and left-handed actants.

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Assessment of Spanish Verbs Based on English and Spanish Communication

Author(s): Mustafa Engü / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2022

Extensive proof presently shows that all dialects, marked and spoken, display a lot of iconicity. We inspected how the visual-gestural methodology of marked dialects works with iconicity for various types of lexical implications contrasted with the hearable vocal methodology of communicated in dialects. We utilized iconicity evaluations of many signs and words to think about iconicity across the vocabularies of two marked dialects - American Gesture based communication and English Communication through signing, and two communicated in dialects - English and Spanish.

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THE INTERPRETATION OF THE PRONOUN “IT” IN OBJECT EXTRAPOSITION STRUCTURES

Author(s): Liliana-Florentina Ricinschi / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

The aim of this paper is to provide a description and an interpretation of the Object Extraposition structure in English, starting with earlier interpretation and moving towards a new analysis. Within the examination of the structure, special focus is placed on the role of the pronoun “it”, with arguments against an interpretation as an expletive and in favour of that as a Ө-marked element. In addition to this, the factors that may influence the interpretation are also investigated with the purpose of establishing a classification the main categories of verbs that allow object extraposition. The corpus serving as the basis for this study is represented by a consistent set of example sentences.

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UTILIZAREA INDICELUI UBR ÎN ANALIZA DIVERSITĂȚII SINTACTICE A INTERLIMBII STUDENȚILOR CARE ÎNVAȚĂ RLS

Author(s): Mariana-Diana Câșlaru,Elena Mihaela Andrei / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2022

The analysis of the interlanguage, seen as a continuum of transitional language systems proper to the student learning a foreign language, needs a methodology that goes beyond the tight space of the conformity with the norm of the target language. In this paper, we propose a methodology for describing the interlanguage, using the UBR (unique bigram ratio) index by which we can calculate the syntactic diversity of a written production, more precisely the predictability of the word sequences. Some of the results of pretesting this methodology will be presented in this paper.

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Rastavne strukture u hrvatskome crkvenoslavenskom jeziku

Author(s): Milan Mihaljević / Language(s): Church Slavonic,Croatian Issue: 2/2022

The paper describes the syntax of disjunctive structures in Croatian Glagolitic texts. Disjunctive coordinators are: ali, ili, lûbo and vola. Ordinary two-membered disjunctive structures have only one coordinator located in front of the second coordinand with which it is more closely connected than with the first coordinand. The most common coordinator ili appears in all types of disjunctive structures and can replace all other coordinators. It is, like lûbo, a unit of both the Croatian Church Slavonic and the Old Croatian system. In contrast, the coordinators ali and vola entered the Glagolitic texts from the vernacular, which is confirmed by their distribution and the fact that in this role they are not recorded in canonical Old Church Slavonic texts. Interrogative sentences are connected by disjunctive coordinators ili and ali. The elliptical interrogative constructions in which only the negative particle ne or ni remains of the second coordinand are also interesting from the syntactic point of view. There are three types of such constructions: direct questions with the interrogative particle li in the first coordinand, dependent questions introduced by the conditional conjunction aĉe, and tag questions adjoined to such dependent questions. We also found examples of the so-called metalinguistic disjunction, in which the coordinator is always ili. In correlative disjunctive structures, which have a coordinator also in front of the first coordinand, all earlier mentioned coordinators appear as well as the group aĉe li and their combinations. In Croatian Church Slavonic, as well as in modern Croatian and other Slavic languages, the initial coordinators have only the first coordinand in their scope, from which they cannot be separated. This means that they do not choose a coordinated phrase as a complement and, therefore, correlative coordinations, as well as non-correlative ones, can have an unlimited number of coordinands, unlike the English correlative adverbs both, either and neither which choose a coordination phrase as a complement and, therefore, the coordination is always binary. In multiple non-correlative disjunctive structures, all coordinators except the last one can be omitted, but if the first, second, or any other coordinator is lexicalized, then all coordinators after it must be lexicalized. All coordinators can have other roles. Coordinators ili and ali introduce admirative questions, ali can also be the adversative and rarely a conditional conjunction, and vola and lûbo, with interrogative and relative pronouns and pronominal adverbs, have the role of indefinite particles.

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Suprotne (adverzativne) rečenice u hrvatskome crkvenoslavenskom jeziku

Author(s): Ana Mihaljević / Language(s): Old Church Slavonic,Croatian,Latin Issue: 2/2022

The paper presents and analyses adversative clauses in the Croatian Church Slavonic language. The Croatian Church Slavonic inventory of adversative conjunctions is determined in comparison with the following Latin conjunctions, adverbs, and text connectors which may have adversative meanings: sed / set, verum, vero, at, at enim, autem, atqui, quod si, et, -que, atque (ac), tamen, attamen, sed tamen, verum tamen, nihilominus, at vero, enimvero, ceterum, atquin based on the corpus for the Dictionary of the Croatian Redaction of Church Slavonic and complete transliterations of Beram breviaries and missals available at beram.stin.hr. The conjunctions which introduce substitution and modification clauses are determined, and the relationship between conjunction and negation is analysed. The position of the conjunction in Old Church Slavonic is compared to the position of the conjunction in the protograph. The occurrence of conjunctions in gradation structures is also analysed. The use of those conjunctions in Croatian Church Slavonic is compared to their equivalents in classical Latin and Latin protographs of translated Croatian Church Slavonic texts. The findings are also compared to Old Church Slavonic and modern Croatian.

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A comparison between grammaticalization process of future tense in Greek and Serbian

Author(s): Illaria Musso / Language(s): English Issue: 53/2022

The aim of this paper is to describe and compare a common Balkan feature in Greek and Serbian, the periphrastic will future and the degree of grammaticalization in both languages, in order to reach conclusions about the similarities and the differences of the two processes and stages of grammaticalization from a diachronic point of view. First, Greek future tense and its development are analyzed from Ancient Greek to Modern Greek, and then the development of future tense from Old Church Slavonic to Serbian is described. To conclude, grammaticalization stages and future marker development are compared diachronically.

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О синтаксичком и семантичком понашању глагола оставити

Author(s): Marina Bagi / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 53/2022

У раду се представља синтаксичко и семантичко понашање глагола оставити. Циљ је да се на примерима из корпуса утврде синтаксичке конструкције које глагол гради и да се пронађу релевантна значења у сваком реченичном моделу. Полазећи од претпоставке да синтаксичко и семантичко понашање глагола стоји у корелацији, ексцерпирани примери класификовани су у групе према допуни коју глагол оставити захтева, а потом су описиване ситуације које глагол означава у тим моделима, како би се утврдили доминантни семантички елементи. Забележено је укупно тринаест конструкција које гради глагол оставити, а као најрелевантнији појмови за разумевање његовог значења издвајају се одлажење и допуштање. У вези са двама наведеним појмовима је и значење проузроковача стања. Закључује се да је основно значење глагола просторно, те да се остала од њега изводе појмовним метафорама. Ово значење провлачи се кроз све реченичне моделе, те постоје и неки прелазни случајеви.

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