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KONTRIBUTI I PROF.DR. MEHMET AHMETAJT PËR DIALEKTOLOGJINË SHQIPTARE

Author(s): Faton Krasniqi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 50/2020

Professor Mehmet Ahmetaj is mainly known for his studies of Albanian dialectology and also has a rich bibliography with several monographs, writings, summaries, papers, scientific papers. The language of his works is distinguished for its clarity, professionalism and accurate scientific information. He devoted a whole life to the Albanian language and with an unparalleled enthusiasm managed to collect many rare words and expressions mainly from the Albanian dialects in Montenegro. His works are a precious treasure of Albanian culture and linguistics. The scientific text differs from other texts and we can freely say that the author's texts are typical scientific texts of our modern linguistics. Its prosperity is the contributions and studies in the field of dialectology as one of the most important fields of linguistics. His ideas and studies are values not only of albanology, but of the entire Albanian culture, because they best reflect the methodology of a dedicated, professional linguist and prepared to achieve results in his field of study.

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Phonological Patterns in the Translations of Poe’s “The Bells” into Romanian

Author(s): Maria-Teodora Creangă / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Of all translation work in the world at any given time, poetry makes up just a small proportion. And of all theorists in translation, only a few tackled the issue of poetry translation for reasons that need no expatiation. The article below discusses two translations into Romanian of Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Bells,” focusing on the approaches and techniques used by the translators in what concerns the transfer of phonological patterns from English into Romanian. The aim is to determine to what extent the target-language texts are faithful replicas in terms of orchestration and aesthetic function, and, whether the outcome has suffered any meaning transformation as a result of the transfer of phonological patterns.

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60-72 Aylık Çocukların Konuşma Becerilerinin İncelenmesi

Author(s): Begümhan Yüksel / Language(s): Turkish,English Issue: 1/2021

The aim of the study is to determine the speaking skill levels of children between the ages of 60-72 months. The research group of the study consists of 60 children between 60-72 months in the city center of Antalya. Data were collected using the "Speaking Skills Assessment Scale". For this, the children were watched a short cartoon movie, and then they were asked to describe what they had watched in their own words. The data of the research were obtained by analyzing the conversations acquired from these interviews. Speeches were evaluated in terms of pronunciation, fluency and language competency. According to the findings, it was determined that the speaking skills of the participant children were at a medium level in terms of pronunciation and fluency, and a lower level in terms of language competency. According to the other results obtained from the research pronunciation skill level fluency and fluency level also predict language competency. While girls are more successful than boys in terms of their pronunciation, there is no difference between them in terms of fluency and language proficiency. In addition, the six-month age difference is not a variable that makes a difference in terms of pronunciation, fluency and language consistency. Based on these results, it is recommended to conduct studies in other age groups and with different tools.

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Türkçede Ses Kavramsal Alanının Yapılandırılmasında İmge Şemaları, Kavramsal Metafor ve Metoniminin Rolleri

Author(s): Özay Önal / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 103/2020

In this research, the concept of sound in Turkish has been considered in terms of its occurrences in the fields of music and speech and analyzed with respect to the related metalanguage and daily language. As it is the case for most conceptual field, we have a body of structured knowledge regarding the sound. It is understood from the image schematic, conceptual metaphorical and metonymic patterns found in music and phonology texts that the components of the sound like pitch, amplitude and timbre; and the formations of it like melody, motion, path, interval, chord and scale are understood as abstract concepts that must be embodied as concrete entities by the human mind. Drawing on this, the roles of these patterns in structuring the conceptual content of the sound in Turkish frame the focus of this research. To that end, typical examples have been collected from the metalinguistic usages found in the books of music theory, linguistics, acoustics and music encyclopedias. On the other hand, naïve knowledge models of sound have been observed in daily formulaic language containing idioms and proverbs and also in the web news. Findings show that image schemas, conceptual metaphor and metonymy are highly prevalent in both models of knowledge. It has also been observed that the specific terms found in the metalanguage of music and linguistics actually belong to the daily language and have been transferred into the metalanguage through metaphorical mapping. Sound is such a widespread phenomenon that we obviously can not restrict it to music and language only. However, our findings will hopefully help us understand the nature of the other types of sound as well.

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Senjski govor nekad i sada na primjeru Korizmenjaka (1508.)

Author(s): Boris Kuzmić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2008

The author in this paper compares phonologic and morphologic characteristics of Senj’s korizmenjak from 1508 whose linguistic basis is in Senj’s vernacular from the beginning of the 16th century, with the same characteristics of Senj’s vernacular of today. Special attention is given to those linguistic characteristics, which are no longer preserved in Senj’s vernacular of today.

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KIRIM KARAYCASININ SÖZVARLIĞINA KRIMKAYLARIN ATALAR SOZI METNİNDEN KATKILAR

Author(s): Hüseyin Yildiz,Abdulkadir Öztürk,Tuba Güner Türkyilmaz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 68/2020

Crimean Karaim, which is the third dialect that forms Karaim with Trakai and Halic dialects, has not to be found speakers today and Crimean Karaim has been replaced by Crimean Tatarish. Limited work has been done on the Crimean Karaim both in Turkey and around the world and the most recent work in this field on vocabulary is “Kırım Karayca Türkçe Sözlük (KKTS)”. In fact, this dictionary, which is a translation of “a Crimean Karaim-English Dictionary” with 10000 words, is important with its centralization of Crimean Karaim and its extensive literature. However, one of the two texts used by Tuba Güner’s master’s thesis, which contains two works by Ercan Alkaya on the subject, Yu. A. Polkanov’s work “Krımkayların Atalar Sozı”, published in Bahcesaray in 1995, was excluded from the corpus of the aforementioned dictionary. The relevant part of the aforementioned master’s thesis has been reviewed meticulously and comparisons have been made with the studies shown with the abbreviations BBCK, DSKK, KK, KKOA, KTBH, P-VII, SKRP, SKRP-H on Crimean Karaim proverbs. As a result of the examination, 119 words that are thought to be included in the vocabulary of the Crimean Karaim were identified. 100 of these words consist of words that are not found in the KKTS and 19 of them consist of words in different forms in the KKTS.

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DÎVÂNU LUGÂTİ’T TÜRK’TEN GÜNÜMÜZE ÇATI TÜRLERİNDE BENZERLİKLER VE FARKLILIKLAR

Author(s): Ümit Hunutlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 68/2020

The voice forms of verbs in Old Turkish are versatile and diverse. Voice affixes are also more functional than today, which can be proven by examining the verbs in the Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk. Some voice forms in the Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk have been out of use in Turkish, while others continue to be used. The functional reductions seen in voice affixes and the introduction of voice forms with different syntactic and lexical methods have narrowed the usage areas of voice types. In this study, the verbs in the Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk are classified according to the forms of passive, causative, transitive, reciprocal, and reflexive, which have been examined in detail. The voice forms exemplified in the Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk are given with their proportional distribution. It is determined at which rate and with what examples these voice forms are used in Turkish today. Features and functions of voice affixes are detected by comparing their use in Karakhanid Turkish and Turkish. Besides, voice forms and affixes used in the Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk that have been out of use today are presented. Inferences have been made about why the voice forms that could not exist today have been abandoned. The voice affix preferences of some verbs in old Turkish and Turkish are compared. Also, the voice possibilities about syntactic components have been found out in Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk. Proportional analysis of the voice types in the Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk, our first known dictionary and grammar book have been examined and the change of Turkish in terms of the voice in time has shown.

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Lexical networks between sounds and meanings in Taiwan Mandarin: Evidence from psycholinguistics

Author(s): Tzu-Yi Tseng / Language(s): English Issue: 02 (29)/2020

The present study aims to provide an outline of lexical networks between sounds and meanings in Taiwan Mandarin. Both the phonological and semantic relations are explored by a free word association task. Previous research has demonstrated a significant influence of phonology on Indo-European networks and suggested the influence of semantics on languages with lexicography such as Mandarin. With a new methodology in which word frequency, syllable type, syllable structure, tone structure, imageability, and parts of speech are carefully considered for the experimental stimuli, a total of 248 responses were collected from six Taiwan Mandarin native speakers. The results of lexical associations suggest that: 1) semantic relations show a stronger connection than phonological ones in Taiwan Mandarin networks; 2) rhymes present a stronger influence on associations than initial segments. The understanding of lexical organization in the human brain may contribute to further research on functions of associations and networks between human and artificial intelligence.

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Communicative responsibility in non-native speech. Overcoming foreign accent in English in religious discourse

Author(s): Agnieszka Bryła-Cruz / Language(s): English Issue: 03 (26)/2019

Apart from evoking accent-based stereotypes, non-native speech has been found to pose threat to intelligibility and overburden listeners with additional cognitive load which may evoke their irritation (Johansson 1975; Kelly 2000; Munro 2003; Lippi-Green 2012; Moyer 2013). The paper discusses the notion of communicative responsibility defined as speaker’s effort to overcome the undesirable consequences of foreign accent for the sake of efficient conveyance of relevant message. Five religious lectures (amounting to 5hrs of audio-visual material) delivered in Polish-accented English are discussed with respect to the speaker’s non-native pronunciation and his morally motivated effort to convey the message precisely despite phonetically deviant speech. The shortcomings of non-native pronunciation are anticipated and targeted by preventive strategies, such as disambiguation, frequent repetition and use of emphatic stress to highlight the most relevant information, eliciting direct feedback from the listeners, monitoring their non-verbal responses, as well as the employment of enhancing devices, such as gestures.

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El Análisis Melódico del Habla. Un método para abordar el análisis de la entonación del español hablado por polacos

Author(s): Weronika Urbanik-Pęk / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 19/2020

This article pretends to make a brief presentation of an innovative methodology to analyze the intonation of Spanish. This model, which was developed in the Laboratory of Applied Phonetics of Barcelona, allows to visualize the melodic line of any contour and compare it with the melodic patterns existing in Spanish. After a brief introduction about the intonation, we mention the theoretical precedents of intonation and we present the melodic patterns of Spanish. Then, we present in more details the Melodic Analysis of Speech, showing its characteristic features and describing the analysis methodology it proposes. This method is applied to analyze several interlanguages of Spanish spoken by students from different nations. More and more professors and researchers are following this method to offer their students a precise and clear tool to work with the intonation. Teaching the proper pronunciation and the correct issuance of the sentences in the FL classes is a current necessity. A high command of the language implies not only knowing the vocabulary and grammar but also applying the correct melody to our speech which can help us to avoid misunderstandings in communication. We hope that this text brings the knowledge of a new and interesting method and arouses more interest in the intonation of Spanish spoken by Poles.

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THE CONCEPT OF INTERNATIONALISM AND ITS RESEARCH HISTORY

Author(s): Aytan Huseynova-Gahramanli / Language(s): English Issue: 51/2021

In the article is investigated the concept of internationalism, which is widely used in the lexical fund of world languages, approaches to it, research, causes of its origin. The study of internationalism is of interest because they play a significant role in the study of the interrelationships of non-related languages. Also, the study of these words is of great importance for how different languages around the world interact with each other and their comparative study. Despite the research of international words, there is sometimes a difference of opinion among researchers. However, it is clear that the main requirement for internationalism is that it is made up of at least three different systems, similar to semantically, phonetically and graphically. The majority of words and terms of international character in the world languages are due to the need for language development. Various historical events and innovations in different countries play an important role in the formation and internationalization of these or other language units and such international events promote the emergence and internationalization of common terminological units for world languages.

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German Pronunciation Database and its Possible Applications in the Age of Homeschooling

Author(s): Robert Skoczek,Alexandra Ebel / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

Orthoepy research is a traditional field at the department of Speech Science and Phonetics at Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg. After several pronunciation dictionaries, the department has now published a pronunciation database. With the establishment of the German pronunciation database (DAD), the desire for a publicly accessible reference source is met. It offers norm phonetic information on general vocabulary, as well as forms and rules of phonetical Germanization. The database can be used for various scenarios in German lessons. Continuous expansion means that further possible uses can be introduced in the future.

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M. Petkevičiaus Katekizmo (1598) deverbatyvai

Author(s): Anželika Smetonienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 84/2021

The article analyses suffixed verbs deverbatives in the Catechism published by M. Petkevičius (CP). The derivatives of four categories of deverbative formation are testified in this source, i.e. derivatives of causative, iterative, resultative state and momentive meanings are found. Causative deverbatives make up the largest derivation category in the CP. The frequency of deverbative suffixes, features of base words and vowel change in derivatives are presented. Only isolated instances of apophony are found in the CP, the vowel change occurs only in part of derivative words and is of irregular character.

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Was man aus Dialekt-Sprachführern für die Laiendialektologie und Laienlinguistik lernen kann

Author(s): Klaus Geyer / Language(s): German Issue: 83/2020

Phrase books for travellers or merchants have been typically oriented towards standard varieties and good language use. Dialectal phrase books are a relatively young phenomenon, at least as far as German is concerned. They seem to fulfil a different purpose than regular phrase books do: They are not made (and bought) for easing communication with people, whose language one does not master sufficiently, but merely for entertainment. This article examines, how dialectal phrase books on a macro scale as well as in detail make use of folk linguistic attitudes and believes to fulfil this function.

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Some Remarks on Adaptive Phonetic Changes of Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Daghestanian Languages

Author(s): Radosław Kanarkowski / Language(s): English Issue: Spec. Iss./2019

The paper deals with Arabic and Persian loanwords in Daghestanian languages. Adaptive phonetic changes and possible semantic deviations are investigated.

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Speakers’ attitudes and perceptions in relation to the maintenance of the Fiuman dialect

Author(s): Maja Plešković,Branka Drljača Margić,Tihana Kraš / Language(s): English Issue: 91/2021

The paper presents the results of a study that aims to investigate Fiuman speakers’ attitudes and perceptions in relation to the maintenance of the Fiuman dialect – the regional minority Romance language spoken in the Croatian city of Rijeka and its surroundings – with a particular focus on age, gender and education level, as individual factors that might determine the processes of language maintenance and shift. A questionnaire enquiring into these issues was distributed to Fiuman speakers of different ages, genders and education levels; the participants’ language biographies and self–assessed proficiency in Fiuman were also examined by the questionnaire. The results show that age and, to a lesser extent, gender and education level predict Fiuman speakers’ self–perceived engagement with, attitudes towards and perceptions of Fiuman maintenance. More precisely, it was shown that Fiuman speakers’ self–perceived engagement with Fiuman maintenance and their positive attitudes towards it rise with age and education level. In addition, Fiuman speakers’ positive perceptions of Fiuman maintenance efforts rise with age and are more characteristic of women than of men. The results provide an insight into the present-day status of the Fiuman dialect, as seen through its speakers’ lenses, and indicate both language maintenance and language shift tendencies.

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ASONANCA I ALITERACIJA U UVODNIM STIHOVIMA ENGLESKIH PRIJEVODA BOŠNJAČKE BALADE ''HASANAGINICA''

Author(s): Amina Arnautović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 19/2021

Within the methodological framework of a phono-stylistic analysis, with respect to one of its two main aspects, this paper offers an analysis of assonance and alliteration in English translations of the Bosniak ballad "Hasanaginica". Taking into account the limited scope of this paper, we analyzed these figures of sound on the examples of introductory lines of the Slavic antithesis. The quoted lines are representative with respect to the aim of the paper. The paper emphasizes the importance of adequate translation of these phonetic and phonological figures as stylistic dominants, in whose microstructures the very literariness of the oral ballad is reflected. The paper seeks to detect, describe and explain the phono-stylistic similarities and differences between the original text and its English translations in order to shed light on the effects that a particular text exerts at the phonetic and phonological level of expression. Thus, aiming to raise awareness about the importance of style in translation, the paper further confirms the value of the results obtained by a properly conducted phono-stylistic analysis of the text.

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Przymiotniki odrzeczownikowe z podstawowymi formantami sufiksalnymi w języku macedońskim

Author(s): Maria Stryszewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2021

The main subject of the paper are denominal adjectives with chosen formatives in the Macedonian language. Denominal adjectives in Slavonic languages have been described in accordance with various linguistic concepts which differ significantly in their starting point for analysis. Owing to the fact that standard Macedonian was codified only in 1945 and has developed since, there are still many areas that have not been earnestly analysed and described. Denominal adjectives in Macedonian require a complete coverage, which takes into consideration the accomplishment of contemporary Slavic word-formation. Analysis of previous research devoted to Slavic denominal adjectives leads to the conclusion that in the foreground there is contextual significance of the derivatives. As the most adequate model of describing Macedonian relational adjectives, I have chosen the one proposed in Grammar of Contemporary Polish Language. Morphology, which consists of relationships between the derivative and the noun it determines. Most of the denominal adjectives with basic formatives have a general meaning “related to what is named by the base noun”, hence it is possible to specify the meaning of the derivatives only in their contextual use.

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Pragmatic Aspects of Latvian Predicative Infinitive Constructions

Author(s): Andra Kalnača,Ilze Lokmane / Language(s): English Issue: 37/2020

The purpose of this article is to examine Latvian predicative infinitive constructions in a pragmatic aspect, showing that they constitute a special type of pragmatic marking. Unlike such pragmatic markers as particles, conjunctions, adverbs or prosody, predicative infinitive constructions in Latvian are pragmatically functioning as a single unit, i.e., their constructional functionality follows from this unity rather than from separate lexical or grammatical elements. Insofar as they represent a marginal modally marked construction type in Latvian, their use is related to non-neutral, marked registers of the language. Therefore, the article focuses on modal and temporal meanings, as well as polarity of predicative infinitive constructions. As their modal and temporal meanings are closely related to communicative types of utterances, the use of these constructions is restricted to specific text types – warnings, categorical requests and prohibitions, advertisements, headlines in mass media, etc.

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Educated Poznań speech 30 years later

Author(s): Kamil Kaźmierski,Małgorzata Kul,Paulina Zydorowicz / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

The study compares educated Poznań speech on the basis of a study by Witaszek-Samborska (1985, 1986) and a corpus compiled 30 years later. The features of Poznań speech, examined on 14 speakers from the corpus, include: voicing of obstruents before heterolexical sonorants (okszyg emocji), realization of word-final ‹-ą› as [-ɔm] (idom tom / (szczelać), the presence of the velar nasal  drogom), realization of /stʂ tʂ dʐ/ as /ʂ [ŋ] before a heteromorphemic velar plosive /k/ (okienko), realization of word-final ‹-ej› as /-i(j)/ or /-ɨ(j)/ (lepi(j)), presence of prothetic [w] before word-initial /ɔ/ (łojciec), presence of voiced /v/ in clusters with preceding voiceless consonants (trwały), and realization of ‹-śmy› as [ʑmɨ] (słyszelˈiśmy). The results suggest a change in Poznań speech and point towards dialect levelling.

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