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Еще раз о передаче литовских имен собственных в русском тексте

Author(s): Birute Sinochkina / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2012

The article analyzes the principles of transcription of Lithuanian anthroponymy and toponymy in the Russian language. The existing guidelines for Lithuanian-Russian transcription are examined in light of the current writing practices. The analysis is primarily concerned with the rendering of the Lithuanian letter e after consonants and the spelling of borrowed names in Russian. Suggestions for the improvement of the principles of transcription are also provided.

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Slovenska narečja v Slovanskem lingvističnem atlasu (OLA)

Author(s): Karmen Kenda-Jež / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: -/2012

The paper presents the history of Slovenian research for the Slavic Linguistic Atlas (OLA) in the context of the development of Slovenian linguistic geography. The theoretical and methodological impact of this international project has given rise to a profound modernisation of linguistic analysis and influenced the presentation of dialect material and changes to the phonetic notation system. The problem of adequate presentation of Slovenian dialect material in the OLA is analysed from a variety of different perspectives – from the density of network datapoints to the basic principles of the geographical presentation of linguistic facts.

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«Бывают странные сближенья…»: греческий юпсилон и глаголица

Author(s): Anatoly Mikhailovich Kuznetsov / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2012

The author suggests new assumptions on the origin of glagolitic letters vědi v, ik 0 — u — 4, ju $, jus 5&, jer [: all these letters are derived from the Greek letter Y ψιλόν, which used to represent a group of sounds [v], [ü], [i]. In order to create different letters with different meanings, Constantine would turn the letter either to the left or to the right, thus changing the upsilon’s drawing.

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SINCHRONIJA DUBLIUOTUOSE FILMUOSE (ANIMACINIO FILMO AUKŠTYN PAVYZDYS)

Author(s): Giedrė Drėgvaitė,Danguolė Satkauskaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 4/2011

Dubbing is both the most difficult and the most expensive type of film translation. The greatest challenge for dubbing actors is to retain the three-level—phonetic, semantic and dramatic—synchrony. Thus, the aim of the article is to put some light on the characteristic features of dubbed films, types of synchrony among them, and to analyse how these types work together in the dubbed film Up (2009). The close-ups where characters’ faces and lips are seen are the most relevant to the phonetic analysis, since it is important to find out if the number of syllables and lip and jaw movements of the actor speaking the source language can fit for the target utterance. To achieve greater semantic and phonetic synchrony various modifications are made on the semantic level, e.g. concretization, generalization, addition, and substitution. On the dramatic level, the correspondence between verbal and nonverbal information is important, the disclosure of characters’ features and rendering of specific accent. However, the main aim of dubbing is not the coherence of all types of synchrony but the attractiveness of the film, therefore some losses in synchrony may be justified if the dramatic effect is retained.

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TARMINIO KALBĖJIMO VERTINIMAS PAPRŪSĖJE: XXI a. PRADŽIOS VIŠTYČIO AREALO TYRIMAS

Author(s): Rima Bakšienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 13/2019

Vištytis habitat belongs to the western part of Western Highlanders of Kaunas. The border of East Prussia has been in this area, so these environs until are often called as paprūsė region. There is described location of Vištytis habitat in the Lithuanian dialect classification, specific features and dialectal attitudes of speakers in the beginning of the twenty-first century. The results of this research are discussed in comparing to other similar studies of Western Highlanders of Kaunas. The investigation revealed that the speakers of Vištytis sub-dialect tend to consider local speech variant as standard Lithuanian language. The local speech was evaluated by the speakers as partially non-correct, but attractive. This attitude was mostly determined by aspects of intelligibility and conventionality of the local speech code. Evaluation of dialectal speech in Vištytis habitat for the most part coincides with common self–evaluation pattern of Western Highlanders of Kaunas. The short linguistic distance to standard language, fairly high prestige of dialectal speech and the same language code in all linguistic situations are most representative characteristics of this pattern.

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The Range and Beauty of Internal Reconstruction: Probing Hausa Linguistic History

Author(s): Paul Newman / Language(s): English Issue: 48/2014

Using examples from Hausa, this paper demonstrates the probative value of Internal Reconstruction (IR) as a method for unearthing linguistic history. Five developments in the history of Hausa discovered by means of IR are described. These are Klingenheben’s Law; two previously unrecognized diphthongs, *iu and *ui; the emergence of the phoneme /h/ from a phonetic feature of word onset; vowel lowering resulting in asymmetry in plural formation; and the preservation of an archaic third person singular masculine pronoun *ni in fixed compounds.

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Phonetische Konvergenz in einem Teil Südostlitauens

Author(s): Nijolė Tuomienė / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2019

The present article addresses the principal phonetic phenomena of the languages used in borderland areas and their interaction. It analyzes of dialectological and sociolinguistic material collected from the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century from three points in the Šalčininkai district. It analyzes the phonetic convergence of the dominating local language varieties — Belarusian, Polish and Lithuanian — and establishes the tendencies of this process. The situations of natural communication in the context of code-switching are analyzed in the study: when the speakers are fluent and use several languages at the same time by actively switching between them in conversations. The research is, based on the theory proposed by Valerijus Čekmonas, the researcher of the interaction of languages and Slavicist: the speaker switches between languages according to certain rules, which can be described by algorithms. Based on this method of algorithms, the study reveals the phonetic tendencies and proves a very important role and influence of the now passively used Lithuanian language on the articulation of contemporary Slavic languages. The research showed that the reasons of convergence of phonetic phenomena of the language varieties functioning in the borderland areas are mainly sociolinguistic. After comparing the phonetic peculiarities of local Polish and Belarusian dialects, it turned out that the phonetics of both dialects is essentially the same. The informants pronounce the soft consonants used in the local Lithuanian dialect in the same way as they are pronounced when speaking local Slavic dialects. The cases, which are not typical of Belarusian and Polish dialects, when consonants are intensively confused, were recorded; it is likely a feature of the Lithuanian substratum.

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METAFORINIAI ŠIAURĖS ŽEMAIČIŲ PATARMĖS SOMATONIMAI: ARTEFAKTINIS MOTYVACIJOS MODELIS

Author(s): Jūratė Lubienė,Dalia Pakalniškienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 15/2020

The article presents the analysis of the onomasiological structure of the metaphorical somatonyms of Northern Samogitians, focusing on the indicators of the source of metaphors. Based on the explicit semantics of the source (lexical motivators), the metaphorical somatonyms of Northern Samogitians belong to several motivational models, the most productive of which is the artefactual motivational model. The basis of the artefactual metaphor is the associative similarity of the object (artefact) and the body part according to various parameters – shape, size, features of structure and materiality, actions, especially repetitive movements.

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Błędy wymawianiowe popełniane przez cudzoziemców – uwagi terminologiczne na marginesie badań ankietowych

Author(s): Michalina Biernacka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2021

The aim of this article is to present and discuss selected results of a survey study conducted on the popularity and use of particular terms in the field of phonodidactic lapsology. The study shows that specialists in the field of teaching foreign languages and in the field of speech-language pathology use the same terms while referring to different kinds of errors. Also, the definition boundaries of individual lexemes are more or less blurred, depending on the case in which they are used (for example, substitution). Moreover, the definitions of particular lexemes are frequently not precise enough and vary depending on the area of study within which they are used. Due to the fact that one of the criteria for recognizing scientific terminology is its frequency, efforts were made to take a closer look at how teachers of Polish as a foreign language most often define errors made by foreigners which consist in replacing one sound with another.

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ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ДИАЛЕКТОМЕТРИЧЕСКОГО МЕТОДА К КЛАССИФИКАЦИИ УДМУРТСКИХ ДИАЛЕКТОВ

Author(s): Timofey Arkhangelskiy / Language(s): Russian Issue: 02 (41)/2021

This paper presents a dialectometric analysis of Udmurt dialects. The cornerstone of the dialectometric method is a matrix of distances between settlements representing different dialects and subdialects, which are proportional to the number of linguistic differences between these settlements. This matrix is used to build a hierarchical clusterization and visualization of Udmurt varieties, where clusters of similar settlements and prominent isogloss bundles can be clearly seen. A comprehensive set of questionnaire data coming from a large number of settlements is a prerequisite for such a study. I use dialectal maps from the first three volumes of the Udmurt Dialectological atlas (the first volume appeared in 2009) as the source of such data. The results are compared to the most widely used existing classification of Udmurt dialects. While there are few high-order differences between the two (i.e. at supradialect and, sometimes, dialect levels), more inconsistencies appear when looking at them in detail. The visualization also clearly highlights some homogeneous areas of local continua (primarily in the Northern supradialect), which makes it difficult to arrive at a total and clear-cut classification. This can be explained in part by the fact that the Dialectological atlas contains almost exclusively lexical data, while the traditional classifications are mostly based on phonetic and morphological criteria. In any case, the observed divergence demonstrates the impossibility of creating a one-size-fits-all dialect classification suitable for any kind of linguistic research.

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НЕКОТОРЫЕ УТОЧНЕНИЯ К ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИИ ДАННЫХ ОБДОРСКОГО НЕНЕЦКОГО СЛОВАРЯ. (ОТВЕТ НА СТАТЬЮ П. И. ЛИ «ГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ВОКАЛИЗМА ПЕРВОГО СЛОГА В НЕНЕЦКИХ СЛОВАРЯХ ИЗ АРХИВА А. М. ШЁГРЕНА» // УАИ, 1 (40), 2021. С. 47—60)

Author(s): Ilya B. Itkin,Svetlana I. Pereverzeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 02 (41)/2021

The article contains some clarifications to the interpretation of the data of the Obdorsk Nenets Dictionary (Ob) proposed in [Li 2021]. In the first part of the article, we show that the acute and grave marks were used in Ob to denote stress, and we provide a description of the accent system of the monument. Comparison of the accentuation of two-syllable names in Ob with the data of the Yamal dialect suggests that the placement of accent marks in the dictionary reflects a certain phonetic reality. The second part is devoted to the use of the prosthetic consonant graphemes (n, nj, ng, m, g) in Ob. The graphemes n and nj reflect the palatal *ń-, which appears before the original front vowels; the graphemes ng, as well as t (only in mum ‘grass’) and g (only in gyn ‘bow’) reflect the velar *ŋ- and appear before the back vowels. This rule was formulated in the article [Hajdú 1954]. In Ob, several words with an initial back vowel do not have a prosthesis, cf. amsà ‘meat’ vs. ngob ‘one’, udà ‘hand’ vs. ngaiwa ‘head’. We suggest that the prosthetic consonant appears if the first syllable is stressed. We also consider the Ustyinsky dialect, which is another rare example of the Nenets dialect with the ŋ- ~ Ø variation. The plausible hypothesis is that in this dialect, ŋ- is presented in non-derivative verbs, and Ø is presented in other cases, cf. ŋа̯m˛Dzrəˬ ‘to eat’ vs. а̯m˛Dzɒ̱ ‘meat’. The existence of “ŋ-less” dialects mentioned in [Hajdú 1954] and of such “hybrid” idioms as the Ob and Ustyinsky dialect presumably cannot be explained by the secondary loss of *ŋ-; thus, in Nenets words with initial ŋ- both for Proto-Nenets and even for Proto-Tundra Nenets, the vocal, but not the nasal, anlaut should be reconstructed.

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Fonetický obsah a jeho didaktická transformace v učebnicích češtiny pro 2.–6. Ročník ZŠ

Author(s): Jana Vlčková-Mejvaldová,Stanislav Štěpáník / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2021

Even though the Framework Educational Programme for Elementary Education postulates the essential requirements for knowledge and skills in the area of phonetic aspects of the Czech language, analysing the textbooks’ content we have found out that their actual presence in school instruction is scarce. The aim of this study is to analyse the place of phonetic aspects in textbooks for Years 2–6, since textbooks have a significant influence on what the school practice looks like. The results of the study show that the phonetic syllabus in textbooks is rather accidental, what predominates is the knowledge of “small linguistics”. It can be concluded that phonetic aspects are not considered important for developing the pupils´ communication competence. In order to enhance the quality of instruction, the authors recommend the following: placing more prominence on communicative aspects of phonetic content, connecting phonetic content with stylistic aspects and perceiving phonetics as a tool for developing pupils´ communication skills.

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Spelling Pronunciation versus Relaxed Pronunciation in Foreign Language Teacher Education Policy

Author(s): Mehmet Demirezen / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Right from the beginning it must be noted that English spelling is confusing and bothersome both for native speakers and nonnative speakers. In learning a foreign language, accurate pronunciation is an important part of learning any foreign language. Accurate pronunciation is especially important when non-native students are trained to be English language teachers. Good pronunciation is more than just mastering individual sounds since it also requires understanding intonation, stress, pitch and junctures. In this respect, first things first, two functional issues come to the stage: Spelling pronunciation versus relaxed pronunciation. Spelling pronunciation depends on the use of a pronunciation that is based on spelling that includes common pronunciation of the silent vowel and consonant letters. The converse of spelling pronunciation is pronunciation spelling which produces the creation of a new spelling form on the basis of pronunciation. In this study, the contrastive positioning of spelling pronunciation versus pronunciation spelling in English words, phrases, clauses, and sentences will be analyzed to train the English teachers.

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BETWEEN SOUND AND VOICE: TEACHING CHINESE TONES TO NON-TONAL LANGUAGE SPEAKERS

Author(s): Ewa ZAJDLER / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2021

The production of highly intelligible syllables in Mandarin Chinese entails a successful production of tones, which poses a challenge for learners of Chinese as a foreign language. The aim of the current paper is to address this issue by identifying the key tonal features contributing to tone intelligibility in the lexemes produced by Polish learners of Mandarin Chinese as a foreign language. Samples of Polish female students’ tonal pronunciations at two stages of learning were selected and compared with productions made by a female native speaker of Mandarin Chinese from Taiwan. Four syllables produced by the students were selected from a corpus of read-out passages which had already been assessed for the intelligibility of monosyllabic lexemes by native judges. The students’ pronunciation samples (whose pronunciation improved from the A1 minus language level to A2) were analysed using pitch, fundamental frequency contour, and register span criteria, and then compared to the female native speaker’s pronunciations of the same syllables. Importantly, before the results of this analysis are presented, the simplified model of tones widely used in language instruction is compared and contrasted with the acoustic analysis of tonal productions made by the native speaker. This is done to show to what extent the simplified, widely used model reflects real-life tonal productions.

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SAUSSURE’ÜN SES VE ANLAM İLİŞKİSİNE DAİR FİKİRLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Author(s): Mehmet Mustafa Karaca / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 36/2021

One of the most important characteristics of man is his ability to speak. It is easily seen that speaking is a skill that determines almost every life of a person, beyond just being a communication tool. Language systems, on the other hand, have been a subject of curiosity since the early ages, but also brought along many debates. These discussions are mainly shaped around the sound-meaning relationship and the semantic dimensions of this relationship. The linguist Ferdinand de Saussure is considered to be the initiator of modern linguistic studies and discussions. Saussure's theory, which was put forward at the beginning of the 20th century and called structuralism, is revolutionary in linguistics studies. Structuralism theory has been the initiator of many discussions as well as bringing new approaches to language studies. The focus of these discussions is questions about sound-meaning relations. A satisfactory answer has not yet been found to the questions of how to make sense of the word or sound as one of the two elements of the language sign, or what kind of a relationship there is between the changes of the sign and the changes of the meaning. In this article, the sound-meaning relationship will be discussed within the framework of Ferdinand de Saussure's theory of structuralism.

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Türkçe Öğrenen Boşnak Konuşurlarının Türkçe Ünlü Üretimi

Author(s): Büşra Akbulut,Gönül Erdem Nas / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 71/2021

Languages differ from other languages with their vowels and different pronunciation features based on the units formed by these vowels. While some of the vowels that cause semantic differences between words are found in all world languages, some vowels are specific only to certain languages. These similarities and differences between languages are decisive in the foreign language learning process. For this reason, correct and meaningful pronunciation of vowels in the target language is important for the development of basic language skills, especially speaking skills. In this study, Turkish vowel productions of 25 female and 15 male speakers between 15- 20 ages whose mother tongue is Bosnian were examined. The Turkish vowel productions of Bosnian speakers were analyzed with the Praat (Boersma and Weenink, 2020) program, shaped with IPA values in the R language, and the Turkish vowel productions of the participants were interpreted within the framework of the R programming language. The results of the research indicated that the basic level Bosnian speakers could not pronounce the vowels of Turkish /ı/, /ö/, /ü/, which are not found in the Bosnian alphabet correctly; it shows that he articulates the vowels around the voiced sound much further back than it should be. Accordingly, the results obtained from the study are explained comprehensively in the Findings and conclusion section.

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ЛІТЕРАТУРОЗНАВЧА РЕЦЕПЦІЯ ПОЕТИЧНОЇvТВОРЧОСТІ ВАСИЛЯ ПАЧОВСЬКОГО

Author(s): Nataliia Reutska / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2021

The purpose of the article is to analyze of critic and science works, devoted to the poetry of Vasyl Pachovsky. Research methods: methods of systematization, classification, biographical, historical, formal methods. The scientific novelty of the article is that it was the first review of scientific works on the poetry of Vasyl Pachovsky. Existing works were classified into two groups, in which considered reviews of poetic collections of scientists and studies of poetry by V. Pachovsky in general. A significant number of critical works were devoted to the work of the Young Muse and consideration of the poetic heritage of Vasyl Pachovsky was carried out on occasion. Conclusions. V. Pachovsky's poetic work still needs detailed study, as a significant part of his poetic work was considered in the context of studying the creative heritage of the Young Muse. There are still no scientific works in which a detailed analysis of his poetics, namely a systematic study based on statistical analysis in terms of vocabulary, poetic syntax, phonics, versification.

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Некоторые контактнообусловленные явления в словенском диалекте долины Натизоне

Author(s): Gleb P. Pilipenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 21/2021

The paper discusses some contact-related phenomena in the phonetics, morphology and syntax of the Slovene dialect that is spoken in the Natisone Valley in Italy, a dialect belonging to the Littoral dialect group. The purpose of the study is to establish the origin of these phenomena and clarify the features of their functioning and areal distribution. The data for the analysis (oral speech of informants) was collected during field research in this region. The following phenomena are revealed: voicing of the voiceless dental alveolar s before sonorants; borrowing of prepositions and conjunctions; postposition of adjectives in noun groups; doubling of pronouns and nouns; temporal constructions are used to express dates. It is revealed that the analyzed constructions and items have a high degree of variability: they function along with their Slovenian counterparts. In some cases, we are dealing with contaminated forms (contaminated prepositions, temporal construction for expressing dates). The doubling of pronouns and nouns forms a broken area, and a similar phenomenon is found in the languages of the Balkan Sprachbund.

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Kultura wysoka na służbie, czyli o mitologizmach we współczesnych stylach i odmianach polszczyzny

Author(s): Magdalena Puda-Blokesz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2021

The purpose of this article is to outline the stylistic and varietal extent of mythologybased expressions (of Graeco-Roman provenance), which include mythologically motivated linguistic units with varying formal (single words and polywords) and semantic (primary and secondary meanings) status. Due to their conventional origin, these units primarily belong to the literary variety of Polish. Additionally, they form the basis of numerous academic terms. To a much lesser degree, they also serve as fodder for other speech genres, styles and varieties of Polish that are conditioned by present-day cultural, civilizational and communicative changes, realized, for instance, in the language of journalists, internet users, public figures, manufacturers or owners of commercial and service facilities. The expressions in question are used in texts that differ stylistically, where they perform not only denotative-connotative but also axiological and expressive functions.

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Лінгвальні та позалінгвальні аспекти функціонування суржику в Україні

Author(s): Svitlana Sokolova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 21/2021

Surzhyk is a mixed type of speech that is typical within modern Ukraine, where we can observe the coexistence of two major language codes, namely Ukrainian and Russian. These are represented by both literary variants and numerous subcodes, primarily Ukrainian dialects (including transitional dialects, with features related to Russian and Belarusian dialectal areas) and Russian colloquial speech with elements of slang. Some language scholars rank Surzhyk as a separate language subcode – as a peculiar type of pidgin – and try to study its structure (lexical composition, grammatical structure) and areal distribution of elements accordingly. At present, in addition to “classical” Surzhyk, a new type of mixed speech has also arisen on the Russian phonetic-grammatical basis with the involvement of a large number of Ukrainian lexemes (original or borrowed by the Ukrainian language), mainly terms, taken from different fields. This new type of mixed speech is Russian-Ukrainian Surzhyk. The report analyzes several samples of mixed speech. On the basis of this analysis, criteria for the qualification of a text are proposed either as an example of Surzhyk, or simply as speech with signs of interference. Such criteria include lingual (Ukrainian or Russian phonetic basis, levels of interference, number of foreign language implementations, variations within the text), social (language is higher in status at the moment of the occurrence of the phenomenon; the scope of the functioning of the idiom itself), territorial (depending on the speaker’s place of inhabitance – urban or rural) and personal (native/first language of the speaker, level of education, knowledge of the literary language). It was concluded that the new mixed speech differs from Surzhyk in terms of the number of used units of another language, linguistic levels of manifestation, scope of distribution, conditions of occurrence and personal characteristics of speakers, among which the level of education and possession of standard subcodes are of leading importance. It is a transitional phenomenon in the process of the formation of Ukrainian as a state language.

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