We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
The article is about the relation of the Croatian language and its orthography analysing the selection of normative forms in the standardization process. Special attention is focused on the application of phonological and morphonological principles, on the way words with the so called "covered r" are written, and on the structure and content of the orthographical manuals.
More...
What do we systematically experience when hearing an utterance in a familiar language? A popular and intuitive answer has it that we experience understanding an utterance or what the speaker said or communicated by uttering a sentence. Understanding a meaning conveyed by the speaker is an important element of linguistic communication that might be experienced in such cases. However, in this paper I argue that two other elements that typically accompany the production of spoken linguistic utterances should be carefully considered when we address the question of what is systematically experienced when we listen to utterances in a familiar language. First, when we listen to a familiar language we register various prosodic phenomena that speakers routinely produce. Second, we typically register stable vocal characteristics of speakers, such as pitch, tempo or accent, that are often systematically related to various properties of the speaker. Thus, the answer to the question of what we typically experience when listening to a familiar language is likely to be a complex one. Dedicated attention is needed to understand the nature and scope of phenomenology that pertains to linguistic communication. This paper lays some groundwork for that project.
More...
U dosadašnjim našim pravopisima i pravopisnim priručnicima nije izričito riješen jedan pravopisni problem s područja pisanja riječi drugih jezika u određenoj situaciji - treba li ih pisati etimološki, kao u jeziku izvorniku, ili kao hrvatsku riječ stranoga podrijetla, fonološki.
More...
The author analyzes Kusar’s approach to the phonological and morphonological orthography, discussing the contemporary reception of the book and its influence on later Croatian orthographies (by Broz and Boranie).
More...
One of the major findings of traditional investigations of speech errors is that a single segment is the smallest unit affected by speech errors, although the possibility that units smaller than the segment could play a role in explaining speech errors was not entirely rejected. A number of relatively recent studies using instrumental kinematic techniques for speech analysis bring evidence that errors often occur at subsegmental units of speech production, i.e. at the level of articulatory gestures. Such errors occur due to the coproduction of articulatory gestures, whereby the gestures from both the target consonant and the competing speech sound overlap. As they represent the gradient shift from one segment to another, they are often called gradient errors. Such processes are almost impossible to capture without the use of instrumental kinematic techniques, such as electropalatography (EPG). There are no instrumental kinematic studies of speech errors in Croatian speech. Thus, the aim of this paper is to use EPG to investigate speech errors produced in one Croatian tongue twister. The analysis was focused on /r/ and /l/ targets produced by 10 native female speakers of Croatian, while producing the tongue twister which facilitated speech errors in these two sounds. Each token of the target consonant was classified in one of the four categories: (1) perceptually and articulatorily correct production (P1A1); (2) articulatorily correct but perceptually incorrect production (P0A1); (3) perceptually correct but articulatorily incorrect production (P1A0) and (4) perceptually and articulatorily incorrect production (P0A0). The classification was made by the authors via auditory analysis and visual inspection of spectrograms and electropalatograms prior to the quantitative kinematic analysis. Subsequent analyses showed evidence of gradient errors, which would not be detected without the use of instrumental kinematic techniques. This investigation supports the claim that traditional method of collecting speech errors by perceptual analysis only is not sensitive enough to detect the subtleties of erroneous productions and speech motor control.
More...
The aim of the current article is to present the first results of an experiment conducted with 8 Estonian children and 4 young adults as a control group for testing the acquisition of an artificial morphological rule (AMR). Each participant was individually trained in 10 consecutive daily training sessions (1–4 days apart) and re-tested for retention after an interval of one month. The experiment was based on the experiment conducted by Sara Ferman and Avi Karni (2010, 2014) but was shortened and adopted for Estonian language. The AMR was designed to be analogous to the morphophonological rules of Estonian grammar and participants were supposed to add different verbal suffixes depending on the animacy of the subject. Training occurred through exposure to and use of the AMR in the performance of a judgment task wherein the participants were instructed to make a forced-choice (correct – incorrect) response. Both the number of correct answers and reaction time were measured. There was no explicit instruction on the nature of the AMR at any time during the training. As a result of the experiment, 6 of the 8 children acquired the rule by the third session, their performance reaching to the level of approximately 85% of correct answers, while 2 children did not acquire the rule (the answers of one child were random from the first until the last session, the second child just decided that one of the suffixes was correct in every sentence). The increase in the number of correct answers and decrease of reaction time demonstrated a similar pattern in children’s and young adults’ results. The adults’ performance was 10% superior to that of the children. The results show that children did not give more correct answers to verbs occurring with animate subjects, nor did they perform better with verbs having different morphophonological structure (grade alternation of the verb stem).
More...
The present paper reports the intensive controversy on Chinese historical phonology that broke out in 2002. After sorting through over 150 Chinese papers on the intensive controversy by the Sino-linguists’ side and the descriptivists’ side, the present study suggests that we should investigate a history of the new hypotheses, and discuss them in a logical order. The hypothesis of the liquid medial for division-2 in OC of the descriptivists’ side is refuted with philological arguments and a negative control of comparative evidence. The hypothesis of the vocalic medial for division-2 in OC of the Sino-linguists’ side is supported with Sino-Vietnamese and Sino-Uralic comparative evidence. Using etymological methods, the present study has identified nine (9) Sinitic and Uralic shared etymologies. Four (4) Shennong (Sino-Uralic) etymologies belong to a rhyme correspondence. Five (5) Shennong (Sino-Uralic) etymologies belong to another rhyme correspondence. These two (2) regular sound correspondences validate the etymological connections between Sinitic and Uralic.
More...
The goal of this paper is to describe the first emergence and productive use of inflectional forms in the speech of three Estonian-speaking children and provide the order of the emergence of different inflectional categories. Spontaneous data from three children aged 1;3–5;8 have been used to determine which noun, verb and adjective categories emerge first and which morphophonological features of first exemplars (stems used first in different inflectional forms) play a role in the acquisition of Estonian. The first inflectional categories acquired by the children in question were in grammatical cases, the imperative and first person singular present tense forms. Concerning the productively used forms, it can be argued that the number of verb forms increases rapidly while the acquisition of noun forms is slower. Some case forms were even not registered in the speech material of the children. The children started to use comparative degrees of adjectives quite late compared to adjectival case forms. It seems that the children acquired the core of Estonian grammar at the same time. The further order of acquisition of inflectional forms was different in the speech of the three children in question. Still, the differences in the order of emergence of forms can be caused by the different frequency of some forms: if the inflectional form is infrequent also in the speech of adults it can just be that the form is not present in recordings but the child could still use it; therefore, evidence of the order of emergence of infrequent forms can be quite occasional in the data presented here. The first exemplars with distinguishable morphophonological features could be detected only in the case of nouns. The first nouns used for early case forms could be divided into two prototypical morphophonological class: nouns with monosyllabic strong grade stem in the nominative and disyllabic nouns without grade alternation. Clear-cut morphophonological distinctions could not be identified in case of verbs and adjectives.
More...
Children´s early literacy development is a key contributor to later literacy skills and overall academic achievement. We have developed a set of tests that assesses preliteracy competence based on well established foreign and Slovenian instruments or tools. A sample of 307 children aged from five to seven years were tested. A high Cronbach alpha coefficient (alpha = 0.87) indicates that the design instrument is an internally reliable instrument. This paper showcases and describes the differences in the development of preliteracy competence in different age group. The results show that children between 5 and 7 show the greatest development of the abilities to discern the initial sound, to analyze the sound, to notice the removal of sounds or syllables from a meaningless word, and to recall words on a given phoneme. Exploratory factor analysis with oblimin rotation revealed that preliteracy competence is best understood as a four-dimensional construct among children aged five to seven years. The first dimension is defined by higher-level phonological awareness, verbal memory, and rapid automatic naming, so it is metaphonology. The second factor, named perceptual language structure, expresses macro-linguistic structure (syllable, rhymes) and discrimination of words that sound similar. The third factor, named vocabulary, is saturated mostly by syllable analysis, vocabulary and word comprehension. The fourth factor is visual processing and capturing, which enable storage and refreshing of non-verbal information and the discrimination of symbols. The differences in development of preliteracy competency indicate intervention in the following areas: phonological awareness, verbal short-term memory, visual processing (discrimination and short-term memory) and vocabulary knowledge.
More...
In all the languages, the form of the word depends on the three main factors: regular phonetic development, analogical development and irregular phonetic development that takes place due to frequency. There is a constant debate or even a batt le between scholars over the notion of the irregular phonetic development. Some of them tend to be inclined to agree with the theory, while others reject it. Such a debate, however, sheds some light on the fact that the theory has still much to offer and cannot be rejected. This article is a response to the four articles published in Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językoznawczego 67 which try to expound on the theory of irregular phonetic development that appears due to frequency. Two of the mentioned articles, mainly the articles written by A. Bochnakowa and Z. Szkutnik (2011) and I. Kraski-Szlenk (2011) are in favor of the theory, whereas other two, written by A. Bogusławski (2011) and A. Bańkowski (2011) neglect and completely reject the theory. This article tries to answer and expound upon the questions and issues raised in all the four publications. The author attempts to answer the questions stated in the articles and, once again, tries to present and analyze the data that in conclusion appear to support the theory.
More...
The author argues that the revival of the Ionian League, most likely dissolved by the Persians right after 494, happened ca. 373 BC. The sLeague seems to have been refounded then as a purely religious association. Its life was very long this time: the League most probably did not cease to exist not only during the rest of the 4th century BC but it was the same one which functioned almost interruptedly throughout further several centuries and disappeared only at a moment after the mid-3rd century AD.
More...
This article examines the verbal morphologic characteristics of the translation of “God’s Law” into the Udmurt language. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that written monuments are one of the main sources for studying the history of the language, but most of Udmurt written monuments have not yet been examined. The description of morphological characteristics in the article is based on a previous analysis of the graphic and phonetic systems of the translation of “God’s Law” into Udmurt. The main research method is comparing the linguistic material of the monument with the data of the modern literary Udmurt language and its dialects. The paper discusses in detail the categories of mood, tense and voice, which are characteristic of the modern Udmurt language, as well as non-conjugated forms of the verb, which include the infinitive, participle, and gerund. As a result of the analysis, in the monument it was discovered that a number of features characterized by the use of markers with the ы vowel in accordance with the и in the literary language and the South Udmurt dialects in the forms of the reflexive voice, the present tense of the 1st and 2nd persons, the past non-evidential tense of the 3rd person plural, present participles, formed from the verbs of the 1st conjugation. All the ы vowel variants turned out to be archaic in origin, and the и vowel variations are explained by the change of the original ы into и before the palatal consonant. In the translation of “God’s Law” only one marker was identified as innovative, this is an indicator of the gerund -чёзь (-тчозя-). Thus, the analysis showed that the verbal morphological system of the monument is archaic.
More...
In this paper, historical documentation of the Yukaghir languages spoken in the far northeastern Siberia are employed for the reconstruction of a small number of additional or revised Late Proto-Yukaghir (PY) roots. Late Proto-Yukaghir is the latest common ancestor of all varieties of Yukaghir, including the still spoken Tundra Yukaghir and Kolyma Yukaghir languages. Previously, numerous Late Proto-Yukaghir roots have convincingly and exhaustively been reconstructed in Nikolaeva’s A Historical Dictionary of Yukaghir, published in 2006, and this meager report adds to those materials. The materials are presented and discussed in phonological and semantic terms, employing phonological methods similar to those of Nikolaeva’s research, and adding semantic considerations missing from the dictionary. The newly reconstructed or revised Late Proto-Yukaghir roots include: 1) Late Proto-Yukaghir *kejwə- ‘to be thin’, 2) Late Proto- Yukaghir *ačī- ~ *ači- ‘to carry’, 3) Late Proto-Yukaghir *puγö ‘warmth > some sort of warming clothing: fur, feathers, hair, beard’, 4) Late Proto-Yukaghir *inć- ‘today; now’, and 5) Late Proto-Yukaghir *nulińčə ‘crowd’. Furthermore, numerous etymological comments, notes, discussions and clarifying details are presented for Yukaghir lexicon, ranging from the obscure historical records to the modern languages, clarifying a few matters, correcting some and adding further information of interest to others. Yukaghir roots (or words of later Russian or Ewenki origin) are discussed, and given concrete meanings, include: PY *niγej- ‘heavy, difficult’, PY *l’omćə ~ *l’omjə ‘moisture; to shed feathers > to lose color’, PY *omnuγə ‘bitch’, PY *oń- ‘crack, slit, opening’, PY *per- ‘threshold, dug in poles of a yurt door’, PY *ńetl’ə ‘fox’, Rus. gavrik ‘collar muffler, scarf’, PY *šogi ‘bag’, PY *iwe:r ‘place around the hearth’, PY *eče: ‘father’, PY *mi:-bə ‘cutter’, PY *ejmə ‘price, payment’, Rus. piska ‘penis’, Rus. čaška ‘cup’, Rus. Varvara ‘Barbara’, Ewenki noγo:n ‘green’, and PY *nunkə ‘sheefish’.
More...
The science of tajwīd is not receptive of theoretical elaboration or the application of innovative research methods, given that the principles and rules of Qurʼanic recitation are clearly fixed and standardized, in accordance with authentic and unbroken traditions that go back to the Prophet, p.b.u.h. The main goal of tajwīd is to preserve tilāwa interpretations of the Qurʼanic text from when it was revealed. The theory of tajwīd and tajwīd rules have served that goal for centuries. The methodological aspect of tajwīd, which is concerned with the practical implementation of tajwīd rules, has allowed for certain degree of modification, adaptation and improvement, however, in line with the needs of times and historical circumstances. A common question this give rise to is how best to explain the practical application of tajwīd rules, given the different ages, background knowledge, ethnic, cultural and linguistic characteristics of those receiving a Qurʼanic education. Numerous tajwīd books, textbooks and manuals have been written in response to these questions, especially in Arabic. This article offers a concise synthesis of the important principles in practical application of certain of the rules of tajwīd. Such practical application reflects the quality of qirāʼa interpretation of the Qurʼanic text, as well as the degree to which a recitation may be described as correct or wrong, elementary or advanced, average or artistic.
More...
On the anniversary of Mesud Hafizović’s birth as well as his death, it is appropriate that we look at his rich body of work. Its variety is such, however, as to defy compression under a single heading or topic. I will, therefore, concentrate here on his linguistic writings, which treat a field we shared. Of a long list of 120 titles, comprising both original works and translations, published by Mesud Hafizović in Bosnian periodicals (Zemzem, Glasnik Starješinstva islamske zajednice, Zbornik radova Fakulteta islamskih nauka, Preporod, Islamska misao, Muallim, Takvim and Oslobođenje), it is the works on Arabic philology that draw my attention particularly, marked as they are by a solid thematic unity. Unlike the texts he wrote for other publications and their less academically oriented readers, the works he published in the Zbornik Fakulteta islamskih nauka were meant for a readership with a certain level of linguistic expertise. Those writings made a significant contribution to the Zbornik Fakulteta islamskih nauka and the development of Arabic Studies in Bosnia. That he was writing continuously is clear from his contributing to every issue of the Zbornik Fakulteta islamskih nauka, up to the sixth, which was published in the year of his passing away.
More...
Arabic dialects began diverging with greater pace amongst themselves, but also in relation to the classical Arabic language, i.e the language of the Qurʼan, and later on, in relation to what would become the standard Arabic during Arabic-Islamic conquests in the 7th and 8th centuries. This is not surprising considering that Arab tribes were encountering various domicile peoples and their languages. However, it should be born in mind that there were variants of Arabic language even before the Revelation and the emergence of Islam, which occasioned one of the numerous debates about the language of the Qurʼan. There were debates about the variety of Arabic language or its dialect in which the Qurʼan was revealed. As with many other questions, scholars held opposing opinions and argued for different positions. While some argued that the Qurʼan was revealed in one dialect, others took the view that it was revealed in several dialects, while still others argued that the Qurʼan was revealed in all the Arabic languages or dialects.
More...
In the theory of science of qiraets as well as in various tafsir literature which treats the issue of qiraets, there are many questions about the aspects and reasons of different reading of Qur’anic text. All of them surely are in close relation with the interpretation of seven harfs (letters). Dialectical differences in Arabic language in the time of revelation of Qur’an, according to the opinion of many eminent Islamic scholars, are the key aspect of understanding the nature of qiraets’ divergences as well as of the God’s wisdom to recite Qur’an in the seven harfs. This paper aims to clear up the aspect of understanding of qiraets as an unavoidable component in the structure of Qur’anic expression. Dialectical differences among qiraets can be reduced to the four basic forms. The work also stresses the importance of qiraets within the context of interpretation of Qur’an.
More...
Anyone who reads the Qur’an comes across the verses that are difficult to pronounce and considers them to be beyond their original meaning. However, by detailed consideration of these verses and their meaning and cause of revealing, we shall come to the conclusion that they express the desired meaning and that these difficulties in pronunciation are actually targeted. Because of that the interpreters became aware of that when they tried to explain and analyse those verses. Such is for instance the following Qur’anic verse: issaqaltum ila al-ard (as you've been stuck to the ground). Namely, the expression issaqaltum precisely illustrates wanted meaning having in mind that it describes an exhausted body which a person hardly carries with a great effort and it seems to be weary and slow.
More...
La polyphonie à quatre voix de la région de Labëria se présente très riche en genres, sous-genres, variantes et styles. En réalité, la structure à quatre voix avec bourdon est un dérivé de la structure à trois voix prébourdonale de cette même contrée. La structure polyphonique à quatre voix est née au même temps que l’introduction de la troisième voix, «hedhësi» (le troisième chanteur) en tant que voix fonctionnelle. Cette voix a enrichi cette polyphonie par une série de consonnances harmoniques dissonantes et consonnantes. Cela dépend du genre du troisième chanteur qui, comme on va voir plus loin, apparaît en quelques façons et, à côté des autres éléments structurels, forme quelques genres, sous-genres et variantes.
More...
After considering the above facts, we can only give a negative answer to the question of whether the infinitive can be taken as the basic form of the verb. So, for the description of the Gegërisht changes, we tackle with the first singular of present active indicative. The choice of this topic as a basic form is justified not only for the reasons listed above, but also for pragmatic reasons, as it allows us to compare the morphological system of Gegërisht with the morphological system of Tosk Albanian and standard Albanian.
More...
