XVII amžiaus Ukmergės teismų lietuviškos priesaikos ir jų kalbos santykis su dabartine širvintiškių patarme

Author(s): Aurimas Markevičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 10/2008

In 1937 Konstantinas Jablonskis published four Lithuanian Court oaths of Ukmergė (one oath had been written beforehand in 1634, two in 1669 and one in 1675) in the sixth volume of the journal Archivum Philologicum. The article also contains a public presentation of three oaths from the books of the Upytė Land Court (of 1624, 1642, and 1653). The files related to the court cases used to be stored in the Manuscript Department of the Vilnius University Library. Unfortunately, full files containing all the aforementioned seven oaths have been torn out of the original Ukmergė manuscript courtbooks. In 2004, Domininkas Burba published three more seventeenth century Ukmergė Court oaths (dating 1648, 1675, and 1677) including facsimiles of the originals. The language of the Ukmergė Court oaths is variegated. Although Ukmergė belongs to the territory of the East Highland (Rytų Aukštaitija) Širvintiškiai subdialect, only two of the 1669 oaths and one oath dating 1675 were written in the East Highland dialect. The aforementioned oaths reflect the transformation of the diphthongs [an], [am], [en], [em] into the diphthongs [un], [um], [in], [im], as well as the retention of the old vowel [ā] in unstressed syllables (both oaths of 1669 contain it also in stressed syllables) and other peculiarities typical of the aforementioned dialect. The remaining four oaths have been edited according to the standards of the middle variant of the sixteenth and seventeenth century written language, which was created by Mikalojus Daukša and other authors of the period. The number of East Highland dialectal forms is very scarce in the latter writings.

YENİSEY YAZITLARINDA İSİM ÇEKİM EKLERİ

Author(s): Salih Demirbilek / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 18/2019

Yenisey Inscriptions are from the old texts of Turkish. These inscriptions forming the oldest samples of the runic-letter texts, according to some researchers, are actually the headstone epitaph. Inscriptions have undergone much destruction until today and most of them have lost their property of being a text. It is easily realized that it contains more problems and attracts less attention when compared to the Orhon Inscriptions. Scientists have conducted too few studies regarding these inscriptions. The first scientific studies regarding these inscriptions in Turkey belong to Huseyin Namik Orkun. He has included the text reading of 47 Yenisey Inscriptions in his study called Old Turkish Inscriptions being the first scientific study conducted on the runic-letter texts in Turkey. The first study with a wider scope in this area belongs to Erhan Aydin. In his study whose name was firstly “Yenisey Inscriptions”, but which was published afterwards as “Turkish Traces in Siberia – Yenisey Inscriptions”, Erhan Aydin included 175 texts of Yenisey Inscriptions in his study. This is the most comprehensive study on the inscriptions and he has joint together the related texts. Therefore; it is the only work that could be used as primary resource in the studies to be conducted on the inscriptions. In this study in which the functioning of noun inflections has been subjected, the texts published by Aydin have been examined. While explaining the functions of the noun inflections in these texts when the occasion arises, it has been aimed to present the grammar structure of the period as a whole by comparing to the Orhon Inscriptions and to clearly show the functions in the Inscriptions. Consequently; it has been determined that the functioning of the noun inflections in Yenisey Inscriptions have some characteristics peculiar to these texts and when compared to Orhon Inflections, the noun inflections have either not been written (zero morpheme), or have been used instead of one another (suffix interchange).

YUSUF HAKÎKÎ BABA’NIN MAHABBETNÂMESİ VE DİL ÖZELLİKLERİ

Author(s): Murat ALTUĞ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 22/2021

Language researchers generally name the literary language used primarily on Anatolian geography between the 13th and 15th centuries as Old Anatolian Turkish. Many works were written during this period when the Turkish spoken in Turkey emerged. One of them is the Mahabbetnâme, the religious-mystical work of Yusuf Hakîkî Baba. Yusuf Hakiki is a Sufi poet and writer who lived in Aksaray in the 15th century. Mahabbetnâme is a work that appears with its unique aspects besides the skillful handling of religious-mystical subjects and the features appropriate for the general grammatical structure of the period. In this study, the work was examined in terms of grammar features with a descriptive method and the grammatical rules of the work were tried to be revealed with examples and paid attention to its similarities and differences with the Turkish spoken in Turkey at present. Many works naturally have the characteristics of the period in which they were written. For this reason, although having similarities with other works of the period, each work has its specific characteristics. Mahabbetnâme is a work that has the features of its period and itself as well. This study examined Yusuf Hakîkî Baba's Mahabbetnâme in terms of sound and morphology, and the aspects of the work fit the characteristics of the period, and the different aspects of the work were tried to be revealed.

Z dziejów dialektologii litewskiej

Author(s): Zofia Sawaniewska-Mochowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 44/2020

Review of: Zofia Sawaniewska-Mochowa - Danguolė Mikulėnienė, Lietuvių tarmėtyra: genezė, raida ir paradigminiai lūžiai. I dalis: Ikitarmėtyrinis laikotarpis. Lietuvių tarmėtyros pradžia: tarmių skyrimas, tyrimų perspektyvų užuomazgos ir jų tipai [Lithuanian Dialectology: Genesis, Development and Paradigmatic Breakthroughs. Part 1: Predialect Period. The Beginning of Lithuanian Dialectology: Identification of Dialects, Research Perspectives and Their Types], Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras, 2018, 319 pp.

Z historii białoruskiej gramatykografii: Rękopiśmienne gramatyki Karusia Kahańca i Antona Łuckiewicza w aspekcie porównawczym

Author(s): Hermann Bieder / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2014

The article discusses early attempts of codification of modern Belarusian literary language made by an artist Karus Kahanets and a politician Anton Lutzkevich, the authors of handwritten unpublished school grammars, at the beginning of the 20th century. A comparative analysis revealed close connection between the two grammars in the field of phonetics, morphology and linguistic terminology.

Z uwag o języku Złego Leopolda Tyrmanda

Author(s): Anna Dąbrowska-Kamińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

The paper ponders upon the problem of correspondence between the Warsaw dialect and the pre-war Polish language in the novel “Zły” (“The Man with White Eyes”) by Leopold Tyrmand. The analysis, situated within a study of the author’s language, is focused on selected examples excerpted from the novel. The cultural entrenchment of the lexis used in the novel is discussed, both from a universal and a national standpoint.

Zagadki dla dzieci w nauczaniu cudzoziemców fonetyki języka polskiego

Author(s): Michalina Jasińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2010

Nauczanie języków obcych powinno odbywać się zarazem efektywnie i atrakcyjnie. Zajęcia prowadzone różnymi metodami i technikami nauczania, coraz bardziej rozbudowującymi się w połączenia lingwistyczno-kulturowe, służą nauczaniu interdyscyplinarnemu, które zmniejsza czas akwizycji języka i intensyfikuje poznanie tradycji danego kraju. Interdyscyplinarne podejście do nauczania fonetyki zakłada jednoczesne korzystanie z pomocy dydaktycznych pod kątem ćwiczenia wielu umiejętności językowych, nie tylko percepcji czy artykulacji. Głównym zadaniem nauczania fonetyki cudzoziemców jest eliminacja zakłóceń komunikacyjnych, do których dojść może na skutek błędów w wymowie bądź akcentuacji. Wysiłek wkładany w naukę poprawnej wymowy procentuje więc sprawniejszą komunikacją czy udoskonaleniem innych sprawności, choćby poprzez rozwinięcie antycypacji (Dźwierzyńska 2001).

ZAGADNIENIE MINIMUM JĘZYKOZNAWCZEGO W KOMPETENCJI ZAWODOWEJ LOGOPEDY

Author(s): Edward Łuczyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 69/2021

There is conviction in the speech therapy community that linguistic knowledge in the field of phonetics is sufficient to practice as a speech therapist. This is due to the fact that speech therapy practice is most often associated with improving the pronunciation of people (usually children) with speech disorders. However, knowledge limited to the phonetic structure of language gives a distorted picture of it, limited to the lowest linguistic level. Units of phonetic level, such as sounds and phonemes, are merely the building blocks of higher levels of the language structure with such units as words, mor - phemes, syntactic structures and texts. Therefore, the minimum linguistic knowledge of a speech therapist should include – apart from phonetics and phonology – basic information in the field of lexicology and grammar, as well as selected issues from other areas of linguistics.

Zamjena dugog jata u govoru Bošnjaka Novog Šehera kod Maglaja

Author(s): Refik Bulić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1-2/2004

There are different data of the long yat substitution in the speech of Bosniaks of Novi Šeher which can be found in dialectological works. This dilemma had been solved in this paper and it was shown that this speech has Ekavian yat substitution in the long syllables.

Zamjena dugog jata u govoru Bošnjaka Srebrenice

Author(s): Refik Bulić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2007

In the literature about Bosnian and Herzegovinian speeches, some scholars think that ekavian-jekavian the substitution of yat in long syllables has been present m the speeches of Bosniaks of Srebrenica. Such substitution of yat has not been confined in Questionnaire for Studying Bosnian and Herzegovinian Speeches. Words in which long yat could be found are noted down only with ijekavian reflexes.

Zamjena jata u tuzlanskom govoru prema popunjenim kvestionarima ”Pitanja o govoru prostoga naroda” iz 1897. godine

Author(s): Adela Jašarević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 13/2016

This paper deals with the basic characteristics of the substitution of the old sound yat. According to the data from the eight questionnaires Questions about populace’s speech from 1897. it is confirmed that the long yat alternated in ije and the short yat in je, e and i. Although, there are certain ekavisms and ikavisms, they are not sufficiently frequent to be considered a salient characteristic. And it was proved that the substitution of yat, in Tuzla’s speech, was dominantly ijekavian.

ZAMJENIČKI OBLIK TKO U STANDARDNOME BOSANSKOM JEZIKU I BOSANSKIM DIJALEKTIMA

Author(s): Refik Bulić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 15/2018

The pronoun form tko today is often considered to be a feature of only the Croatian language and one of the differences between the Bosnian and Croatian language. This paper shows that this is not true and that the pronoun form tko belongs to the Bosnian language, not only Croatian, and that it is represented in some grammars, dictionaries and handbooks of orthography of the Bosnian language, but also in modern local speeches of the ijekavian-šćakavian dialect.

Zanaglasne dužine u osječkom govoru

Author(s): Lorna Rajle,Elenmari Pletikos Olof,Blaženka Martinović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2020

One of the unstable spots of the Croatian orthoepic norm is the accentual system and the pronunciation of post-accentual lengths. Recent research on Croatian speech indicates that long and short post-accentual syllables in Croatian urban dialects are mostly not distinguished, and even in the dialects with the Neoštokavian four-accent system the long postaccentual syllables are being reduced (Pletikos Olof 2013). This phenomenon is frequently attributed to the markedness and the low level of prestige of post-accentual lengths among speakers of Croatian (Škarić & Lazić 2002). Because the standard norm should determine the stylistically neutral and the unmarked, linguists quietly accept the lapse from the regulations in this segment. In the light of studying Croatian urban dialects, this paper aims to describe the realizations of post-accentual lengths in the speech of Osijek, particularly in genitive and instrumental cases of e-declension nouns, in some suffixes, and in the present tense and definite adjective forms. The results are compared with the lengths produced by a model speaker of Standard Croatian when she is intentionally producing and not producing the length. The lengths in her speech are taken as a reference point for the categories of long and short. Previous research has shown that in Osijek, whose speech belongs to the Neoštokavian four-accent system, the lengths not immediately following rising accents most commonly disappear, and the lengths following rising accents weaken (but they do not disappear), especially those following the long-rising accent (Benić 2007). Still, a systematic description of post-accentual lengths for the mentioned word categories does not exist. This research is based on the speech analysis of people from Osijek who read sentences saturated with words with lengths. The results have shown that there is a tendency to reduce post-accentual lengths in certain forms, but the phenomenon is rather rare after rising accents.

Zapažanja o romskim glasovima

Author(s): Rade Uhlik / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 19/1981

La langue tzigane est une branche récente de l'arbre linguistique indien. Cette langue n’est pas unique, mais elle rejoind plusieurs dialectes. Ce phénomène peut être expliqué par le fait que cette langue, durant des siècles, a subit de nombreux changements dans les nouveaux milieux et par le fait que les Tziganes, déjà avant l'abandon du territoire de leurs ancêtres, ont vécu territorialement séparés. Dans le cadre de cette contribution, l’auteur explique, dans plusieurs chapitres, certains faits liés à la prononciation, orthographe, voyelles, aspiration, methatèse, épithèse, palatalisation et aux beaucoup d'autres phénomènes linguistiques. L'auteur conclue à la fin que, »entre les peuples balkaniques, existe un groupe ethnique exotique, dont la langue se distingue par les modifications phonétiques, étrangères et inconnues aux parlers de ces peuples«. La langue tzigane a été soumise aux influences des langues européennes, néogrecques et des langues de l'Asie mineure, les langues iraniennes ont eu leur contribution aussi dans la structure de la langue tzigane.

ZDOLNOŚĆ KOMUNIKOWANIA SIĘ LUDZI Z LOGICZNEJ I PSYCHOLOGICZNEJ PERSPEKTYWY

Author(s): Piotr Łukowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

In the paper, the meaning of an utterance is considered from two perspectives: the logical and the psychological one. The logical approach takes into account a number of factors affecting the final meaning of the spoken words. These include, among others: tolerance of an utterance, its vagueness, generality, accent, indirect speech and contextuality. These factors are recognized intuitively by both the message sender and recipient. Otherwise, they could not reach an agreement. It turns out that this problem is considered not only in the logic but also in the field of psychology. Different levels of the ability to recognize the meaning of an utterance corresponds to different levels of empathy and therefore also a different level of communication ability. It seems that logical intuition and psychological empathy are highly convergent abilities. The aim of the paper is not to show that intuition and empathy are the same, but that the same issues are dealt with by various sciences, and therefore the efforts should be merged. In other words, this work is a kind of an incentive to undertake interdisciplinary research. If possible, such measures should replace efforts made in isolation from other disciplines.

ZHVILLIMI I GRUPEVE KONSONANTIKE NË TË FOLMET E KOSOVËS

Author(s): Naser Pajaziti / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 47/2017

Attempts were made to treat the development path of the consonant groups in Kosova dialects. The focus was on the development, reflection and dissemination of consonant groups in different dialects of Kosova based on the dialectic data and writing from the past that are available startign from those of the old writers (Buzuku, Bardhi, Bogdani), followed by Tahir efendi Boshnjaku, Sheh Maliqi, and other various authors. Also, the views of various researchers have been emphasized who have given different views on the development of these groups. The focus has been specifically been placed on the evolution of these consonant groups whereby the use of dialects has very often led to their assimilation.

Značajke glasnika /i/ i /e/ u osoba s oštećenim sluhom

Author(s): Marina Božić Bakušić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2005

The research is directed toward examination of the characteristics of sounds lil and lei at children with impaired hearing. The children to be studied in the research were 12 children of both sexes from ages 6 to 11 with average or above average intelligence, with a hearing loss!damage level of 40 to 90dB and without damage to the vocal tiact. The contiol gioup consisted of 11 children of similar ages and sex distribution with normal hearing abilities and average or above average intelligence and with no damage to the vocal tract. The research showed that there are differences in the basic characteristics of the sound lil and lei between children with impaired hearing and children with normal hearing. Further, the study showed there are differences between the two groups within the entire spectrum of applicable variables for the sounds lil and lei. The major problem for children with impaired hearing is in control of auditory, respiratory and laryngeal levels during vocalization. The basic characteristic disturbances among children with impaired hearing noted in this research are: excessive inhalation, the lack of variations in and high oscillation infrequencies.

Znanstveni skup o povjesnoj dijalektologiji (Zagreb, 15–17. ožujka 1984)

Author(s): Nevenka Gošić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/1984

Slijedeći svoju tradicionalnu programsku orijentaciju, usmjerenu na izučavanje hrvatske i južnoslavenske duhovne i kulturne baštine, što predstavlja i jednu od njenih osnovnih djelatnosti, Jugoslavenska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti je uvijek poklanjala i veliku pažnju dijalektološkim istraživanjima i proučavanju problema hrvatskosrpske dijalektologije.

Zum Albanischen Erb und Lehnwortschatz

Author(s): Henrik Barić / Language(s): German Issue: 1/1956

Alb. labrik m. »Seewolf, ein Fisch« soll nach G. Meyer s.v. aus einem ad hoc konstruierten lat. *labracum für labräcem ( > ital. labrace) stammen, was wegen erhaltenen -br- ausgescholssen ist, vgl. alb. W. Meyer -Lübke, Gräbers Grundr. der roman. Philol. l2 1054. Dieselbe phonetische Schwierigkeit schliesse auch die Annahme Thumbs, Indogerm. Forsch. XXVI, 30, dass direkt von einem altgriech. Ausgegangen werden soll. Das albanische Wort ist neugriechischen Ursprungs. Für sekundäres alb. b in labrik vgl. b in alb. zérbets für v in ngriech. [...]

Zur Aussprache von Anthroponymen und Toponymen aus den germanischen Sprachen im Tschechischen:

Ergebnisse einer Befragung von Mitarbeitern des Tschechischen Fernsehens (2013–2014)

Author(s): Lucie Jílková / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2021

The article presents results from field research conducted at Czech Televison. The focus of the research was on pronunciation of loanwords and foreign proper names, particularly on words of Germanic origin (German, English, etc.). The research method consisted of semi-structured interviews with respondents (employees of Czech Television). The pronunciation of loanwords in the data was classified along with eight principles of phonological adaptation of loanwords and foreign proper names. The results suggest that respondents most frequently employed the principle of phonological approximation, which means that they pronounced proper foreign names based on the pronunciation in the language of origin, but they draw on the repertoire of target language consonants and vowels. Another significant principle of pronunciation was orthographic pronunciation based primarily on the written form of the word. In some cases respondents turned to the principle of analogy with the donor language, in this case, the adapted form resulted from phonetic analogies with the source language.