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Еще раз о передаче литовских имен собственных в русском тексте

Author(s): Birute Sinochkina / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2012

The article analyzes the principles of transcription of Lithuanian anthroponymy and toponymy in the Russian language. The existing guidelines for Lithuanian-Russian transcription are examined in light of the current writing practices. The analysis is primarily concerned with the rendering of the Lithuanian letter e after consonants and the spelling of borrowed names in Russian. Suggestions for the improvement of the principles of transcription are also provided.

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Slovenska narečja v Slovanskem lingvističnem atlasu (OLA)

Author(s): Karmen Kenda-Jež / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: -/2012

The paper presents the history of Slovenian research for the Slavic Linguistic Atlas (OLA) in the context of the development of Slovenian linguistic geography. The theoretical and methodological impact of this international project has given rise to a profound modernisation of linguistic analysis and influenced the presentation of dialect material and changes to the phonetic notation system. The problem of adequate presentation of Slovenian dialect material in the OLA is analysed from a variety of different perspectives – from the density of network datapoints to the basic principles of the geographical presentation of linguistic facts.

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«Бывают странные сближенья…»: греческий юпсилон и глаголица

Author(s): Anatoly Mikhailovich Kuznetsov / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2012

The author suggests new assumptions on the origin of glagolitic letters vědi v, ik 0 — u — 4, ju $, jus 5&, jer [: all these letters are derived from the Greek letter Y ψιλόν, which used to represent a group of sounds [v], [ü], [i]. In order to create different letters with different meanings, Constantine would turn the letter either to the left or to the right, thus changing the upsilon’s drawing.

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Accentuation Models of Disyllabic Nouns in the Southern Aukštaitian Dialect

Author(s): Vilija Ragaišienė / Language(s): English Issue: 68/2016

The article provides an analysis of the accentuation of disyllabic nouns in the Southern Aukštaitian (SAuk) dialect spoken in Southern Lithuania (Alytus, Lazdijai, Varėna, Šalčininkai, Druskininkai and Trakai districts). The term pietų aukštaičiai (southern Aukštaitians) was coined by scholars; because of certain phonetic peculiarities of the dialect, the inhabitants of southern Lithuania consider themselves to be dzūkai (Dzūkians). The SAuk has been of special interest to both dialectologists and Baltic language specialists for a long time. The archaic grammatical forms, syntactic constructions, phonetic, accentual and lexical peculiarities that are features of these dialects are intertwined with new phenomena and thus reveal many stages of the development of the dialect of the Southern Aukštaitians, which in turn can be of help in finding answers to some unanswered questions about the development and usage of language. For this reason more attention and research has been devoted to the SAuk dialect and its broader connections with language as a whole. The article analyses the tendencies of the accentuation parallels of disyllabic nouns with ā, ē, a and i̯a1 stems in the SAuk dialect. Drawing on audio and written sources dating from 1952–2015, the spread of the accentuation variants of the words and their forms in the same subdialect, separate subdialects and/or their groups are discussed; the accentuation patterns of disyllabic nouns with the productive ā, ē, a and i̯a stems that are stressed in various ways are described, and the nature of their prevalence in the area of the dialect is established. The study uses quantitative, geolinguistic and comparative methods.

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SINCHRONIJA DUBLIUOTUOSE FILMUOSE (ANIMACINIO FILMO AUKŠTYN PAVYZDYS)

Author(s): Giedrė Drėgvaitė,Danguolė Satkauskaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 4/2011

Dubbing is both the most difficult and the most expensive type of film translation. The greatest challenge for dubbing actors is to retain the three-level—phonetic, semantic and dramatic—synchrony. Thus, the aim of the article is to put some light on the characteristic features of dubbed films, types of synchrony among them, and to analyse how these types work together in the dubbed film Up (2009). The close-ups where characters’ faces and lips are seen are the most relevant to the phonetic analysis, since it is important to find out if the number of syllables and lip and jaw movements of the actor speaking the source language can fit for the target utterance. To achieve greater semantic and phonetic synchrony various modifications are made on the semantic level, e.g. concretization, generalization, addition, and substitution. On the dramatic level, the correspondence between verbal and nonverbal information is important, the disclosure of characters’ features and rendering of specific accent. However, the main aim of dubbing is not the coherence of all types of synchrony but the attractiveness of the film, therefore some losses in synchrony may be justified if the dramatic effect is retained.

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Tarmiškumo bruožų nomenklatūra: nuo tarminių požymių prie tarmiškumo žymenų

Author(s): Danguole Mikulėnienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 35(40)/2019

Traditionally it is believed that the dialect first shows the person’s interrelationship with the place, i.e., where the dialect is spoken and from which it probably comes. Rapid changes in traditional dialects and the formation of regional dialects (or regiolects) are gradually changing the concept of dialecticism. It also incorporates a number of sociolinguistic variables, such as gender, age, education, etc. This article examines several fragments of sound-stimulus texts that have been developed during the project Distribution of Regional Variants and Quasistandard Language at the Beginning of the 21st Century: Perceptual Approach (Perceptual Categorisation of Variants), funded by the Commission of the Lithuanian Language (2017–2019, the head Prof Daiva Aliūkaitė). The aim is to systematically evaluate the more imperceptible dialectal features that are more difficult to identify by users of the language, which, even in the context of traditional (sub)dialects due to convergence, divergence or analogue alignment, remain in consumer language longest. It is they who are often the most important distinctive signs of regiolectity. In the first decades of the 21st century, when the regiolects and other larger formations were formed, the term of the dialectal features in traditional dialectology gradually replaced with the dialectal marker corresponding to it. They are not synonyms – the dialectal feature is stable, whereas the dialectal marker is a floating element of the local language. Moreover, it is less phonologically marked. In multimodal dialectology, phonological markers (or more precisely, their complete set) continue being important differential elements, but the value of morphological and derivative markers, in addition to phonological, clearly increases. Although the dialectal markers show the heterogeneous and multi-layer nature of the Lithuanian language landscape of the 21st century, they cannot be mechanically removed from the territory in which they occur. Thus, the sociogeolinguistic methods are necessary to be applied to conduct a more detailed analysis.

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TARMINIO KALBĖJIMO VERTINIMAS PAPRŪSĖJE: XXI a. PRADŽIOS VIŠTYČIO AREALO TYRIMAS

Author(s): Rima Bakšienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 13/2019

Vištytis habitat belongs to the western part of Western Highlanders of Kaunas. The border of East Prussia has been in this area, so these environs until are often called as paprūsė region. There is described location of Vištytis habitat in the Lithuanian dialect classification, specific features and dialectal attitudes of speakers in the beginning of the twenty-first century. The results of this research are discussed in comparing to other similar studies of Western Highlanders of Kaunas. The investigation revealed that the speakers of Vištytis sub-dialect tend to consider local speech variant as standard Lithuanian language. The local speech was evaluated by the speakers as partially non-correct, but attractive. This attitude was mostly determined by aspects of intelligibility and conventionality of the local speech code. Evaluation of dialectal speech in Vištytis habitat for the most part coincides with common self–evaluation pattern of Western Highlanders of Kaunas. The short linguistic distance to standard language, fairly high prestige of dialectal speech and the same language code in all linguistic situations are most representative characteristics of this pattern.

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Phonetische Konvergenz in einem Teil Südostlitauens

Author(s): Nijolė Tuomienė / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2019

The present article addresses the principal phonetic phenomena of the languages used in borderland areas and their interaction. It analyzes of dialectological and sociolinguistic material collected from the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century from three points in the Šalčininkai district. It analyzes the phonetic convergence of the dominating local language varieties — Belarusian, Polish and Lithuanian — and establishes the tendencies of this process. The situations of natural communication in the context of code-switching are analyzed in the study: when the speakers are fluent and use several languages at the same time by actively switching between them in conversations. The research is, based on the theory proposed by Valerijus Čekmonas, the researcher of the interaction of languages and Slavicist: the speaker switches between languages according to certain rules, which can be described by algorithms. Based on this method of algorithms, the study reveals the phonetic tendencies and proves a very important role and influence of the now passively used Lithuanian language on the articulation of contemporary Slavic languages. The research showed that the reasons of convergence of phonetic phenomena of the language varieties functioning in the borderland areas are mainly sociolinguistic. After comparing the phonetic peculiarities of local Polish and Belarusian dialects, it turned out that the phonetics of both dialects is essentially the same. The informants pronounce the soft consonants used in the local Lithuanian dialect in the same way as they are pronounced when speaking local Slavic dialects. The cases, which are not typical of Belarusian and Polish dialects, when consonants are intensively confused, were recorded; it is likely a feature of the Lithuanian substratum.

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METAFORINIAI ŠIAURĖS ŽEMAIČIŲ PATARMĖS SOMATONIMAI: ARTEFAKTINIS MOTYVACIJOS MODELIS

Author(s): Jūratė Lubienė,Dalia Pakalniškienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 15/2020

The article presents the analysis of the onomasiological structure of the metaphorical somatonyms of Northern Samogitians, focusing on the indicators of the source of metaphors. Based on the explicit semantics of the source (lexical motivators), the metaphorical somatonyms of Northern Samogitians belong to several motivational models, the most productive of which is the artefactual motivational model. The basis of the artefactual metaphor is the associative similarity of the object (artefact) and the body part according to various parameters – shape, size, features of structure and materiality, actions, especially repetitive movements.

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BEDOUIN AND DRUZE SPEAKERS’ COLLOQUIAL ARABIC IN ISRAEL: PRESENT VS. PAST

Author(s): Judith Rosenhouse / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2020

Every language changes in time. Languages are, however, not the only thing that changes. All that we learn keeps evolving, including Arabic. As in the past, also current linguistic changes reflect the economical, technological and social circumstances. Thus, Classical Arabic is unlike Modern Standard Arabic and modern Arabic dialects are not like old ones. Following a short survey of the historical background of Bedouin and Druze speakers' settlement in the north of Israel, this paper examines texts spoken by Bedouin and Druze college students from several locations in that area (Brand 2013). A few phonological, syntactic, morphological and lexical features of these texts are discussed with examples. Their features are compared with features found in texts from Schmidt and Kahle(1918, ex-Bedouin speakers) and Blanc (1953, Druze speakers).The findings suggest that in Israel both Bedouin and Druze speakers codeswitch with Hebrew, the dominant language there. This codeswitching refers mainly to modern words in their vocabulary. Phonetic features of Arabic dialects, Modern standard Arabic and Hebrew are mixed, thus expanding the native speakers’ phonetical inventory. Syntactic and morphological changes also exist, reflecting effects of rural or urban near-by Arabic dialects. I n addition to the linguistic analysis, natural and artificial mathematical fractals are presented in the Introduction. Fractals are a rather new theoretical element, which has already been used in linguistics and can be further developed in Arabic dialectology. They are recalled at the end of the paper, because some of their features are revealed also when analyzing the development of the Bedouin and Druze speakers’ dialects. Inconclusion, the analysis of the Bedouin and Druze dialects suggests that new studies and methods of study are required in order to update our knowledge of current structures of Arabic dialects.

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PERIPHRASTIC COMPARATIVE STRUCTURES IN MODERN STANDARD ARABIC – WHICH ONES SHOULD BE TAKEN AS MANIFESTATIONS OF ANALYTICALLY ORIENTED EVOLUTIONS?

Author(s): Ovidiu Pietrăreanu / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2020

This paper deals with evolutions that appear to become significant in relation to the way in which degrees of comparison are expressed in Modern Standard Arabic. It deals mainly with structures that represent different types of deviations of what would generally be considered the norm of Modern Standard Arabic: the use of periphrastic structures where single units might have been expected, the adverbialization of the elative ’akṯar within structures conveying the comparative degree, the erosion of the norm-sanctioned use of specifying complements after annexations conveying the superlative degree headed by ’akṯar, the apparent reluctance to use verbal nouns as specifying complements when they are associated with the passive voice. In searching for possible or plausible reasons for these tendencies and phenomena, we have highlighted the plurality of domains and disciplines that can shed light on them: phonetics, morphology, syntax, rhetoric, stylistics. We have also advanced some expectations concerning the way in which some of these phenomena might evolve.

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Lietuvių ir baltarusių kalbų fonetikos sąveika Rodūnios apylinkėse

Author(s): Nijolė Tuomienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 40 (45)/2021

The research focuses on the interaction of the Lithuanian and Belarusian languages in the surroundings of Radun (Belarus, Voranava district, Lith. Rodūnia). Employing the language change methodology, the paper presents a detailed analysis of the most prominent cases of phonetic interference of two – old and middle – generations of residents in both languages spoken by them. The data show that the oldest residents are expressing both languages using the Lithuanian articulatory base. Over time, the characteristic Lithuanian features begin to level: varies the pronunciation of a; in open endings, the long tense vowels i, ы are usually pronounced as é; unstressed vowels are reduced inconsistently, etc. As Lithuanian is for the middle-generation speakers, it already demonstrates essential changes, which occurred because they started expressing their Lithuanian using the Belarusian articulatory base. First of all, they usually lengthen stressed short vowels; they do no longer pronounce unstressed long vowels; they do not distinguish between acute – or circumflex-accented mixed i, u + R type diphthongs; they distinguish the diphthongs ái – aũ, ái – aĩ on the accentological rather than phonetic grounds; t̑, d̑ are often replaced by palatalized palate consonants k̂, ĝ.

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Spelling Pronunciation versus Relaxed Pronunciation in Foreign Language Teacher Education Policy

Author(s): Mehmet Demirezen / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Right from the beginning it must be noted that English spelling is confusing and bothersome both for native speakers and nonnative speakers. In learning a foreign language, accurate pronunciation is an important part of learning any foreign language. Accurate pronunciation is especially important when non-native students are trained to be English language teachers. Good pronunciation is more than just mastering individual sounds since it also requires understanding intonation, stress, pitch and junctures. In this respect, first things first, two functional issues come to the stage: Spelling pronunciation versus relaxed pronunciation. Spelling pronunciation depends on the use of a pronunciation that is based on spelling that includes common pronunciation of the silent vowel and consonant letters. The converse of spelling pronunciation is pronunciation spelling which produces the creation of a new spelling form on the basis of pronunciation. In this study, the contrastive positioning of spelling pronunciation versus pronunciation spelling in English words, phrases, clauses, and sentences will be analyzed to train the English teachers.

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SAUSSURE’ÜN SES VE ANLAM İLİŞKİSİNE DAİR FİKİRLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Author(s): Mehmet Mustafa Karaca / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 36/2021

One of the most important characteristics of man is his ability to speak. It is easily seen that speaking is a skill that determines almost every life of a person, beyond just being a communication tool. Language systems, on the other hand, have been a subject of curiosity since the early ages, but also brought along many debates. These discussions are mainly shaped around the sound-meaning relationship and the semantic dimensions of this relationship. The linguist Ferdinand de Saussure is considered to be the initiator of modern linguistic studies and discussions. Saussure's theory, which was put forward at the beginning of the 20th century and called structuralism, is revolutionary in linguistics studies. Structuralism theory has been the initiator of many discussions as well as bringing new approaches to language studies. The focus of these discussions is questions about sound-meaning relations. A satisfactory answer has not yet been found to the questions of how to make sense of the word or sound as one of the two elements of the language sign, or what kind of a relationship there is between the changes of the sign and the changes of the meaning. In this article, the sound-meaning relationship will be discussed within the framework of Ferdinand de Saussure's theory of structuralism.

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Türkçe Öğrenen Boşnak Konuşurlarının Türkçe Ünlü Üretimi

Author(s): Büşra Akbulut,Gönül Erdem Nas / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 71/2021

Languages differ from other languages with their vowels and different pronunciation features based on the units formed by these vowels. While some of the vowels that cause semantic differences between words are found in all world languages, some vowels are specific only to certain languages. These similarities and differences between languages are decisive in the foreign language learning process. For this reason, correct and meaningful pronunciation of vowels in the target language is important for the development of basic language skills, especially speaking skills. In this study, Turkish vowel productions of 25 female and 15 male speakers between 15- 20 ages whose mother tongue is Bosnian were examined. The Turkish vowel productions of Bosnian speakers were analyzed with the Praat (Boersma and Weenink, 2020) program, shaped with IPA values in the R language, and the Turkish vowel productions of the participants were interpreted within the framework of the R programming language. The results of the research indicated that the basic level Bosnian speakers could not pronounce the vowels of Turkish /ı/, /ö/, /ü/, which are not found in the Bosnian alphabet correctly; it shows that he articulates the vowels around the voiced sound much further back than it should be. Accordingly, the results obtained from the study are explained comprehensively in the Findings and conclusion section.

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ЛІТЕРАТУРОЗНАВЧА РЕЦЕПЦІЯ ПОЕТИЧНОЇvТВОРЧОСТІ ВАСИЛЯ ПАЧОВСЬКОГО

Author(s): Nataliia Reutska / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2021

The purpose of the article is to analyze of critic and science works, devoted to the poetry of Vasyl Pachovsky. Research methods: methods of systematization, classification, biographical, historical, formal methods. The scientific novelty of the article is that it was the first review of scientific works on the poetry of Vasyl Pachovsky. Existing works were classified into two groups, in which considered reviews of poetic collections of scientists and studies of poetry by V. Pachovsky in general. A significant number of critical works were devoted to the work of the Young Muse and consideration of the poetic heritage of Vasyl Pachovsky was carried out on occasion. Conclusions. V. Pachovsky's poetic work still needs detailed study, as a significant part of his poetic work was considered in the context of studying the creative heritage of the Young Muse. There are still no scientific works in which a detailed analysis of his poetics, namely a systematic study based on statistical analysis in terms of vocabulary, poetic syntax, phonics, versification.

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Некоторые контактнообусловленные явления в словенском диалекте долины Натизоне

Author(s): Gleb P. Pilipenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 21/2021

The paper discusses some contact-related phenomena in the phonetics, morphology and syntax of the Slovene dialect that is spoken in the Natisone Valley in Italy, a dialect belonging to the Littoral dialect group. The purpose of the study is to establish the origin of these phenomena and clarify the features of their functioning and areal distribution. The data for the analysis (oral speech of informants) was collected during field research in this region. The following phenomena are revealed: voicing of the voiceless dental alveolar s before sonorants; borrowing of prepositions and conjunctions; postposition of adjectives in noun groups; doubling of pronouns and nouns; temporal constructions are used to express dates. It is revealed that the analyzed constructions and items have a high degree of variability: they function along with their Slovenian counterparts. In some cases, we are dealing with contaminated forms (contaminated prepositions, temporal construction for expressing dates). The doubling of pronouns and nouns forms a broken area, and a similar phenomenon is found in the languages of the Balkan Sprachbund.

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Kultura wysoka na służbie, czyli o mitologizmach we współczesnych stylach i odmianach polszczyzny

Author(s): Magdalena Puda-Blokesz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2021

The purpose of this article is to outline the stylistic and varietal extent of mythologybased expressions (of Graeco-Roman provenance), which include mythologically motivated linguistic units with varying formal (single words and polywords) and semantic (primary and secondary meanings) status. Due to their conventional origin, these units primarily belong to the literary variety of Polish. Additionally, they form the basis of numerous academic terms. To a much lesser degree, they also serve as fodder for other speech genres, styles and varieties of Polish that are conditioned by present-day cultural, civilizational and communicative changes, realized, for instance, in the language of journalists, internet users, public figures, manufacturers or owners of commercial and service facilities. The expressions in question are used in texts that differ stylistically, where they perform not only denotative-connotative but also axiological and expressive functions.

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Лінгвальні та позалінгвальні аспекти функціонування суржику в Україні

Author(s): Svitlana Sokolova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 21/2021

Surzhyk is a mixed type of speech that is typical within modern Ukraine, where we can observe the coexistence of two major language codes, namely Ukrainian and Russian. These are represented by both literary variants and numerous subcodes, primarily Ukrainian dialects (including transitional dialects, with features related to Russian and Belarusian dialectal areas) and Russian colloquial speech with elements of slang. Some language scholars rank Surzhyk as a separate language subcode – as a peculiar type of pidgin – and try to study its structure (lexical composition, grammatical structure) and areal distribution of elements accordingly. At present, in addition to “classical” Surzhyk, a new type of mixed speech has also arisen on the Russian phonetic-grammatical basis with the involvement of a large number of Ukrainian lexemes (original or borrowed by the Ukrainian language), mainly terms, taken from different fields. This new type of mixed speech is Russian-Ukrainian Surzhyk. The report analyzes several samples of mixed speech. On the basis of this analysis, criteria for the qualification of a text are proposed either as an example of Surzhyk, or simply as speech with signs of interference. Such criteria include lingual (Ukrainian or Russian phonetic basis, levels of interference, number of foreign language implementations, variations within the text), social (language is higher in status at the moment of the occurrence of the phenomenon; the scope of the functioning of the idiom itself), territorial (depending on the speaker’s place of inhabitance – urban or rural) and personal (native/first language of the speaker, level of education, knowledge of the literary language). It was concluded that the new mixed speech differs from Surzhyk in terms of the number of used units of another language, linguistic levels of manifestation, scope of distribution, conditions of occurrence and personal characteristics of speakers, among which the level of education and possession of standard subcodes are of leading importance. It is a transitional phenomenon in the process of the formation of Ukrainian as a state language.

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Editorial

Author(s): Carolina Haţegan Bodea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2021

Numărul 2 al Revistei Române de Terapia Tulburărilor de Limbaj și Comunicare-RRTTLC din anul 2021 cuprinde zece materiale valoroase pentru domeniul practicii logopedice, din țara noastră. Articolul care deschide volumul New Tools for Romanian SLPs to use with Language Learning Children/ Noi instrumente de lucru pentru logopezi prin care se abordează achiziția limbajului pune la îndemâna cititorilor, cu generozitate o scală de evaluare a abilităților comunicaționale, scală elaborate de Ellen Rhodes și tradusă în limba română de Carolina Bodea Hațegan și Dorina Talaș. Cel de-al doilea material din volum ne plasează în zona comunicării didactice, în contextul învățării online și stabilește aspecte practice și teoretice cu privire la provocarea pe care o astfel de predare/învățare o deschide cadrelor didactice și terapeuților. Următoarele șapte articole delimitează aspecte centrale ale muncii logopedului, punând la dispoziția cititorilor atât date cantitative și dovezi științifice, prin care se consolidează statutul de știință al domeniului logopedic, cât și abordări calitative și studii de caz, unde măiestria și priceperea specialiștilor se poate constitui în veritabile modele de urmat. Nu în ultimul rând se delimitează rolul părinților în demersal de recuperare, pornind de la cazul specific al copilului cu TSA, dar care poate fi extrapolate și spre alte situații și context patologice. Articolul cu care se închide acest număr, ne invită la reflecție, pentru că într-adevăr procesul terapeutic pentru copilul cu dizabilități și tulburări, trebuie contextualizat și angrenat în firescul vieții cotidiene, unde atitudinile și abilitățile sociale sunt cele care răzbat și trebuie modelate, nu numai în relație cu categoria de copii cu care se lucrează, ci în relație cu mediul școlar per ansamblu. Volumul curent aduce și o surpriză practică cititorilor, invitându-i să descarce Aplicația OctoPlay, un instrument care vizează terapia logopedică a tulburărilor de pronunție, gândită în contextul dizabilității. Prin urmare, acest instrument, care se dorește a fi extins, dezvoltat, este primul instrument care vizează terapia tulburărilor de limbaj în contextul în care tulburarea de limbaj este secundară unui tablou de dizabilitate. Bineînțeles că aplicația poate fi utilizată cu success și în contextul tulburărilor de limbaj specific, în contextul tulburărilor de limbaj cu dezvoltare tipică. Vă dorim lectură plăcută, șanse de a frunctifica elementele de noutate aduse în acest număr și deschidere spre preocupările logopedice actuale! Cluj-Napoca 24.10.2021

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