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REFLEKSIJE O RAZUĐENOSTI DJELA ‘ĀLIMA I PROFESORA KASIMA HADŽIĆA

Author(s): Enes Karić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 80/2019

This article offers some aptly suited reflections upon biography and bibliography of Kasim Hadžić (1917-1990), distinguished professor of the Gazi Husrevbey’s madrasah. Of all the teachers of this renowned school, during the decades of sixties, seventies and eighties in the 20th century, Kasim Hadžić stands out with his teaching activities and his written work which is distinctively versatile, voluminous and significant. He wrote on topics of aqaid and theological issues of Islam, on history of Islam, as well as histories of Bosnia, Sanjak and the Balkans. Amongst his written work is a book on his contemporaries: ‘ālims, imams, some enthusiasts in the work of the Islamic Community and those who endeavoured in preserving the Islamic culture. His numerous essays and articles about various topics of the Qur’an are also memorable. He keenly observed the life at Gazi Husrevbay’s Madrasah, its teaching process as well as its extracurricular activities. He wrote about its students, teachers and the school’s events. This particular aspect of his engagement distinguishes him as the most significant chronologist of the Gazi Husrevbay’s Madrasah during the period of 1969-1990.

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BOSANSKOHERCEGOVAČKI MUSLIMANI PRED IZAZOVIMA FENOMENA NOVE MISLI: PRIMJER MUSLIMANA SANSKOGA MOSTA

Author(s): Haris Islamčević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 81/2020

This article presents results of an empirical study related to the phenomenon of the New Thought and its impact upon Bosnian and Herzegovinian Muslims through the sample of one particular community- the municipality Sanski Most. This work presents, on the bases of five given questions (Onto-Cosmoanthropological concept, in other words, through the concept – God-the World- Man), the presence of this phenomenon among respondents of different structure: based on gender, age, place of living and education. The sample of imams within the surveying field gave us a significant control-group that was used comparative bases for analysing the survey results.

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PSIHOLOŠKI ASPEKTI RELIGIJSKOG ISKUSTVA MLADIH U ISLAMSKOJ MOLITVI – NAMAZU

Author(s): Anela Hasanagić,Almira Isić-Imamović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 81/2020

The aim of this article is to analyse psychological aspects of religious experience of Islamic prayer – salah (prayer) in youth, that is the young peoples’ perception of salah and their experience thereof. The research was conducted on a sample of 9 respondents (7 female and 2 male) whose age on the average was 21 years. For evaluating religious experience of youth in salah we used qualitative method of research and the semi-structured interview technique. The results of qualitative analysis show that religious experience of young people in salah could be described through following topics: positive perception of salah; the positive emotions in salah ( the sense of inner content and bliss, pleasant feeling towards God and the sense of gaining acceptance and support of God); sustaining pleasant disposition and the positive self-perception after the salah; the pleasant feelings are most intense during the morning and the evening prayer; the need to address God in mothers’ tongue after the formal prayer; the sense of negative feelings and the negative self-perception at the occasion of omitting the prayer and at the occasion of having disrupting thoughts during the prayer.

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ALLAH ŽELI DA SE POMAŽEMO, NASTAVNA PRIPREMA ZA SAT

Author(s): Faruk Hajdarević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 81/2020

This article presents a preparation for a class of the Islamic religious studies in primary school. Preparation contains the outlines of a teaching unit itself, micro-articulation of the teaching class with a detailed guideline and explications in its introduction, in the main part of the text and in its conclusion. The introduction part offers a preparation for teaching a new unit, keeping in mind and reflecting upon the teaching content already adopted highlighting the connection between the new unit and the earlier teaching contents. The main part of the article presents the new teaching content keeping in mind: the aims and the purpose of teaching, teaching methods, forms of teaching, equal involvement of all the students with the help of teaching materials and tools. This part requires independent work of students in groups related to this particular teaching unit. The final part sublimates the teaching content into a comprehensible unit with a purpose of achieving the desired goals of learning. Through analysis of the content and discussion but also through the independent work of students the unity of aims and tasks of this class will be emphasized. Corresponding conclusions should, as a result, be manifested in daily behaviour of students.

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BOŠNJAČKI ALIMI U NOVOM MUALLIMU

Author(s): Ferid Dautović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 82/2020

Novi Muallim is a magazine of the Ilmijja Association in Bosnia and Herzegovina and thus it is natural that ulama is one of the fields covered within the content of topics of the magazine. This field is dedicated to imams, mu’allims, religious studies teachers, muderrises, muftis, raisu-l-ulamas, but also to all those Islamic scholars who aided the mission of the Islamic Community through various intellectual endeavours. In this work we present Bosniak, but also the other ulama through a textual analysis of articles published in Novi Muallim in the past twenty years. This analysis show that Novi Muallim published articles dealing with biographies of renowned Bosniak ulama and that most commonly at the occasion of their death or birth anniversaries. It was also noted that the magazine published articles dealing with ulama from Sarajevo mostly and very rarely with ulama outside of Sarajevo. Keeping in mind that we have many noteworthy scholars throughout the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, this article may also serve as an invitation to all future contributors to the magazine Novi Muallim to write about their own local imams and mua’llims.

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ŽIVOT IMPERIJALNOG SPOMENIKA: AJA SOFIJA NAKON BIZANTA

Author(s): Gülru Necipoğlu / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 82/2020

Američka profesorica historije umjetnosti na Univerzitetu Harvard, direktorica Aga Khan programa za islamsku arhitekturu, rođena Turkinja, Gulru Necipoglu u ovom tekstu sagledava četiri stotine osamdeset i jednogodišnji život Aja Sofije nakon što je 1453. godine i osvojenja Konstantinopolja pretvorena u džamiju. Zaranjajući duboko u historijske, arheološke i religijske profesorica Necipoglu potanko objašnjava različite stadije u formalnoj transformaciji i osmanizaciji / islamizaciji post-bizantijske Aja Sofije ukazujući kako su značenja koje je građevina stekla tokom stoljeća nadilazila specifičnost izvornog konteksta u kojem je izgrađena, te njenu očevidnu sposobnost da se održi kroz vrijeme. Ova studija, zapravo, prikazuje jednu osebujnu dinamičku interakciju sa promjenjivom publikom i jedan živi dijalog između prošlosti i sadašnjosti. Ovaj tekst je napisan početkom 1990-tih godina i objavljen je u sklopu publikacije Oxford University Pressa, ali je i danas aktualan, posebno nakon odluke vlasti Republike Turske da Aja Sofiji ponovno vrate status džamije, posebno u kontekstu njene vjekovne simbolike, prvo kao trijumfalnog monumenata kršćanstva nad poganstvom, potom islama nad kršćanstvom, te sekularističkog nad religijskim nakon pada Osmanske carevine. Upravo ovaj tekst čitaocu daje relevantne historijske, umjetničke i arhitekturalne činjenice na osnovama kojih može sagledavati i najvažnije aspekte najnovije prenamjene Aja Sofije, jer i njeno ranije prisvojenje kao imperijalnog i religijskog simbola od strane osmanskih sultana nije odbacivalo svijest o njenom nekadašnjem značaju, kao i zajednički jezik arhitektonskih oblika koji nadilaze puku fizičku aproprijaciju kršćanskog svetog prostora od strane muslimanskih osvajača.

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SUDBINA DŽAMIJE U GRADAČAČKOJ TVRĐAVI I POKUŠAJ NJENE OBNOVE 1891 - 1909. GODINE

Author(s): Husnija Kamberović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 49/2000

Late in the 19th century, a group of the Gradačac Muslims launched a campaign to reconstruct, ie mosque, which in the times of the Ottoman rule existed inside the fortress of Gradačac. It was the oldest Gradačac mosque, which as a religious structure served, mainly, the needs of the fortress garrison, but it was also used by a part of the adjacent residential quarters. By the end of the Ottoman rule, the mosque was neglected and was in a poor condition, so that in 1878, with the occupation of the fortress by the Austro-Hungarian army, it definitively ceased to serve its purpose. The wooden parts of the mosque (the minaret, roof, windows, door) were either destroyed by rain and dampness, or the Austro-Hungarian soldiers made fire from them, while the stone parts were partly used for the building of the New alias Reufbegova mosque, which before that had existed as masjid, and partly for the construction of some other buildings at Gradačac. From 1891 there have been attempts to reconstruct the fortress mosque, but the Land's Government in the midđle of 1909 refused any possibility of its reconstruction.

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DŽAMIJE BANJE LUKE U PLANOVIMA AUSTRIJSKIH RATNIH KARATA IZ XVIII STOLJEĆA

Author(s): Sabira Husedžinović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 47-48/1999

The damage done to the cultural and historical heritage, can certainly be added to the overall picture of suffering and tribulation caused by aggression to Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992-1995. Shelling and mining of numerous places of worship, mosques, churches and monasteries, libraries, clock-towers and public facilities and housing fund, the aggressor was destroying the nucleus of religious and national life of the population. Only in Banja Luka, between September, 9th and December 15th, 1993, 15 mosques, 6 mausoleums, 5 fountains, large number of graveyards and clock-towers. However, destruction of Islamic places of worship started even earlier. It is well known that Banja Luka became the Capital of Bosnian sanjak mid 16th century, and in 1580 the Capital of Bosnian eyalet, what guaranteed a faster urban development. From 16th to 19th century 45 mosques were built in Banja Luka together with as many accompanying settlements (mahala) and four marketplaces (čaršija) on the banks of Vrbas river. Especially beautiful were Ferhadija mosque (built in 1579) and Amaudija (in 1595). Destruction of the Islamic religious facilities started immediately after the defeat of the Ottoman armada in Vienna (1683) and peace signed in Karlovac (1699), and continued in 1737, when, during the reign of the emperor Charles the Sixth, Banja Luka was under siege by Prince Hildburghausen. Preparation of this battle (July 24th to August 4th) and attacks by Hildburghausen’s troops, arrangement of artillery, as well as pontoon bridges, will include đrawing many maps and plans by the engineers of Austrian army. That is how a large number of the oldest maps and drawings of Banja Luka were produced. Besides the fact that those were the oldest documents on Banja Luka of the kind, these maps are important proofs of urban development of early Banja Luka, especially the mosques that were exposed to destruction in the mentioned battle. This destruction lead to changes in architectural design of these facilities.

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PORODICA SIKIRIĆA U RUKOPISIMA BOŠNJAČKOG INSTITUTA U CIRIHU

Author(s): Fehim Nametak / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 47-48/1999

This work gives some new information on the genealogy of this famous dervish family, founded by Abdurrahman Sirri (1775-1847), whose members were seihs of Nakşibendi Teki in Oglavak near Fojnica. Manuscripts also contain poems and other historical and literary texts by Sirri’s ancestors, grandfather and father, and his grandchildren Behauddin Sikirić and his brother Hamdija. There are also two original poetry collections and other remarks written by Behauddin Sikirić, who ran Oglavak teki during the first two decades of this century. Most important manuscript from the collection of the Bosnians’ Institute in Zürich related to the Sikirić family, called Divan of Abdurrahman Sirri, contains the register (silsila) of the nakšibendi leaders, of the so called, restaurateurs’ (muğaddid) order, that shows which ancestors were recognized before the founder, Muhammed Behauddin Naqsibandi, and which religious scholars this order includes, all the way to the God’s Prophet Muhammed. Publication of this new information in this work considerably broadens the knowledge of the history of the tesavvuf thought in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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HRIŠĆANSKO ZADUZBINARSTVO U PERIODU OSMANSKE UPRAVE

Author(s): Olga Zirojević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 46/1997

Islamic law, with certain limitations, allows Jews and Christians to found endowments (waqfs) under the rules of their religions and before their religious representatives. In the relations between the Ottomans and non-Muslims (the so-called zimiye or wards) Shari’a was the main but not sole legal source: there was also Kanun (provisions with force of law), Urf ( settled practice of the supreme administration) and Adet (common law in the broadest sense of the word). Finally, religious issues were also adjusted to the State interests (the so-called Millet System). As for the categories of ownership over land, a customary classification was miri, mulk and waqf (endowment) lands, which also related to the monastic land. But, this land was mostly included in the State ownership (miri), with only its smaller part as full ownership (mulk) to be disposed of freely, i.e. it had a status of waqf and was extra commercium.

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OCJENE I PRIKAZI

Author(s): Boris Nilević,Sabina Ahmić-Bakšić,Olga Zirojević,Fehim Nametak,Rusmir Mahmutćehajić,Esad Duraković,Amir Ljubović / Language(s): Bosnian,Serbian Issue: 44-45/1996

Review of: Jusuf Ramić - KURAN SA PRIJEVODOM NA BOSANSKI JEZIK, preveo Enes Karić, Bosanska knjiga, Sarajevo, 1995, 1343 str. Amir Ljubović - Dr İskender Pala, Ansiklopedik Divan Şiiri Sözliiğü, I-II, Kaynak eserleri, Akçağ, Ankara, (s. a), n ridanje, 554. ste. Amir Ljubović - POEZIJA ARAPSKOG ISTOKA XX VIJEKA. Izbor, prijevod s arapskog i bilješke o pjesnicima Esad Duraković, "Bosanska knjiga", Sarajavo, 1994, 319 str. Sulejman Grozdanić - Ali ibn Ebi Talib: STAZA RJEČITOSTI. Govori, pisma i izreke; sabrao es-Sejjid eš-Šeiif er-Radi. Prijevod Rusmir Mahmutćehajić i Mehmedalija Hadžić. Uvod Rusmir Mahmutćehajić. Voditelj projekta Rusmir Mahmutćehajić. Izdavač: Islamska zajednica, Zagreb, 1994. 300 str. Amir Ljubović - Martin Lings (Abu Bakr Siraj ad-Din), STA JE SUFIZAM ? (naslov izvornika: What is sufism?) Prijevod i uvod Rusmir Mahmutćehajić. Analecta islamica, knj. II, "Sebil", Zagreb, 1994, 117 str. Fehim Nametak; Esad Duraković - Amir Ljubović i Sulejman Grozdanić: PROZNA KNJIŽEVNOST BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE NA ORIJENTALNIM JEZICIMA, Orijentalni institut u Sarajevu, Posebna izdanja XVII, Sarajevo, 1995, 279. str. Fehim Nametak - Dr Erdoğan Erol, SUKKERÎ HAYATI, EDEBİ kisiliği ve divani. Atatürk Kültül- Dil ve Tarih Yiiksek Kuramu, Atatürk Kiilttir Merkezi Yayını -sayi 89 "Divanlar Dizisi: 2", Ankara, 1994. 300 pp. Olga Zirojević - ISTANBUL VU PAR MATRAKÇI ET LES MINIATURISTES DU XVI. SIECLE, Dominique Halbout du Tanney, Dost Yayınları, Istanbul 1993, str. 112 (s ilustracijama). Sabina Ahmić-Bakšić - Nimet Bayraktar ve Mihin Lugal, TURKIYE YAZMA ESER KÜTÜPHANELERDE BULUNAN YAZMALARLA ilgili YAYINlAR BİBLİYOGRAFYASI, Islam Tarih, Sanat ve Kültür Araştırma Merkezi (IRCICA), Istanbul, 1995. Boris Nilević - ZBORNIK RADOVA SEFARAD ’92. Institut za istoriju i Jevrejska zajednica u BiH, Sarajevo, 1995, 338 str.

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Dobrotovorni rad u islamskoj jurisprudenciji

Author(s): Senad Ćeman / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 13/2020

Islamic teaching defines charity work as an act motivated by devotion to God when such devotion is based on voluntariness and to gain God’s reward. Charitable work is basically not obligatory; even if it does not seem to appear as such, it bears no responsibility. Charitable work in Islam has generated over time numerous governmental and non-governmental institutions through which individuals have helped society in an institutionalized and organized manner, and which has been a partner of the state in the field of education, health, recreation, etc. In its broad opus, Islamic jurisprudence has given a significant place to the topic of charity work.

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JEZIČKO-STILSKA ANALIZA I RETORIČKA SREDSTVA U HUTBAMA IMAMA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI

Author(s): Hurija Imamović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 16/2019

This paper offers a stylistic analysis and exploration of the rhetorical devices used by the chief imams in their khutba sermons at Friday prayers in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The khutba is a key tool in the mission of Islam. It involves elements and features of both the sacred and oratorical styles, but its basic purpose is persuasive and conative, viz. it aims to promote active change. It therefore deploys all the elements of discourse, with a stress on the use of proofs. Qur’anic quotations, hadiths, and statements from Islamic and Western thinkers are thus drawn upon as proofs, alongside sayings and anecdotes. Other devices also used to persuade or support the argument include rhetorical questions and repetition.

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Islam, Catholicism, and Religion-State Separation: An Essential or Historical Difference?

Author(s): Ahmet T. Kuru / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

There exist severe restrictions over religious dissent in most Muslim-majority countries. This problem is associated with the alliance between religious and political authorities in these cases. I argue that the alliance between Islamic scholars (the ulema) and the state authorities was historically constructed, instead of being a characteristic of Islam. Hence, the essentialist idea that Islam inherently rejects religion-state separation, whereas Christianity endorses it, is misleading. Instead, this article shows that the ulema-state alliance in the Muslim world was constructed after the mid-eleventh century, as well as revealing that the church-state separation in Western Europe was also historically institutionalized during that period. Using comparative-historical methods, the article explains the political and socioeconomic backgrounds of these epochal transformations. It particularly focuses on the relations between religious, political, intellectual, and economic classes.

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UTICAJ UPROSTORENJA LIMINALNOG NA FENOMEN GRANICA U KONTEKSTU IDOLUMA ESHATONA ABRAHAMSKIH RELIGIJA

Author(s): Katarina Bošnjak / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian Issue: 13/2020

From the beginning, men have reflected on their origins and the origins of the world, trying to explain the magical forces that led to human existence. In the same way, they try to understand the path that awaits them after cutting the earthly bonds of the soul imprisoned in the liminal existence on earth. The significance of religious thought in the creation of boundaries, which are eventually inserted into space, is particularly recognized in eschatological reflections and literal interpretations of the spatiality of eschatological metaphors. The Cartesian nature of man predisposes him to contemplation of the world through a fascination with liminality, which is reflected in his inner and outer world. Due to the contextual similarity, this paper considers the spatiality of liminality in the eschatological idolum of the three most represented Abrahamic religions in Southeast Europe - Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Spatial coding of the liminal in the eschatological idolum, recognized in the cosmographic organization of the universe, defines liminality in the vertical sense, and establishes a (spatial) hierarchy in the levels of soul realization, which is consequently recognized in the spatial conception of the social hierarchy of earthly life. Spatiality exegesis of eschatological idola recognizes a horizontality of liminality conditioned by the progression of the soul through architecturally defined frameworks, modeled by the imago mundi, which reveals a literal spatial interpretation of the doctrine of separation (upon which the concept of the Judgment Day rests) based on moral hierarchy. The complexity of soul's progression through the liminal stages, reduced to a diagrammatic representation of its transformation in accordance with the religious canon, points to life as a reference point for the ontological transformation that comes after it. Therefore, it is denoted by a clear framework – thresholds, into which man has imprinted elements of spatiality. The possibility of identifying the archetypal concept of boundary is sought in these tresholds, which indicates an opportunity to understand the nature of man and this process of insciption of his nature in socio-spatial contexts.

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Diskurs islamofobije u književnosti: tri tematska pristupa

Author(s): Ahmed Isanović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 85/86/2019

Literature, as an ideologically very potent field, often serves as an instrument which validates the status quo, empowers existing relations of power, and shapes the sociopolitical awareness. On the other hand, literature is also a powerful platform for examining, understanding, and deconstructing the ideological mechanisms that offer a distorted picture of reality created by the centres of power. On such a premise, this paper attempts to denaturalize the ideologically constructed notion of Islam and Muslims which occurs in the form of a new grand narrative of the West. Analysing the following three novels: Saturday written by Ian McEwan, Submission by Michel Houellebecq, and The Reluctant Fundamentalist by Mohsin Hamid, the paper deals with the thematization of Islamophobia within the literary discourse, where three literary approaches to the topic (Islamophobia) are evident: manifest, latent and problem approach.

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Kritika tradicionalizma Seyyed Hossein Nasra

Author(s): Saeid Abedpour / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 85/86/2019

Traditionalism is a new idea stream that has emerged in response to the growing modernity of the contemporary world. Traditionalism is more a form of modern ideology than a phenomenon arising from traditional and madhhabic principles and foundations that defines its identity in the form of negation, that is, by negating modernity. The approach to the traditional notion and foundation of traditionalists like Seyyed Hossein Nasra is fundamentally different from the traditional views of thinkers of pre-modern societies. Mostly drawing on modern concepts and notions, by twisting them they tend to form an anti-modernist thought whose characteristics are not quite so in tune with the intellectual relationships and patterns of life of traditional societies. It is exactly the absence of compatibility between traditionalism and traditional concepts that has caused many traditionalist views to deviate from the historical reality of pre-modernist societies, and traditionalism has embraced a well-founded duality. Traditionalism, on the one hand, denies modernity in favor of pre-modernist traditions, and on the other, separating itself from premodernist foundations, accepts and reproduces the internal modernist logic of classification based on the duality of tradition and modernity.

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MENTALNO ZDRAVLJE MAJKI TOKOM PANDEMIJE COVID-19

Author(s): Vildana Aziraj-Smajić,Fuad Sedić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 12/2020

Trudnoća i poslijeporođajni period podrazumijevaju suočavanje s brojnim tjelesnim, emocionalnim i socijalnim izazovima te zahtijevaju spremnost na reorganizaciju dotadašnjih prioriteta i prilagođavanje promijenjenim životnim okolnostima. Kada je ovakav pritisak za majku značajno veći od njenih resursa da ga podnese, navedeni period se doživljava izrazito stresnim te može biti jedan od okidača za narušavanje njenog mentalnog zdravlja. Žene kod kojih se identificiraju određeni faktori rizika za razvoj poslijeporođajnih poremećaja je neophodno kontinuirano pratiti I pravovremeno im omogućiti adekvatnu psihološku podršku. Pored psihološke podrške kao jednog od značajnih protektivnih faktora za očuvanje njihovog mentalnog zdravlja bitna je i religioznost. U tom kontekstu, iz perspektive islama prikazani su brojni hadisi (izreke Muhammeda, a.s.) koji svjedoče u prilog njegujućeg i podržavajućeg odnosa prema ženi/majci i njegovog značaja za cjelokupnu porodicu i općenito društvenu zajednicu.

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KORONAVIRUS I ČUVANJE MENTALNOG ZDRAVLJA HATMOM

Author(s): Muharem Štulanović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 12/2020

Kriza izazvana koronavirusom ima različite aspekte od epidemiološko-medicinskog i sigurnosnog do ekonomskog i duhovnog. S obzirom na činjenicu da je Islamski pedagoški fakultet u Bihaću intelektualna i duhovna vertikala i kičma Islamske zajednice na ovom području, tu imamo i jedinstven odsjek, a radi se o Odsjeku socijalne pedagogije i duhovne skrbi, kao i jedinstvenom predmetu – Duhovna terapija. Zbog svega toga nas interesuje duhovni aspekt ove krize.

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AKTUELNOST SOCIJALNE KRITIKE U HASAN KAFIJINOM DJELU „USULUL-HIKEM FI NIZAMI AL-ALEM“

Author(s): Esmir M. Halilović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 18/2020

Hasan Kafi Pruščak is one of the greatest scholars coming from Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was educated in Prusac, Sarajevo and Istanbul. He served in several places as a kadi and muderris. He participated in a few crusades and battles. He wrote 20 works among which the most famous, the most rewritten and the most commented is the work under the title Usul-ul-hikem fi Nizami Al-alem – Principles of Wisdom for the Order of the World. Although not being too extensive, the work has been assessed as very valuable – and for it the author received the award personally from the Sultan and the Court at that time. In this critically oriented work – which differentiates it from similar literature produced by Gazali and other earlier scholars, the author presents his observations through which he identifies the main problems of the society and the country at the time in the following forms: social injustice, incompetence of people in high places, non-existence of social and Islamic agreement and counseling, technical, technological and general backwardness of Muslims in comparison to their enemies (even at that time), corruption and nepotism, the downfall of personal and social morality standards… This work is important to us for several reasons. One of them is that this work can be considered and read in the contemporary context as an excellent social criticism and compared with the present since social deviations emphasized there (present at his time, i.e. 400 years ago!) are present nowadays among Muslims, in addition to other challenges and problems we face.

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