![[rec.] Nicholas P. Roberts, Political Islam and the Invention of Tradition, New Academia Publishing, Washington, DC 2015, ss. 245](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2017_43064.jpeg)
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The fact that the interest, which is a must in the banking sector, is forbidden in the Islamic religion directs individuals to interest-free banking in Muslim societies. This case leads to an increased interest in the Islamic finance and Islamic banking in the world economy. In Turkey, the participation banking sector, which is the manifestation of interest-free banking, has demonstrated a rapid growth in recent years. This study provides information about Islamic finance, Islamic banking and participation banking, analyses some financial titles about the participation banking sector in Turkey between 2013 and 2015, compares and contrasts between general banking and participation banking, and analyses the state of participation banking sector. Findings show that while there was a decline in the participation banking sector in 2015 compared to 2013, there was a development in the traditional banking data in the same years. It is believed that the transfer of Bank Asya, one of the participation banks, from the Bank to the Savings Deposit Insurance Fund by the Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency and the subsequent process has an important effect in this decline. If necessary measures are taken for the participation banking sector and if the negative issues are not repeated, it can be said that this sector which is developing all over the world can continue its development in Turkey as well.
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Court registers are the notebooks in which Moslem judges recorded the orders they gave at the courts, the documents that came from the center and the important incidents they were responsible for. Court registers include the orders, nomination certificates, imperial orders, the registers of the important incidents that happened in the county, towns and villages where essays were traversed as scripts, verdicts by the court register judges and regents at the courts. The subjects in the court registers include all kinds of incidents, regulations, historical facts that can happen in a county administration. It is possible to reveal out the economical, social, cultural and legal conditions, the in formation related to military service of that period, the social incidents before and after the war. This study we found there views on Manisa Sharia record number of 242 entries.
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The Presidency of Religious Affairs initiated a new service area in the 2013-2014 Academic Year. The Presidency, which previously provided educational activities for young and middle-aged groups and primary school children during summer courses, started official preschool religious education for the 4-6 year old age group in Quran Courses for the first time in 2013-2014. Although the experience has been acquired in this field with each passing year, some problems are still noticeable at various points. The present study examines the contents and aesthetic aspects of the stories included in Quran Courses activity books for 4-6-year-old children. The purpose of the study is to underline that stories and especially the illustrations and visuals in stories, have very important roles in learning for children who are illiterate in the preschool period, and the study aims to contribute to the organization and enrichment of the activities and textbooks by drawing attention to this field. In this study, which has a qualitative design, the existing activity books are examined. The study also has a screening model, which aims to explain the present situation in the way it is. The stories and illustrations in the activity books were examined in this study via descriptive analysis based on the criteria that should exist in children’s literature books. In this respect, we tried to summarize and interpret the data obtained in the study according to the pre-determined criteria.
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The Kadıasker Notebooks, also known as Şer`iyye records, are one of the most important sources of history research. Between 1666 and 1670, we examined the Crimean kadiasker book with the number 67 A 90 and made evaluations about the cases by examining the cases of the Jews’s routine lives in the Crimean region. These cases led us to understand and evaluate the social structure of the Jewish community living in Crimea in social, economic, administrative and legal fields. We have reviewed all kinds of details, from the names of the places where the Jews live, from the professions they work to, from their own cases to the cases of Muslims. We tried to put all aspects of the relationship of the İslamic law with the Jews.
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This study deals with the issues of understanding of 16-19th verses of Kıyamah Surah [75]. According to the traditional view, the verses are portrayed as the Prophet's attempt to replay the language with the fear of forgetting revelation during his revelation, and to try to memorize the words spoken to him. Today, however, these verses, contrary to the traditional understanding, are handled in a way that portrays the situation of sinful people in the hereafter. As a reason for such interpretation, it is shown that the verses of the subject matter do not comply with other passages of the surah. The main reason for defending this view is that the Qur'an is viewed and evaluated as a whole within itself.
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THE AUTHOR EXAMINES THE 9/11 SUICIDE ATTACKS OF 9/11, ATTACKS ORCHESTRATED BY THE INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST GROUP, AL-QAEDA AGAINST SEVERAL TARGETS IN THE UNITED STATES; THESE ARE THE WORST TERRORIST ATTACKS ON AMERICAN TERRITORY IN US HISTORY TO DATE, AND HAVE CAUSED BOTH A RECORD NUMBER OF CASUALTIES, IMMEASURABLE MATERIAL DAMAGE AND TRIGGERED A HUGE EFFORT BY THE US, TOGETHER WITH INTERNATIONAL COALITIONS TO FIGHT TERRORISM, IN A SO-CALLED "WAR ON TERROR". THE METHOD OF ANALYSIS IS CALLED "ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS" AND AIMS TO FILTER INFORMATION IN THE MOST EFFICIENT AND COHERENT WAY TO DRAW RELEVANT CONCLUSIONS. THE AUTHOR EXPLAINS THE CAUSAL FACTORS THAT LED TO THE ABOMINABLE TERRORIST ATTACKS, ANALYZING SEVERAL CONSPIRACY THEORIES LAUNCHED IN PUBLIC SPACE ON THE MOTIVATIONS AND PERPETRATORS OF THE ATTACKS AND PRESENTING PERSONAL VIEWS ON A POSSIBLE GLOBAL SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM INDUCED BY THE TERRORIST PHENOMENON.
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Historical Events of the 20th Century and Their Relevance for the Greek Catholic Church in Slovakia (Czechoslovakia). In 2018, the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Prešov commemorates the 200th anniversary of its establishment. Throughout its existence, the eparchy experienced its heyday and there were times when the eparchy struggled and suffered. The darkest period was the total liquidation of the Greek Catholic Church by the totalitarian regime in the years of 1950–1968. The eparchy resumed its activities in 1968 during the “Prague Spring”. The period of unrestricted activities of the eparchy, however, commenced after the “Velvet Revolution” in 1989.
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The starting point for embarking upon this endeavour was our desire to understand the very status – a paradoxical one – that wine holds within Islam. On the one hand, wine is prohibited under the Islamic law, but on the other hand, wine represents an outstanding element pertaining to Islamic mysticism. The research we have conducted is based on the data garnered from main books of Islam – i.e. the Holy Qur’an and the Hadith – as well as from the writings of many great Muslim mystical writers. From Rabi’a to al-Hallaj, to Sohrawardi, to Sana’i, to Rumi, the mystical poem with an apparently bacchanalian related subject, that is a subject exclusively used as pretext for expressing the deepest religious feelings so unique, beyond any constraint – be it denial or faith, as Sohrawardi said – was for a long time an essential element of the mystical incantation throughout the Islamic world.
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Performing hajj is one of the five pillars of Islam which may become compulsory for a Muslim who has financial ability to perform this ibadah at least once in his lifetime. To facilitate Muslims to fulfil this religious obligation, countries which have majority Muslim population like Malaysia, Indonesia and Maldives have established legal entities/institutions to manage hajj funds from hajj depositors (aspirant pilgrims) and provide services related to hajj. Although these institutions share the same objective in terms of helping Muslims to perform hajj, their operational activities are largely different. This paper aims to contribute to the understanding of hajj fund management institution in these three different jurisdictions. This understanding is important for policy makers and regulators regulating hajj fund management. It is anticipated that the outcome of this research will shed a light on hajj fund management in Asia.
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Since the end of the 19th century, especially in Kalam, innovations in various fields of Islamic thought have been looked for. Discussions about the method and contents of the Kalam have made the necessity of this renewal of the Kalam. Some translations from Western languages and some works contain information contrary to Islam. As a result, Islam has to be re-expressed. For this purpose, it is inevitable to use a new language and method and to benefit from the possibilities of philosophy in this field. The Kalam had to rely on the new philosophy and its methods in order to be able to repel the attacks directed at the religious belief. Therefore, “New Kalam” movement was born and İzmirli İsmail Hakkı was the pioneer of this movement. In this approach, many topics such as religious-state relations, secularism, human rights, women's issues, racism, alienation, international security crisis, colonialism, hunger, belief and freedom of thought, which are all discussed in today's world, have entered into the scope of Kalam. The fact that Kalam is a science based on human interpretation proves that everyone it is open to everyone who has the quality. In this context, it is worth noting that Milaslı Ismail Hakkı, who was a medical doctor, finds this courage in himself and responds by writing a book to the questions of the Anglican Church. His work is important for showing different approaches. He has demonstrated a Koranic approach without using classical Kalam sources. The relationship between faith and religion, approach to different religions and the importance that Islam gives rise to science are the main themes of his. It is especially worthwhile of him to study the wisdom of worship, psychological and moral dimensions.
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The topic of reincarnation is one that has been discussed in a number of different fields, under different headings and with different methodes. For example, this topic has been discussed in philosophy in relation to the soul. This is because reincarnation implies that a soul is transferred from one body to another. When philosophers discuss reincarnation, they do so by using reason. However, this topic has also been discussed in theology, in the section concerned with the Afterlife. This is because sometimes reincarnation is presented as an alternative to the concept of Ma'ad - the reattachment of human souls to their bodies in another world, with the purpose of being judged and recompensed for the actions they did in this world. When theologians treat this topic, they do so from a rational-religious perspective. For the most part, Muslim scholars have denied the possibility of reincarnation. However, some of them say that it is something that is rationally impossible. Other say that it is rationally possible but does not occur - as religion tells us. Generally, philosophers were of the opinion that reincarnation is something that is rationally impossible. They have presented many philosophical proofs to substantiate this claim. One of the philosophers who discussed this subject at length was Avicenna. He was adamant about the impossibility of reincarnation and presented some complicated rational proofs for this matter. One of the proofs provided by Avicenna was one in which he presented a number of different scenarios in which this phenomenon might occur. Avicenna proved that all of these scenarios are impossible. In another proof, Avicenna said that reincarnation is something that goes against intuition and would lead to one persons's being two people. There are numerous problems with both of Avicenna's proofs and therefore they must be rejected or reconstructed. This article seeks to present these proofs in a structured manner and then to critique them.
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The permissibility of rational investigation into matters of religion is atopic that has always been a subject of debate among Muslim scholars. It is even possible to categorize the various sects within the Islamic world based upon their view regarding this subject. Some Muslim scholars went to extremes in their rational investigations, to the extent that they attempted to prove any and every religious verity by means of logic and reason. Otherswere at the opposite end of the spectrum in that they rejected all forms of rational discourse and said that the sole way to attain the truth is by means of a blind imitation of religion. Of course, there were many groups between the two. This paper seeks to critically analyze some of the arguments of the group of scholars who say that it is absolutely impermissible to use reason to understand religion. These arguments revolve around the comprehensiveness of the Qur’an, the idea that useful knowledge only belongs to the pious, the fact that rational investigation leads to the rejection of the apparent meanings of the religious texts, that rational investigation was introduced in the Islamic world with evil motives, that it sometimes leads to incorrect conclusions, that it leads to a vicious circle of argumentation, the idea that people often arrive at correct conclusions without the need forlogic, that reality does not observe the formal laws of logic, etc. There are some objections that are common to all of these arguments and there aresome that are specific to each one of them. In brief, none of these arguments are sound.
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Multiple works have been written on the topic of Saracen-Christian interaction in Medieval romances, while combining and commenting on the similarity between Said’s theory and the hostility between two ethnic groups. For a more expanded analysis and further research on this field, current article will explore friendly occasions, shared experiences, tolerant and accepting attitude while at the same time focusing on the hostile side of the relationship as well. Because both ways will be examined, the approach of this paper is seeking a broad framework within which the descriptions of Saracens/Christians, friendships and familial affiliations will be analyzed. Three Anglo-Norman romances have been selected for this purpose, namely Boeve de Haumtone, Gui de Warewic and Roman de Horn. This paper will particularly focus on Said’s Orientalism and subsequently combine his notion with the romances. However, rather than merely emphasizing the inimical tone, the aim is to communicate the fuzziness that seems to surround the romances by means of both positive and negative portrayals. The paper at hand will discuss examples from medieval texts that point to a Saracen-Christian interaction of a more complicated kind rather than entirely conflictual matters as has often been stated.
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Islamic studies in the United States of America is a dense, productive, and globally acclaimed field because of the numerous academic opportunities and international publications in many languages, especially English. However, as in the general of Western universities, the Islamic philosophy/history studies at the universities of the U.S. is rather rare. In this article, firstly, the general state of Islamic Studies from the past to the present in the USA will be analyzed with a descriptive method and the rare position of Islamic Philosophy within the Islamic Studies will be examined. Secondly, the prominent names of the Islamic Philosophy in the Post-Orientalist process and their works will be evaluated. In conclusion, because of the general structure of the U.S. university system, it is revealed that the studies of Islamic Philosophy in the USA are quantitatively less than that in the European and Islamic geographies. This situation can be explicated by two ways. The first is the Islamic Philosophy’s weak relation to the knowledge-power target which is the basic principle of the American state philosophy and to the political interests of the U.S. This circumstance forms the background of the Post-Orientalist tendency. The second is the growing interest in the phenomenological method and the dominant positions of cosmopolitanism and interdisciplinary approaches in the American higher education system.
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The Gülen or Hizmet movement is a well-organised community of people all around the world. The follower of the movement build their institutions, schools, universities on the thoughts of Fethullah Gülen, an Islamic cleric living in the US. According to him, the most important point is to invest in education and to teach the new generation of young people to find a way back to liberal Islam, which is not separated from the sciences. In the course of time, this movement has evolved into a strong network in Turkey. To stop Gülen’s influence, the Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan blamed him and his followers for the military coup of 2016. The Turkish government formally declared the Hizmet movement a terrorist organisation: all their schools and institutions had to be closed in Turkey, and the people involved in the movement had to flee. Hizmet played an important role in the rising of Islam in Turkish society. Gülen teaches that the Turks should not forget about the interculturalism and tolerance of the Ottoman Empire, and that tradition and modernity can sit by the same table.
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The Most Significant Results of the Research on Children’s Bibles. About twenty years ago, Children’s Bibles gained special attention in the field of Religious Education. Since then there has been active research in this field. The historical investigations have revealed a great amount of data unknown before. This study presents the case of the Hübner Bible in Hungary. There has been research concerning the theological and pedagogical aspects based on which the selection of the Biblical stories was made, research about the theological and didactical aspects of the narrative style and also the developmental psychological aptitude on the receiver side that has to be taken into consideration. The types of changes and distortions that differentiate the texts of the Children’s Bibles from the original are also discussed in the study. The quality and the function of the illustrations are also a subject of investigation. Here again the needs and the characteristics of the age group of the children who use the Children’s Bibles is a significant aspect.
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Spirituality and Theology of the Married Christian Being. The „Milieu” where a modern Christian marriage exists, seems to be among not to easy circumstances. It is a double sided situation behind of you with God when you are together with your husband or wife, and behind of you with your wife or husband, when you are together with God. Although, we believe that in the Holy Spirit this two parts can be united into one whole. The marriage as institution is older than Christianity, but it is created and blessed by God from the beginning what’s the source of all holiness or sacrament. Christ gave it to the fullness when He raised it up to Himself. He is the only fundament in what all things stand up and fulfill sacraments, too. The marriage is a sacrament both in the Catholic and Orthodox Church, but from the point of you the of marriage’s mystery, they have some differences in their details. The scholastic Latin and the post patristic eastern Churches perspective the founda¬tion of sacraments like a creation ex nihilo, a discontinuing phenomena, and the sign of the sacraments are caused by Jesus Christ, the Incarnated Son of God. However the patristic tradition and the modern emigrant orthodox theology maintain that the foundation of the sacraments are in the fulfillments of sacrament’s sig or symbol which is created by God in the beginning intentionally in order to be able to reach its own final purpose. The “Love spiral” involves nine different grades which follow each-other again and again. In a really deep love connection these Moments of love need to be realized gradually. These grade are: 1. Calling, 2. Identity, 3. Intimacy, 4. confrontation, 5. Con¬version, 6. Reconciliation, 7. Communion, 8. Commitment, 9. Mission. Conclusion. There must be peaceful and friendly but professional confrontations between different parts of the divided Churches to find and looking for together the original place and status of the marriage in the Christianity. Marriage, Church, Sacraments, and particularly Eucharist are united in Jesus Christ ever and forever. This is the reason why Christian sacramental marriage make part of the sacraments of the Church and of Christ as Bride and Bridegroom.
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This paper examines the organisation of popular and official Islam during and after communism in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Through studying the interaction between the popular and the official forms of Islam in the historical context, this paper unfolds the debate on who speaks for Islam? That took place between official representatives and popular Islamic groups and movements in the former Yugoslavian republic. Such an enquiry revealed firstly that a close contact with the existing regime (regardless of its ideology) is essential for becoming and remaining as the official Islamic authority, as seen in the Islamic Community’s pro-Titoist stance throughout in the former Yugoslavia. The findings of the enquiry secondly suggest that popular Islam and official Islam represent transitive positions; meaning that a popular Islamic movement can become the official Islam, vice versa. Accordingly, a former popular Islam front, the Mladi Muslimani (Young Muslims), in Yugoslavia evolved into an official Islamic authority after the dissolution of the country and by the Bosnia-Herzegovina’s establishment, in the scope of which new popular Islamic groups bred.
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The death of Jesus was the sacrifice of the obedient and loving Son until death. Good Friday and Easter are inseparable. The cross and the resurrection together make Jesus the Christ and the Saviour. The sacrifice of the cross is linked to the open tomb of our Lord. And this interconnection can invite us to rejoice. If I understand the significance of Easter, I can also believe in its reality. The resurrection must not only be taught, but also believed. Otherwise, my creed of the resurrection is sacrificium intellectus (the victim of reason), an empty, arbitrary, and contradictory statement.The triple benefit of the resurrection of Christ is referred to in the 45th question–answer of the Heidelberg Catechism as the three time planes: the past, the present, and the future showing the threefold consolation of the resurrection. The first time plane recalls the memorable past, the first Easter, when the Prince of Life came out of the tomb of Joseph Arimathia. The second time plane points to the present. Christ has overcome the power of death to learn to walk in new life right now. Everything that must happen to us must be under the power of the living Jesus Christ. The third time plane is the Future: Christ overcame the power of death, so there will be a resurrection for us. God brought life to triumph with the resurrection of Christ. His resurrection is the keystone of the glorious resurrection that will come upon Christ`s return.The Resurrection of Jesus Christ is a guarantee of the renewal of the whole created world. The relationship between the present world and the “new heavens and new earth” (2 Peter 3,13) is characterized by continuity and discontinuity at the same time: we are waiting for the ultimate salvation that we have already “tasted” and which will be quite different from what we can think or imagine.
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