EXAPORITUL MARELE DRAGOMAN ȘI MAVROCORDAȚII ÎN ISTORIA IMPERIULUI OTOMAN A PRINȚULUI CANTEMIR

Author(s): Marcela Ciortea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2023

The present paper follows the figure of The Great Dragoman Alexandru Mavrocordat the Exaporit, composed of light and shadow in The History of the Growth and Decay of the Ottoman Empire of Prince Dimitrie Cantemir. Highly educated, holding the title of doctor, with a thesis regarding blood flow, Alexandru Mavrocordat, who had studied in Rome, Padova and Bologna, came from a long line of Christians who held the title of great translator of the Sublime Porte. He became famous by mediating the Treaty of Karlowitz between the Ottomans and the Christians, where the precedence – the order in which the belligerents’ representatives would enter negotiations, had become a problem. Alexandru Mavrocordat ordered the building of a tent whose number of entrances would equal the number of envoys, thus succeeding to solve the simultaneous arrival in the meeting hall. The sons and sons-in-law of Alexandru Mavrocordat The Exaporit have also had important roles in historical events’ development, not only in Constantinople, but in Moldova and Wallachia as well.

ÎNTRE MIZANTROPIE ŞI OPTIMISM: CAZUL LUI G. CĂLINESCU

Author(s): Bogdan Teodorescu,Cristina Hornoiu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 90/2023

The complex personality of G. Călinescu makes out of his political affiliation adifficult subject to analyse. We may claim, given our research up to this date, that atleast for a while, he was, as declared, apolitical. That was until the 40' when he didnot even join any political party. Furthermore, he even declared in the culturalnewspaper “Adevărul literar şi artistic” that: “I don't want to have any belief norattitude related to this”. Before World War II, his interest was only to sustain thenational cause, but just from a literary perspective.During the authority monarchy of King Carol II (1938-1940) G. Călinescu hadclearly pronounced his opinion in favour of the separation between the literary worldand the political one. Later on, during the dictatorship of Ion Antonescu, as aconsequence of his publication “The History of Romanian Literature”, his life beganto complicate more and more. Whereupon, many agreed to have him removed fromthe superior educational system. As a response, in 41'-43' his right of signature waswithdrawn.After 23 August 44' he gradually entered the Communist press. These days, weacknowledge some of his choices in politics. Thereby it is spoken of his bastard origin, his humble social condition and how was welcomed his greatest achievement,The History of Romanian Literature, by the public.Through the communist era, he joined the new leadership of the country, first as member of the Popular National Party (1946-1949) and then of RomanianWorkers' Party (1962-1965), without ceasing to write. Likewise, he used his talent for the consolidation of the Communist Party and for sustaining a political regime nowconvicted by history. Obviously, Călinescu was very much aware of his actions, but inorder to protect not only his past creations but also his future ones, he had no other choice.What is more to be debated is if we can put a red line between the brilliant literary critic and the Communist militant. A person that had even recognized during the meetings of the party to have written articles as dictated. In the end, we might wonder if we can justify all of his actions, even political ones, due to his achievements in the literary world.

ГИПОТЕЗА С. Н. ДУРЫЛИНА О НАЗНАЧЕНИИ СЕВЕРНЫХ ЛАБИРИНТОВ: ОБРЯД ОЧИЩЕНИЯ И МОЛЕНИЯ ВЕТРА

Author(s): Lidia N. Dmitrievskaya / Language(s): Russian Issue: 8/2023

In the early 1910s, Sergey Durylin explored the labyrinths on the Bolshoy Zayatsky Island (the Solovetsky archipelago) and was the first to describe the Kandalaksha stone labyrinth. Having collected necessary information (location by the sea, proximity to a busy ancient sea route, good preservation, rituals of the peoples of the North in the XIX and the early XX centuries) Durylin put forward his hypothesis about the purpose of the labyrinths. In his opinion, the labyrinths were the place where prayers to the wind and purification rites were performed before going to sea. The article discusses various hypotheses of researchers of the XX–XXI centuries. All hypotheses are tested according to four criteria: they have to explain or take into account location by the sea, climate, good preservation, and the shape of labyrinths. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that when testing various hypotheses about the purpose of labyrinths, the archeological data were correlated with the materials collected by folklorists, which made it possible to fit labyrinths into the general system of beliefs of the peoples of the North. Durylin’s version meets all the selected criteria and is indirectly confirmed by folklore and literature about sea voyages on sailing ships. This hypothesis about the purpose of the northern labyrinths is well grounded and plausible, however, it has not been proved or rejected so far, and the question of the purpose of the northern labyrinths remains open and relevant. The assumption about the existence of some fishing cult ritual and the version about performing rituals before going to sea are likely to be complementary as parts of the same belief system, the remains of which were found by folklorists and local historians in the XX century.

Српска хемијска терминологија у делу „Historiae Natvralis” Андреаса Волног (1805)

Author(s): Ksenija Radoja / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 54/2023

The paper examines the chemistry terminology used in the Serbian language, more precisely the names of chemical elements and compounds used in the 1805 book by Andreas Wolny titled Historiae naturalis elementa. The paper gives an overview of the terminology in the glossary form as well as the analysis of collected material and provides basic information on the life and work of the author. The goal of the research is to compare the terminology system in the field of chemistry from the pre-standard period to the standard language. Special emphasis will be placed on determining the reasons for the disappearance of some words and preserving of others.

Семантички потенцијал глагола рећи и казати и њихових префиксала

Author(s): Danijela Radovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 54/2023

The subject of this paper is the semantic potential of two verbs — reći and kazati — which in Serbian are considered typical examples of verbs of speaking and true synonyms at once. The primary aim of this paper is the analysis of polysemantic structures of the two verbs as well as exploring the lexical relationships between them. The material was excerpted from the Dictionary of the Serbo-Croatian Literary Language (Речник српскохрватскога књижевног језика), and the primary definitions of source meanings with examples, while the control dictionary was that of SASA (Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts). The lexicographic definition is enough for determining the meaning of the verbs, but in order to highlight the complex semantic potential of the verbs, it is necessary to refer to the context; thus, in one portion of the paper, we concern ourselves with searching the corpora — more specifically SrpKor2013 and SrWaC — for attested occurrences of the examples excerpted from the dictionary. As a consequence, the same archiseme will have a larger number of prefixed verbs, while at the same time developing an antonymy among the lexemes, considering the fact that antonyms as well as synonyms have a large number of common semes in their semantic configurations. Despite the fact that the verbs reći and kazati are considered true synonyms, we can still talk about the differences in their meanings, especially if we compare the meanings of their prefixed verbs. The verb kazati has a richer polysemantic structure and more prefixed verbs, although some of them are semantically deviant from the base verb.

Разговорните подчинителни съюзи в тетралогията на Димитър Талев

Author(s): Mirela Durchova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

The article examines the semantic-syntactic roles of the specific colloquial subordinating conjunctions that Dimităr Talev (1898 – 1965) uses in his tetralogy (“The Iron Lantern” (1952), “The Bells of Prespa” (1954), “Saint Elias’ Day” (1953) and “I Hear Your Voices” (1966). With the help of the descriptive method, the functions of the studied connectives are presented synchronously in the abovementioned literary works. When clarifying the origin of the conjunctions, the diachronic approach is partially applied. The assumption is confirmed that Talev often uses a language close to colloquial (and even dialectal) speech in order to highlight the vernacular nature of his characters’ speeches, as well as a speech feature of the region where one of the most beloved Bulgarians writers comes from.

Хапаксите в Дионисиевия превод на Словата за Лазар и Богаташа от св. Йоан Златоуст

Author(s): Zahari Mishev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian,Old Bulgarian,Greek, Modern (1453-) Issue: 2/2023

The article presents the Hapax legomena found in The Dionysian translation of the homilies about Lazarus and the Rich Man by St. John Chrysostom. It provides information about the translation techniques used by Dionysius Divni and how his creative approach to translation had an impact on the lexical enrichment of the Bulgarian literary language in the 14th century. As a result of the excerpted lexical material, it can be concluded that the scholar was not only a brilliant translator but also an innovator because he introduced and applied word forms that are not found in any other Slavic texts.

Un scriitor profund balcanic – Teohar Mihadaș

Author(s): Alexandra-Ioana Țermure / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 1/2021

The Romanian writer Teohar Mihadaș, of Aromanian origin, takes turns in Romania – his country of adoption – being an outlaw, a maverick, and a man of firm principles and extraordinary ideas, with a high sense of honour and tragedy. The Balkan culture and geographic setting undoubtedly provide all these characteristics. The feeling of being close to the original patterns of the Greek culture left Mihadaș the power and pride to identify himself as having immemorial roots and coming from psychological and cultural patterns that go back to myths and archetypes. His lifetime, marked by hardships during the turmoil over the first years of communism in Romania (arrests, interrogations, political trials, detention), did not manage to surpass his strong character, great vision, and belief in the high values of the spirit. All these elements are easily identifiable in his volumes.

Турски и гръцки заемки в родствената терминология на южнославянските диалекти (върху материал от Общославянския лингвистичен атлас)

Author(s): Margarita Koteva / Language(s): Turkish,English,Bulgarian,Greek, Modern (1453-) Issue: 1/2023

The article presents Turkish and Greek loanwords in the kinship terminology of South Slavic dialects. In comparative terms, with an emphasis on Bulgarian dialects, unpublished lexical material from Volume 11 (Degrees of Kinship) of the All-Slavic Linguistic Atlas is analyzed, on which the Bulgarian National Commission for the Atlas is working. In addition to the origin of the words, their meanings are indicated, as well as their linguistic and geographical distribution in the Balkans.

Писмото на Някшу – 500 години няколко бележки

Author(s): Ruxandra Lambru / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

2021 marked the 500th anniversary of the first written document in Romanian language – Neacșu’s Letter (1521). Half a millennium later, this text is still comprehensible to Romanian speakers and bears witness to the linguistic unity between the three Romanian provinces then and now. The article considers some of the lesser discussed issues: the context of the document’s appearance, the accuracy of the historical information, the military intrigues of that era, and how the author made them relevant to the recipient at the time and to the reader of today. The article provides a new perspective on a text of only 200 words containing valuable historical, cultural and linguistic information.

Относителните местоимения и изречения в говора на Маломирово, Елховско, като отражение на общи релативни процеси

Author(s): Ivan G. Iliev,Martin Henzelmann / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The article deals with the development of relative pronouns and compound sentences in the Malomirovo dialect on the basis of a comprehensive study of the theory of relativity by one of the co-authors.The article deals with the development of relative pronouns and compound sentences in the Malomirovo dialect on the basis of a comprehensive study of the theory of relativity by one of the co-authors.

Night, Dream, Nightmare. An Oneiric Reading of Chekhov’s Seagull

Author(s): Călin Ciobotari / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The present study proposes a reinterpretation of Chekhovʼs play from the perspective of the relationship the characters have with the night, with sleep, with dreams and nightmares. A very complex oneiric web is created by Chekhov by means of several factors: certain disturbances of temporality, slowness of themovement of the characters, boredom as a background state, drowsiness, insomnia, forgetfulness, identity disorders and so on.

Petrov’s Flu as an Escape from Reality

Author(s): Marian Sorin Rădulescu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The mainstream repertoire in the cinemas is made up of either “escapist” stories (produced and directed at Hollywood) or, occasionally, of observational, realistic kitchen sink dramas (produced and directed in Europe, Romania included). Realism and fantasy (“the two sides of the same coin”, said Russian writer Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky) rarely meet on screen, as they happily co-exist in the astonishing, non-linear, fictious works by Dostoevsky, Mikhail Bulgakov, Andrei Platonov, or Chinghiz Aitmatov, where the reader can hardly find any signposts between fantasy and reality. When they do, the screening of such and ambitious epic like Petrov’s Flu becomes a feast

Български и сръбски лични имена, образувани от латински антропоними, изведени от апелатив със значение „цвят“

Author(s): Gergana Petkova,Vanya Ivanova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The choice of a personal name is subject to various restrictions. A lot of extralinguistic factors play an important role, such as old folk traditions, family rules, laws, and the official religion in a country. The research object of this paper are Bulgarian and Serbian personal names (both male and female) based on Latin anthroponyms derived from an appellative with the meaning of “colour”. The examples selected are divided into groups according to: 1) the Latin anthroponym etymological characteristics (if it is a Gentile name, a cognomen (a Gentile nickname), a Neo-Latin name); 2) the initial appellative meaning (the colour it denotes); 3) the extralinguistic information connected with the official lists of saints canonized by the Orthodox and/or Catholic Church.

Сюжетните модели на два съвременни български разказа („Клетвата“ на П. Делчев и „Как купихме Ленин“ на М. Пенков)

Author(s): Aleksandar Hristov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The paper provides a perspective on the short stories “Kletvata” (The Oath) by Petar Delchev and “Kak Kupihme Lenin” (Buying Lenin) by Miroslav Penkov. The aim is to interpret and distinguish the plot models of the works from each other. A linear model is used in the first story, while in the second a multilinear one. Although these two models are found in many different variations and/or with a number of modifications, they are frequently observed and intensely manifested. At the same time, they occupy a key place (as types of plot construction) in Bulgarian narrative traditions. In other words, the paper can be used as a prerequisite for analysis of the literary processes.

Щрихи от композитното словообразуване в банатските преводи на Новия завет

Author(s): Mariyana Tsibranska-Kostova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2023

The purpose of this article is to present one of many possible research aspects in the New Testament translations of palćensći jazić, banátsći balgarsći jazić. There is an old translation from the end of the 19th century and a new one from 1998. The historical circumstances and influences, as well as the relationship between the two translations, remain the subject of a complete separate study. Despite the reduced number of examples in the chosen field of compound word formation, the cultural distinctiveness of the Banat translations of the New Testament is demonstrated. They are not a narrowly dialectal phenomenon, but a supradialectal and linguocultural one. They have both common features and significant differences, which reflect the processes of the intra-linguistic dynamics of the written regional form of the Bulgarian language in the Banat region. They should be studied in a comparative perspective with other representatives of the New Bulgarian spoken language tradition of the Bible. The layers of the Bulgarian dialect language; the influence of Romanian, Hungarian, German, and Croatian; the international vocabulary of Greek and Latin; the Old Bulgarian literary tradition appear in both translations.

Crisis and Renaissance: The Historian, the Painter and the Priest in the “Great upheaval” of the Age

Author(s): Vladimir Nikolaev Gradev / Language(s): English Issue: 51/2023

VOĐENJE SLUŽENJEM: ISTRAŽIVANJE I KORIŠTENJE METAFORE "VOĐA JE SLUGA"

Author(s): Nenad Blaženović,Emir Muhić,Sanel Hadžiahmetović Jurida / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

This paper delves into the “Leader is Servant” metaphor within the realm of IT leadership, examining how embodying the role of a servant can redefine and enhance leadership effectiveness. Utilizing conceptual metaphor theory as a foundational framework, we explore how envisioning leadership as servitude - viewing the leader as a facilitator, the team as a community, and success as shared service - can cultivate a more inclusive, empathetic, and responsive organizational culture. Drawing from diverse instances in the IT sector, we scrutinize the potential advantages of this metaphor, such as fostering a collaborative environment, boosting morale, and encouraging ethical and sustainable decision-making. Additionally, we consider the metaphor’s limitations and pitfalls, including the risks of diminished authority, perceived passivity, and potential exploitation. The paper proposes that the “Leader is Servant” metaphor provides a compelling, altruistic paradigm for rethinking leadership dynamics, particularly in the rapidly evolving field of technology. Future research might investigate how this metaphor intersects with various leadership styles across different industries or how it can be integrated with other metaphorical conceptions of leadership to enhance organizational and individual performance.

Bevezető a Fordulat 32. számához

Author(s): Ágnes Gagyi,Linda Szabó,Tamás Gerőcs / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 32/2023

This editorial provides an introduction to the special issue "China - Socialist experiment in a capitalist world economy"

Developmental Changes in Acoustic Characteristics of Speech of Estonian Adolescents

Author(s): Einar Meister,Lya Meister / Language(s): English Issue: 90/2023

The paper introduces the Estonian Adolescent Speech Corpus and explores the developmental changes in speech production based on acoustic characteristics of fundamental frequency (F0), formant frequencies, and speech tempo as a function of age and gender. Age- and gender-related anatomic changes in adolescence have implications for speech acoustics: a sudden drop of F0 at puberty in boys, and an almost gradual decrease of the acoustic vowels space. In parallel with anatomic changes, the development of the speech motor system is manifested as the increase of speaking rate. The analysis of fundamental frequency (F0) shows that in both male and female speakers, the F0 decreases gradually at the age from 9 to 12 years, then in males F0 drops ca by 100 Hz at the age of 12–15 due to puberty voice change, and becomes stable at the age of 15–18; in female speakers, a gradual decrease of F0 continues till the age 18. The formant frequencies of vowels decrease gradually from 10 to 15 years in both genders and the quality of vowels stabilizes at the age of 15–18 years, gender-specific differences emerge at the age of 12–13. Speech rate increases from 4 syllables per second in 9–10 years to 5.1 syllables per second in 14 years and becomes stable between the ages of 15 and 18, gender differences are not significant. The results of the current study can be considered as reference data that are typical for Estonian-speaking individuals aged 9–18 years with normal language development.