Chwasty w polskiej kulturze ludowej

Author(s): Katarzyna Prorok / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2023

The aim of this article is to reconstruct the linguocultural worldview of weeds in the Polish folk tradition. The analysis of the rich source material collected in the file of the Dictionary of Folk Stereotypes and Symbols shows that the image of weeds is inhomogeneous. On the one hand, as wild plants that destroy crops, they functioned as symbols of uselessness and harmfulness, they were believed to come from the devil, and therefore numerous methods were used to eliminate them. On the other hand, they also had some practical, ritual, magical and healing uses, e.g. cornflower, poppy, cockle corn and bindweed were used as ornaments, and wreaths and bouquets were made of them; goosefoot, nettle and young thistle leaves were famine food; hepatitis was treated with couch grass tea, and prickly thistle and stinging nettles were put on the threshold as protection from witches. This multitude of functions is reflected in the categorisation of the plants – one plant could be considered by a farmer as a harmful weed and at the same time as a flower used for decoration or a herb when used in folk medicine or magic.

Les variétés du français dans la réception en classe de littérature francophone du secondaire au Cameroun

Author(s): Isabelle Valérie DEMGNE,Constantine Kouanken / Language(s): French Issue: 40/2023

Reception figures prominently in French classes. This activity is based on the textbooks in the program. The pedagogical use of these textbooks reveals a proliferation of languages in contact. Borrowing from the general theory of reception, this study is based on a hundred occurrences extracted from African works used as reading manuals in French programs in Cameroon in order to exploit, analyze and interpret the varieties of French present in these works. The study of ethno-signs and socio-culturemes has enabled us to identify African phraseology and onomastics, learn through orality, and determine the didactic value of songs. Analyzing the significance of the diversity of languages in the examined works reveals a multilingual syntax which refers to a linguistic dynamism or even a questioning of linguistic purism. From these readings, there emerges a harmonious cohabitation of languages that evolve together and tolerate each other.

Notes de lecture sur Errare humanum est... Revue Internationale d’Étudee en Langues Modernes Appliquées International Review of Studies in Applied Moderne Languages Numéro spécial 2018, Cluj-Napoca, 106 pp.

Author(s): Răzvan ROGOZ / Language(s): French Issue: 40/2023

Focussing and Levelling in the Auckland Voices Project

Author(s): Miriam Meyerhoff,Elaine Ballard,Catherine Watson,Alexandra Birchfield / Language(s): English Issue: 6S/2023

Levelling and focussing are well-documented processes, central to the emergence of new dialects, including to the emergence of New Zealand English as a distinct variety in the last hundred and fifty years. We draw on recent recordings from three areas in Auckland to examine the extent to which levelling and focussing continue to be relevant today. Most work on NZ English as a new dialect has concentrated on phonology; we extend the analysis to syntax. We consider the structure of relative clauses used in communities which have very different demographic profiles and histories of immigration. We find evidence that levelling and focussing continue to underpin the development of post-colonial English in New Zealand. Our data suggests that speakers draw on linguistically motivated solutions to the choice among variants when focussing occurs.

Historical Folk Sociolinguistics

Author(s): Dennis R. Preston / Language(s): English Issue: 6S/2023

This paper shows how the canonical definition of historical sociolinguistics as the study of language use fails to consider independent evidence for language attitudes, beliefs, and ideologies (i.e., language regard). One approach to avoiding this limited understanding of use might lie in a historical folk sociolinguistics, in which particular attention is paid to the nonasserted (i.e., indirect, presuppositional, implicational, perlocutionary) meanings, described in Preston (2004) as “metalanguage 3.” Interactions in drama are first justified as “good data,” and analyses of such nonasserted elements of utterances show that they approach both the social psychological goal of uncovering implicit language regard behaviors and the variationist goal of determining the subjective correlates of variation and change.

Inteligencja na zgliszczach ojczyzny”. Model badawczy systemu dla konserwatywnego dyskursu o transformacji systemowej w Rosji w latach 90. XX wieku

Author(s): Małgorzata Abassy / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2023

The analysis of the discourse of systemic transformation in the 90s of the twentieth century in Russia was carried out on the basis of the source text entitled Intelligence on the ruins of the homeland (1996) by the conservative publicist Sergei Kara-Murza. The analysis began with the clarification of the concept of the system, its component parts, the mechanism of maintaining functional balance and the time frame of transformation. The conclusions of the analysis allowed us to build the model of the system. The model enables a researcher to trace the inconsistencies that consist in loosening the relationship between the fundamental parts of a system – values. The words that are characterized by ambivalence made the second layer of systemic analysis. The question of their semantics reveals the direction of transformation of the system – towards an increase in functional balance or towards its disturbance. The question about the role of intelligence boils down to its competence in recognizing the nuances of meaning and building such models of the system that will show the potential dangers of clashing values before the postulates are implemented in practice. In this aspect, the system model, on the basis of which the course of the system transformation can be forecasted, has a diagnostic and prognostic functions.

Tрансформация восприятия ключевых имен и произведений русской классической литературы в образовательном дискурсе Словакии (до и после 1989 года)

Author(s): Nina Cingerová,Irina Dulebová / Language(s): Russian Issue: 7/2023

Large-scale events entailing changes in political, economic and social conditions, as a rule, also dynamize temporarily fixed identities of cultural signs. In the history of Slovakia, some of the biggest «explosions» of this quality were the February 1948 coup d’état, which ended with the establishment of the communist regime in the former Czechoslovakia, and the so-called Velvet Revolution of 1989, which marked its end. We have analysed the essence of these transformations on the basis of secondary school textbooks published before and after 1989. In our research we rely on the discourse theory presented in the works from Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe (Essex School of discourse analysis. The objectives were to: a) capture the attachment of a particular signifier, in our case the writer, to a particular nodal point; b) identify speech, or broader – discourse strategies; c) capture the transformation of interpretations. From the analysis of these fragments of discourse, we have documented in relation to pre-1989 discourse the rules of discursive modelling, such as the principle of socio-economic formations, the «enchoring» of writers and their works to the «class struggle» focal point, the teleological character of the writers' creative path, correlated to the principles of solemn monumental style, and the actualisation of communist ideologems. The most notable transformation in discourse since 1989 has been the de-ideologisation of the established narratives circulating in educational discourse, and a kind of tabloidization of literary discourse. The main goal is thus to attract the attention of the recipient.

Do Blind People Need Gestures to Communicate Effectively?

Author(s): Jolanta Sak-Wernicka / Language(s): English Issue: 10S/2023

Gestures are known to play an important role in communication, but to this day it is still not clear what impact visual impairment has on gesture production. The main objective of this article is to investigate: (1) whether the lack of vision reduces (or completely blocks) gesture production in blind individuals, and (2) whether this reduction in (or lack of) gestures has an effect on their abilities to communicate. To address this issue, we performed an experiment in which congenitally blind and sighted people were compared on the number and types of gestures they produced when playing the word-guessing game TABOO. The results obtained confirm that, compared to people who are sighted, blind individuals produce significantly fewer gestures when they communicate. This, however, does not have any negative impact on how effective they are in conveying their messages. The analyses also show that gestures play different roles for blind and sighted people.

A Young Carmelite on Ice Skates. The Early Occasional Poetry of St. Titus Brandsma as a Literary Testimony of His Love of God, Life, and the Family

Author(s): Marcin Polkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The recently canonised Dutch Carmelite Titus Brandsma (1881–1942), World War II martyr, mystic, Catholic journalist and historian of spirituality, was also – what is less known – a talented poet. The article recalls his early occasional poetry, written in Dutch and Frisian between 1898 and 1906 for members of his immediate family. Its literary characteristics are presented, demonstrating that this poetry is a valuable testimony to the saint’s views on human life from an eschatological perspective, including topics on the family, marriage, and the relationship between children and parents. This justifies recognising St. Titus Brandsma’s occasional poetry as an expression of his unique poetic theology of the family. The article also includes an English translation of a hitherto untranslated poem by St. Titus Brandsma.

Психолингвистично изследване на „теорията на съзнанието“ при турски деца билингви

Author(s): Hristo Kyuchukov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

This article presents the results of a study of bilingual Turkish preschool children living in Berlin, Germany. The study was conducted among two groups of children between 4 and 6 years of age (18 in total) in kindergarten with the aim of examining the extent to which the mother tongue (L1) and the second language (L2) are a factor in understanding the theory of mind. The children were offered the classical tests for the theory of mind, as well as language tests related to the comprehension of interrogative sentences, containing a verb that shows a mental state, and to the comprehension and production of vocabulary in native Turkish and German as a second language for them. The results show that vocabulary is not an important factor, and that the mastery of interrogative sentences is a factor that helps understand the theory of mind. The results obtained were analyzed statistically with the t-test.

Връзката между съзнанието и езика – изследване на влиянието на езиковата среда върху педагогиката

Author(s): Svetoslav Berchev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

The relationship between language and thinking has significant implications for pedagogy. Understanding how language shapes cognition can determine teaching practices and curriculum development in multilingual educational settings. Educators can tailor instruction to align with the linguistic and cognitive frameworks of the target language, using language-specific teaching materials and strategies. By recognizing language-specific conceptual categories and metaphors, they can promote a deeper conceptual understanding. In multilingual classrooms, teachers can foster an inclusive learning environment that values linguistic diversity, promoting cross-linguistic interactions and cognitive flexibility. Developing students’ metalinguistic awareness helps them reflect on how language shapes their thinking. Inclusive pedagogical approaches accommodate diverse linguistic and cognitive styles, incorporating students’ preferred languages, promoting multicultural perspectives, and creating an inclusive classroom environment. By incorporating an awareness of how language shapes thinking, educators can create more effective and culturally responsive learning experiences, leading to enhanced engagement, deeper understanding, and inclusivity in education.

Užívání překladových technik v rámci semináře Rusko-česká překladová cvičení

Author(s): Tamara Russkina / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2023

The article draws upon the author’s research into the role of translation and interpreting in foreign language pedagogy, offering examples of practical exercises that have proved successful in courses of Czech as a foreign language. The article presents translation and interpreting as effective tools in foreign language pedagogy which develop the students’ communicative and linguistic competence in both the target language and the source language.

IM SCHNITTPUNKT DER KOLLOKATIONSFORSCHUNG UND DER DAF-DIDAKTIK – ZUR MONOGRAFIE VON JOANNA TARGOŃSKA DIE ENTWICKLUNG DER KOLLOKATIONSKOMPETENZ IM DAF-UNTERRICHT AM BEISPIEL DES ERWERBS VON SUBSTANTIV-VERB-KOLLOKATIONEN

Author(s): Magdalena Lisiecka-Czop / Language(s): German Issue: 32/2023

The monograph published by Joanna Targońska (University of Olsztyn) in 2021 presents a multidimensional approach to the reflexive and aware acquisition of collocation competence in a foreign language. It also includes empirical verification of the model in a longitudinal study. The aim of the review is to analyse the author’s contribution to the understanding of lexis acquisition as well as its implications with regards to the foreign language learning and teaching.

Didaktické průsečíky mezi češtinou jako prvním a druhým jazykem v kontextu učebnice češtiny jako druhého jazyka Paráda! Učíme se česky

Author(s): Silvie Převrátilová,Kateřina Šormová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2023

Východiskem pro vznik učebnice Paráda! Učíme se česky (Převrátilová a kol., 2022; dále jen Paráda) byla situace žáků s odlišným mateřským jazykem (žáků s OMJ) na českých školách z hlediska obsahu výuky (ekonomické a organizační aspekty výuky nerodilých mluvčích ponechme v tomto textu stranou). Žáci s OMJ se vzdělávají podle kurikula pro rodilé mluvčí, tedy podle platných rámcových vzdělávacích programů (RVP). RVP jsou dokumenty, které stanovují základní cíle a obsah vzdělávání pro určitý stupeň vzdělávacího systému, slouží jako závazná vodítka pro školy, učitele a další účastníky vzdělávacího procesu, aby mohli plánovat, realizovat a hodnotit vzdělávací aktivity. RVP definují, co by studenti měli v určitém věku nebo na určitém stupni vzdělávání umět a znát, což definují tzv. očekávané výstupy. Přestože už v roce 2021 MŠMT uveřejnilo Kurikulum češtiny jako druhého jazyka pro předškolní a základní vzdělávání (Ministerstvo školství, mládeže a tělovýchovy, 2021), které v oblasti základního vzdělávání zahrnuje podrobně rozpracovaný vzdělávací obsah pro deset tematických celků a dvě jazykové úrovně s ohledem na situaci nerodilého mluvčího, nejedná se o závazný dokument a žáci, jejichž mateřštinou není čeština, jsou vzděláváni podle stejného kurikula (tedy RVP) jako rodilí mluvčí češtiny. Toto tvrzení se nevztahuje na úvodní začátečnické kurzy češtiny jako druhého jazyka, ale na žáky běžně integrované do tříd.

Towards a new future in (West and East) Slavonic?

Author(s): Alexander Andrason / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

This article demonstrates that the rule according to which perfective verbs are incompatible with the future auxiliary ‘be’ in West and East Slavonic languages is less strict than has been claimed in scholarship. In colloquial Polish and in less standard varieties of Upper and Lower Sorbian, as well as in Australian Russian, the ‘be’ auxiliary may be combined with perfective verbs. Such future perfective constructions with the ‘be’ auxiliary arise because of analogical pressures, language internal and/or external. The Polish perfective future with ‘be’ instantiates furthermore an analogy-driven SVC – an additional fourth source of SVCs across languages.

Математичка терминологија у Алгебри Атанасија Николића (1839)

Author(s): Vesna Stojković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 54/2023

This paper analyzes the mathematical terminology from the mathematical Algebra manual by Atanasijе‚ Nikolic from 1839. In addition to the basic data related to the concept of terminology and the development of the given scientific fields, the paper also contains data on the author and the language in which the text was written. The excerpted material refers to the mathematical terms and it is presented in the form of a dictionary, with notes on lexicographic processing. The analysis conducted in the paper refers to the origin and structure of words. The noted terminological system was compared with the terminological system of the modern Serbian language in the field of mathematics, in order to determine the reasons for the preservation and / or loss of certain terms.

Фразеологизми са соматизмом nyak/врат у мађарском и српском језику

Author(s): Snežana Hasanagić Đorđin / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 54/2023

Phrasemes represent unuversal, timeless truths based on human experience. As the first human experience is based on the knowledge of body, it is not unexpected that body parts were used to grasp and express abstract categories. Thus, somatisms are frequent in the phraseology of all languages, which our research supports. The aim of our research is to identify the similarities and differences between the two languages, Serbian and Hungarian, through the examples of phrasemes which contain the somatism nyak/vrat. The starting point is Hungarian language. The corpus is excerpted from both Serbian and Hungarian descriptive and phraseological dictionaries. Serbian and Hungarian languages are geneologically and typologically entirely different languages and the differences between them are manifested on all linguistic levels. However, the fact that they have coexisted on the region of the Panonian plain for an entire millenium must not be neglected. Differences found in the phrasemes, first of all, depict cultural specificities of each nation. Similarities can be explained through cultural, social and historical ties, as well as universal truths found by the langauge speakers independently.

О појму судбине у српском језику из појмовнометафоричког угла

Author(s): Branislav Veselinović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 54/2023

In this paper we examine the conceptualization of sudbina (destiny) in the contemporary Serbian language with the aim to establish which source domains are relevant in its metaphoric conceptualization, and consequently determine the mental frame binding the domains together. Additionally, we ascertain conventional and unconventional conceptual metaphors regarding the concept. The examples excerpted from the Digital Corpus of the Contemporary Serbian Language (DCSL) were analyzed by using the conceptual method based on the contemporary theory of metaphor. The task of the research is the statistical analysis on the centre of the target domain, i.e. his prototype in the contemporary Serbian language, along with the classification of excerpted examples according to the scale of abstractions. What’s more, the task is to discover how much the concept of destiny is constant in the Serbian language picture of the world in comparison to the sources from historical and dialect dictionaries and the examples of proverbs and verses from oral epic poetry. The analysis has shown that, in accordance with the personification of destiny in the Serbian traditional beliefs, the most frequent conceptual metaphor is DESTINY IS HUMAN, as well as that the entire mental frame conceptualizing destiny is connected with universal categories in the human mind, presented by two metaphoric systems – Great Chain of Being and Event Structure, together with their possible blending. Also, unconventional metaphors, reaching even to fifth or sixth level of hyponymy, are most frequent in the belletristic functional style, albeit they are possible in others. Furthermore, it is shown that the given conceptual frame is stabile throughout space and time and that the concept of destiny is deeply embedded in the Serbian culture, which is reflected in certain typical metaphoric images and significant presence of source domains such as TEXT and PICTURE.

Спацијалне предлошко-падежне конструкције у атрибутској функцији у Роману о Лондону Милоша Црњанског

Author(s): Aleksandra D. Rakić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 54/2023

The subject of the paper is the syntactic-semantic and stylistic analysis of incongruent attributes with spatial meaning in Miloš Crnjanskiʼs Novel about London. The phrases with a noun head and a dependent prepositional case construction with spatial meaning are included. The paper analyzes and classifies the semantic types of spatial prepositional-case constructions. The semantic-syntactic analysis showed that the most frequent and syntactically diverse are incongruent attributes with the meaning of indirectness. The results of the stylistic analysis showed that there is a separation of subordinate constructions with a comma, which is characteristic of the style of Miloš Crnjanski. Separation of syntagm elements is most common in examples with the common noun head.

Odabir jezika u iskazivanju emocija kod bilingvalnih govornika: slučaj mađarskog i srpskog jezika

Author(s): Jelena Lukić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 54/2023

The aim of this paper was to explore the relationship between the two languages and emotional expression of Hungarian-Serbian bilingual speakers. A combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches was used in the data analysis, setting out to cover as many aspects of the phenomenon as possible. The present study employed the adaptation of the Bilingualism and Emotions Questionnaire (BEQ) alongside statistical analysis and personal interviews to gain insights into the bilingual speakers’ thought process. The results suggest that individuals show a preference for a given language when discussing or displaying emotions, owing to a plethora of subjective factors such as the age of acquisition, context of acquisition, language dominance and language socialization. Even though the results lend support to the established hypotheses, these findings are not universally applicable and solely offer a framework for further investigation in the given field.