L’influence de certains paramètres expérimentaux et de la fluence cognitive sur les jugements de type utilitariste

Author(s): Olga Gancevici / Language(s): French Issue: 12/2019

This article has been withdrawn as of 20.05.2021. Our report targets a quasi-experimental study that was carried out in April 2020, at the onset of the state of emergency in Romania. Drawing on Your Morals Depend on Language by Costa et al. (2014) and the experiments presented in “Granny dumping”: Acceptability of sacrificing the elderly in a simulated moral dilemma by Kawai, Kubo & Kawai (2014), our research put forth the hypothesis that the participants would be willing to sacrifice an elderly person in order to save a younger one. Furthermore, we rely on Contemporary morality: Moral judgments in digital contexts by Barque-Duran et al. (2017) for interrogating and investigating the relationship between the devices we employ (PC/laptop or smartphone) and the moral judgements that require a response from us against the background of our digital age. As the univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) yielded inconclusive results that invalidated our research hypotheses, especially the one proposing the participants‘ increased utilitarian tendencies when facing a (sacrificial) moral dilemma presented in a foreign language, a second study was carried out, employing the established dilemmas illustrating the dual nature, i.e. deontological vs. utilitarian, of moral judgement: the trolley dilemma or the switch dilemma, described by Foot (1967) and the Fat Man dilemma or the footbridge dilemma, presented by Thomson (1986). The results that mostly invalidated the hypotheses provide informative insights into a precise moment of worldwide crisis significantly foregrounding uncertainty and other subjective states of mind

Intellectual Empathy as a Socio-Cultural Facet of Communication: The Case of English Modals from the Perspective of Polish

Author(s): Kamila Turewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

The paper addresses the issue of compatibility between the speaker’s intention and the hearer’s expectations in a communicative act as an issue related to what I would like to call “intellectual empathy.” The immediate inspiration for the topic is the following quotation from Susan M. Ervin-Tripp (1964: 93): “The possibility of insult and of humor based on linguistic choices means that members agree on the underlying rules of speech and on the social meaning of linguistic features.” Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar allows us to accommodate the extra-linguistic facets of meaning construction, thus to identify the role of the speaker/hearer’s cooperation in the construction and reconstruction of meaning in a particular usage context, the role that is dependent on the degree of intellectual empathy between the speech act participants. English modals have been selected as an aspect of the language illustrating the relevance of linguistic choices resulting from socio-cultural determinants behind intellectual empathy

Wewnątrztekstowe gry językowe w powieści "Rzeczy uprzyjemniające". Utopia Tamary Bołdak-Janowskiej

Author(s): Agnieszka Goral / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXIII/2021

This article is devoted to language games in the Polish contemporary novel Pleasant things. Utopia by T. Bołdak-Janowska. The subject of the analysis are in-text games: narrative (themes and threads), graphic, sound, lexical and semantic (repetitions of themes and lexemes, antonyms, semantic neologisms) and word-formation (word-formation neologisms), as well as autocreation games of the narrator (knowledge / ignorance). The study indicates that in the analyzed novel language games play a significant role: they determine the multifaceted and attractive character of a work based on a world presented by the narrator's uninhibited imagination. Narrative games, exemplified by the theme of counting, indicate the complexity of human fate – the runner of history – and his entanglement in a number of interpersonal relationships, as well as the historical process itself, which is subject to constant changes, both locally and globally, independent of the will of the individual. Graphic games are based on modern language fashion, functioning especially in the environment of the youth. Sound games are based on the technique of threading referring to Bolero by Maurice Ravel. Lexical-semantic games, being a tool for describing added meanings, connotated according to a known (or – more often – created by the narrator) language, take the reader into a utopian world and at the same time – relatively perfect, i.e., dependent on the point of view of the speaker I-women.

Odcienie barwy niebieskiej i zielonej w "Panu Tadeuszu" na przykładzie tłumaczeń na język włoski z 1924 roku (Clotilde Garosci) i z 2018 roku (Silvano De Fanti)

Author(s): Sylwia Skuza / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXIII/2021

The article aims at analyzing diachronically and synchronously two of the Italian translations of Adam Mickiewicz's epic poem "Pan Tadeusz". The first rendition, dated on the beginning of the 20th century, when the standardized Italian had only began to form, was done by Clotilde Garosci. The second translation was done by Silvano De Fanti in the 21st century. By analyzing the renditions of blue, green and their hues in both translations, the article allows one to follow the words' transformation in the semantic field across the century.

The Law as Presented in the Polish Renditions of William Shakespeare’s "The Winter’s Tale"

Author(s): Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup / Language(s): English Issue: XXIII/2021

This paper addresses the topic of the law and legal vocabulary in William Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale and its Polish translations. Focus has been directed towards the trial scene of Hermione, one of the major characters of this play. By comparing the Polish renditions of the scene against the English original, the article attempts to present how Polish translators have reflected on the law as presented by Shakespeare and whether they have managed to recreate the law-embedded images and reconstruct the legal language of the source text in the target culture.

Shall in Present-Day English

Author(s): Maja Lubańska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

The paper aims at presenting the contemporary usage of the verb shall in Modern English. The traditional principles governing the usage of shall constitute a complex paradigm in which the implications of different forms change according to the person of the subject. The statistics show that the verb shall experienced a dramatic fall in frequency of use between the early 1960s and 1990s. The author is aiming at presenting the evolution of the verb shall throughout the centuries, its reorganization and the way it has altered. The Old English shall expressed obligation/necessity whereas the Middle English usage indicated to the predicative element of the verb in question. Furthermore, the author explores the difference in application between will and shall. The semantic shift of shall appears to be a natural consequence of the competition it lost to will. Moreover, in shall seems to be retracting to the narrow niche of seldom usage. The article also indicates to the use of shall in present-day English both in American and British varieties. In American English, which is commonly assumed to be more advanced and open to change than British English, shall seems to survive in the contexts where it expresses deontic meaning.

Czy koniec zmowy milczenia wokół teorii nieregularne-go rozwoju fonetycznego spowodowanego frekwencją?

Author(s): Witold Mańczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2012

In all the languages, the form of the word depends on the three main factors: regular phonetic development, analogical development and irregular phonetic development that takes place due to frequency. There is a constant debate or even a batt le between scholars over the notion of the irregular phonetic development. Some of them tend to be inclined to agree with the theory, while others reject it. Such a debate, however, sheds some light on the fact that the theory has still much to offer and cannot be rejected. This article is a response to the four articles published in Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językoznawczego 67 which try to expound on the theory of irregular phonetic development that appears due to frequency. Two of the mentioned articles, mainly the articles written by A. Bochnakowa and Z. Szkutnik (2011) and I. Kraski-Szlenk (2011) are in favor of the theory, whereas other two, written by A. Bogusławski (2011) and A. Bańkowski (2011) neglect and completely reject the theory. This article tries to answer and expound upon the questions and issues raised in all the four publications. The author attempts to answer the questions stated in the articles and, once again, tries to present and analyze the data that in conclusion appear to support the theory.

Typographie und ihr Einfl uss auf den Leseprozess: Mikrotypographische Fehler in den Oberschlesischen Nachrichten

Author(s): Daniela Pelka / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2012

The first edition of “Wiadomości Górnośląskie” appeared on March 20, 1990 in the form of a Polish-German supplement to “Trybuna Opolska”. This was a starting point of the published up till now German minority newspaper – “Wochenblatt.pl”. Due to that, we may treat “Wiadomości Górnośląskie” as one of the oldest press publications of the German minority in Poland after 1989. When we focus on the German texts published in “WG”, we may come across many lexical and grammatical mistakes, which make it difficult for the reader to understand the text. It is not only the mistakes that disrupt the reception of the text. This article, by means of describing the relation and the influence the typography and the reading process have on one another, indicates that micro-typographic mistakes may have a negative impact on the clarity of the text. Only when the text is properly set, can the reader focus on its message. Wrongly set words, incorrect punctuation or spaces draw the reader’s attention and cause reading difficulties. They force the reader to analyze the structure of the text and therefore draw them away from focusing on the message. The article, using particular examples taken from the corpus of ten fi rst editions of the “Wiadomości Górnośląskie”, shows that violation of the ortotypographic rules may disturb the clarity of the text. At the same time, it is being stated that typography has an important influence as far as the clarity of the text is concerned.

Kulturgebundener Sprachgebrauch und Lexikografi e. Zur Relevanz einer stärkeren Kulturbezogenheitin zweisprachigen Wörterbüchern für Übersetzer

Author(s): Dennis Scheller-Boltz / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2012

Bilingual dictionaries are used for various reasons. One of the reasons is to find out what the particular word means using its equivalent in the target language. What is of great importance here, is that sometimes the meaning itself – expressed lexicographically – provides not enough information that is necessary to fully understand the particular word. Although it appears that the isolated meaning of the word is clear and understandable, its constitutional and contextual meaning in specific linguistic environment becomes unclear, confusing or misunderstood. This can be observed especially when the word and its meaning are unique and characteristic for the particular culture. This article focuses on the use of the language which is specific for the given cultural group. The phenomena of both the bond existing between culture and language as well as the use of the language within the culture are expounded upon and explored on the example of the words welcome and goodnight. The article investigates whether and to what extend bilingual dictionaries include in their microstructure the information concerning the cultural aspects of the use of the linguistic entity. The short characteristic of bilingual dictionaries and the assessment of the culture-specific phenomena serve as the theoretical background for the subject under investigation.

Антиутопические произведения Евгения Замятина и Василя Гигевича: к проблеме сходства и различий

Author(s): Anna Alsztyniuk / Language(s): Russian Issue: 20/2020

The article analyses Zamyatin’s novel We (1921) and Hihiewicz’s story Martian Journey (1990). Zamyatin is considered to be the father of the anti-utopian genre, and We became a source of inspiration for many writers, including George Orwell and Aldous Huxley. Hihiewicz, in his works, repeatedly portrayed the society of the future, completely subordinated to the system of state power. Similar issues and kinds of narration are the main features that link both analysed works. However, the transformation of Zamyatin’s protagonist is only temporary, as a consequence of which he returns to the initial situation, to the life absolutely subordinated to the state power. On the other hand, Hihiewicz’s protagonists solve existential problems by choosing between life in captivity and death.

Размытость досуга и службы в рамках тоталитарного строя. О Дне опричника Владимира Сорокина

Author(s): Mateusz Jaworski / Language(s): Russian Issue: 20/2020

The present paper aims at presenting the ambiguity of spare time and service in Vladimir Sorokin’s Day of the Oprichnik in the context of the fictional totalitarian system of the New Middle Ages and the historical atrocity of the Nazi and Soviet history. The proposed interpretation has been based on Giorgio Agamben’s reflections on the individual’s status under the exceptional circumstances of an extremely oppressive regime. The analysis has led the author to conclude the imminent and omnipresent blurring and overlapping of the intimate and the public in Sorokin’s book. Moreover, Day of the Oprichnik may be seen as a rich universe of intertextual references interweaving into a complex picture of a human being disappearing in the uniform crowd of state officers.

Да праблемы развiцця беларускай духоўнай паэзii: творчасць Зьнiча (Алега Бембеля)

Author(s): Halina Twaranowicz / Language(s): Belarusian Issue: 20/2020

The article analyses the biographical and creative path of Znicz, the Belarusian poet, philosopher and conservatory graduate. His poems consistently express spiritual search, which is characterized by the author’s dominant theocentric worldview (in 1996 Aleh Biembiel took the monastic vows of Zhyrovichy Monastery). Znicz’s poetry continues the excellent tradition of his great predecessors – ascetics and penitents. His poetry reveals the pursuit of reconciliation on the basis of unquestionable millennium-old Christian values with the fundamental values of the nation state, especially within the understanding of the concept of patriotism.

Языковая репрезентация базовой эмоции гнев в русском и белорусском языках

Author(s): Ludmiła Czernyszowa / Language(s): Russian Issue: 20/2020

The article analyzes and structures the words and expressions used to designate and describe this emotion in the Russian and Belarusian languages from the point of view of the cognitive model of anger hidden in the semantics of the language, as they are the result of the conceptualization of the phenomenon and are the ideal object for explication of national and cultural meanings.

Marcin Kojder, Antroponimia historyczna wiernych chełmskiej diecezji grecko-unickiej (1662–1810), Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej, Lublin 2019, ss. 394.

Author(s): Elżbieta Bogdanowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2020

Marek Olejnik, Antroponimia starostwa grabowieckiego (XVI– XVIII w.), Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej, Lublin 2019, ss. 348.

Author(s): Leonarda Dacewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2020

Leonarda Dacewicz, Anna Romanik, Joanna Smakulska, Księgi metrykalne chrztów kościoła rzymskokatolickiego dekanatu białostockiego z II połowy XIX wieku. Treść i struktura metryk. Alfabetyczne spisy imienne. Tom 2. Rok 1880, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w

Author(s): Rafał Kozikowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2020

Liliana Kalita, Wybrane zagadnienia z najnowszej prozy rosyjskiej. Skrypt dla studentów I roku rosjoznawstwa, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, Gdańsk 2020, ss. 188.

Author(s): Ewa Pańkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2020

An Unlikely Hero: Reconsidering Michael Endeʼs Momo as a Divine Child

Author(s): Iva M. Simurdić / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2020

The Divine Child was introduced by Carl Gustav Jung as an archetype closely linked to the process of individuation. Beyond the realm of analytical psychology, this peculiar child figure has been observed in myths and folklore and eventually evolved into a literary archetype known alternatively as das fremde Kind (the strange/alien child). Numerous child figures have since been regarded as representations of this archetype, with the titular character of Michael Ende’s novel Momo (1973) being one of them. While her initial appearance is evocative of the Divine Child, over the course of the story Momo has to accept her fate as the chosen one in a battle against a mysterious foe, ultimately finding herself in the role of the hero of the story. This paper examines the traits of both the archetype of the Divine Child, as well as that of the Hero – including a variation specific to child characters – with the goal of reconsidering if Momo is truly exemplary of the archetype of the Divine Child. This is done with particular regard to Christopher Vogler’s observation that literary archetypes are character functions, rather than fixed types, and as such this paper will discuss how Ende’s protagonist is ultimately an example of this fluidity of functions.

У канону и изван њега: Љермонтов и Врубељ

Author(s): Galina-Marija Mićić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 22/2020

This paper deals with the works of Mikhail Aleksandrovich Vrubel inspired by the oeuvre of Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov and his view of the themes of Angel and Demon, eternal ones both in the Russian and world literature. The author records the reception of their respective works in their environment, as well as the extent to which they fit the then religious and artistic canons.

Сложеност одрастања савременог дјетета у пјесничкој интерпретацији Драгомира Ђорђевића

Author(s): Slobodan Jović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2021

The paper deals with the complexity of growing up as a theme within the poetry of Dragomir Djordjević, whose poetic oeuvre is one of the most important poetic ones intended for children in Serbian poetry of the second half of the twentieth century. Djordjevic’s poetry shows a distinct artistic awareness of the problems of the child in the modern world, which makes it extremely modern and challenging to interpret.The author notices three thematic-motive circles in Djordjevic’s poetry, which are connected with the complexity of a child’s growing up. First, there are songs in which the lyrical subject sings about the corporal punishment of the child, then about the ‘pedagogization’ of childhood, and about the emotionally endangered child. The author analyses a series of poems in which the physical punishment of a child is sung about. Physical punishment of a child is present in many cultures, although it can also be of a ritual nature. In Djordjevic’s songs, corporal punishment is carried out by adults over children with the aim of disciplining them and obeying the norms of the elderly. Education has been turned into one of the many activities that are planned, realised and evaluated, which leads to the development and improvement of cognition, but also to the stifling of creativity, imagination and play. Education has been torn out of the context of life and turned into a separate activity. From education through life, we have come to the conclusion that education is an activity of vital importance.In this paper, we have analysed the following poetic texts in which Djordjevic expresses an artistic critique of the educational procedure of physical punishment of children: ‘Little family song’, ‘Impossible song’, ‘Dad’s song’ and ‘Now I will tell you’..Technological advances and conformist lifestyles have led to parental preoccupation, and from the desired age of child we have the age of professionals dealing with children. Dragomir Djordjevic’s songs, which register the growing appearance of a lonely child, a child who hangs out with a limited circle of friends, are ‘Anka’ and Song for enjoyment’.Separating upbringing from the life context has created numerous psychological difficulties in the upbringing of modern children. A child’s difficulties shifted from existential to psychological ones. The pedagogy of childhood is at the centre of many problems of the modern child. It implies a pronounced segregation of the world of childhood and the world of adults, as well as the placement of children in safe havens - schools. Pedagogization also means the separation of a separate ‘children’s world’, which is protected from potentially bad environment. Dragomir Djordjevic’s poetic texts in which the artistic awareness of the difficulties caused by the pedagogy of childhood are expressed are: ‘I was a happy child’, ‘The bell rang again’, ‘Hey, how could ‘“, ‘It is not easy to be a child’.Dragomir Djordjevic’s poetry can help a young reader to cope more easily with parental punishments, with the problems imposed on them by school in the form of unbalanced demands, as well as with the emotional difficulties that accompany everyprocess of growing up. Djordjevic’s verses can help the reader to see that they are not alone in these temptations, and that others are going through similar problems.