„Ważność przeżywanej chwili”. Reportaże harcerskie Zofii Kossak Szukajcie przyjaciół. Laska Jakubowa, wydane na nowo i czytane w trzeciej dekadzie XXI wieku

Author(s): Krystyna Zabawa / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2021

The aim of the article is to present Zofia Kossak’s scout reportages that were written in the 1930s and newly published after 63 years in 2020 and to analyse them in terms of shaping and thematising time. The purpose of the analysis is also to place the described events in the context of four elements. At the end of the text, the author outlines new prospects for research and the possibilities of using the analysed book in education which could be recommended because of its artistic values and timeliness of its message.

„Wiara przed religijnością” O wierszu Romantyczność Jerzego Lieberta

Author(s): Ewa Bartos / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Romantyczność [The Romantic] by Jerzy Liebert records a way of an encounter with the supernatural. It is a lyrical vision presenting the ambiguity of religious experience. The article “Faith before religion”. On the poem Romantyczność by Jerzy Liebert is an attempt to depict the lyric with particular attention paid to the way of unveiling of transcendence.

„Więc nie ma żadnej choroby w Wenecji?” Obraz epidemii w noweli Tomasza Manna Śmierć w Wenecji

Author(s): Ireneusz Ziemiński / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2020

The topic of the paper is the complex image of a cholera epidemic in Thomas Mann’s short story Death in Venice. In the first part of the text, devoted to the symbolism of the disease, Asiatic cholera is interpreted as a symbol of human finitude (mortality) and a manifestation of the degeneration of the artist, who, having previously led an ascetic life, falls in love with a teenage boy. Asiatic cholera becomes a symbol of the body rebelling against the mind, which is also reflected on the level of Western culture (reason, discipline) succumbing to Eastern influences (sense, spontaneity). Therefore, Mann’s story can be interpreted from the perspective of colonial discourse, according to which the East is perceived as a threat to Europe; in the narrator’s view, the source of Asiatic cholera is the climate of India and its poor level of medical knowledge. In the second part, devoted to human attitudes towards the epidemic, the article presents the local government’s policy towards the collective threat; despite the growing number of deaths and infections, the politicians are calming people down, claiming that the situation is completely under control and any sanitary restrictions are introduced as a mere precaution. The reason behind the lie (also repeated by the inhabitants of Venice) is the threat of bankruptcy faced by the people who make their living from tourism. The epidemic is also an opportunity for robberies and even murders, because criminals believe that in these circumstances they will remain unpunished. This pessimistic image suggests that humans are egoistic and care more about their own fate than the fate of others when standing in the face of danger.

„Wielka teoria piśmienności” – podstawowe założenia, krytyka i problemy metodologiczne

Author(s): Aleksandra Deskur / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 7/2018

The article aims to describe the main assumptions of the so-called “Great Theory of Literacy” formulated by authors such as Walter Jackson Ong, Jack Goody, Erick Havelock and other researchers, representing various fields of science (philology, history, anthropology, communication, etc.). The basic assumption of the theory is the existence of profound differences between orality and literacy, which affect the general shape of communication, culture and society. The theory I analyze focuses primarily on confrontation, on contrasting the characteristics of oral and written language, as well as the accompanying mental and communicational contexts. At the same time, it should be noted that the Great Theory of Literacy has provoked many polemic voices that criticize the findings of Ong, Havelock and Goody. In this text I present the most important critical voices and arguments and try to determine to what extent the methodological characteristics of both the Great Theory of Literacy and theories formulated in counteraction to it could contribute to the dispute and to what extent this is a constructive discussion. My main hypothesis concerns the relatively small part of linguistic reflection in the reflection of both theoreticians of the Great Theory of Literacy and their opponents, which can significantly contribute to difficulties with the use of theoretical constructs on the basis of language and communication practice.

„Wielu, co go widzi, nie wie, czy to chłop czy niewiasta”, czyli o (nie)męskości w staroislandzkiej Sadze o Egilu i Sadze o Njalu

Author(s): Radosław Jakubczyk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2018

In this article, I discuss how masculinity is constructed in Old Icelandic Egils saga andNjáls saga through various kinds of unmanliness (impotence, lack of facial hair, baldness,effeminacy, cowardice, old age). Both sagas demonstrate the restrictiveness of gender rolesin medieval Iceland and how men become their captives. The ideal of masculinity is soexaggerated that it becomes oppressive, because everything may be used against men. It leadsto failed marriages and feuds. However, Egils saga’s and Njáls saga’s treatment of genderis critical.

„Wiersze bez tekstu”. Poetyckie interfejsy w technologii rzeczywistości rozszerzonej (AR)

Author(s): Marek Pieniążek / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

A collection of articles on the practices of creation and analysis of texts on the borderland of literature and biographical writing. The authors undertook interdisciplinary research on personal documents, confronting the interpretative approaches in social sciences, philosophy and literary studies. In addition to the theoretical considerations on the textological studies of sociocultural phenomena, the volume contains analyses of the relationships between the life and works in the writings of Jerzy Pilch, Henryk Elzenberg, Stanisława Przybyszewska, Gerhart Hauptmann and Andrzej Bystroń.

„Winning is strictly prohibited”. O strategiach twórczych Banksy’ego i Jana Klaty

Author(s): Michalina Lubaszewska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2 (16)/2020

The paper analyzes the activities of two socially committed artists: Banksy and Jan Klata, who both use the funfair motif. Banksy employs it in a literal though subversive way in his project Dismaland, which is a quizzical reversal of Disneyland. Klata employs it in his performances (which often take the form of the director’s comments on the reality that surrounds us), showing a set of “amusements” resembling those from a funfair and leading the viewer to a perceptive dissonance (similarly to the collection of Eisenstein’s amusements). It seems that the space created by the committed art that uses the concept of a funfair allows for the implementation of a real rebellion against the status quo. Actual amusement parks, however, create only an illusion of the possibility to break with the norms of the social system.

„Wir schaffen das, wenn...“ Anspielungen in Artikelüberschriften am Beispiel der deutschen Einwanderungsdebatte

Author(s): Attila Mészáros / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2016

This paper examines the use of allusions in article headlines, using the example of the coverage of German immigration. In the theoretical section, allusions are presented as a phenomenon that functions not only as a manifestation of intertextuality, but rather as a creative instrument in an interactive process between the author and the reader. In the empirical section, a typology is created by means of concrete examples, which classifies allusions according to the source range and by way of references to the ‘urtext’. The analysis results are interpreted and conclusions are drawn.

„Wojna ducha” na Wschodzie. Propaganda i nauka w służbie ruchów narodowych

Author(s): Włodzimierz Borodziej,Maciej Górny / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2018

The article discusses the issue of the political involvement of people of science andculture in Central and Eastern Europe during World War I and in the immediate aftermath.In comparison with the phenomenon of the “war of the spirits” known in the historiography,so far observed mainly in France, Germany and Great Britain, the regional variation of thisphenomenon was characterized by a greater informational value and a stronger relationshipbetween journalistic writing and professional science. In particular, the representatives ofsuch disciplines as physical (racial) anthropology and geography in the service of theirnational movements and governments engaged the whole arsenal of scientific means ofpersuasion: they used the language of a particular science, created coherent and logical,formally correct theories, argued, while maintaining the appropriate forms, with ideologicalopponents. These features of the discourse, among other things, contributed to the viabilityof their scientific theories from World War I, which – unlike analogous creations of WesternEuropean luminaries of art and science – still retain the right to exist in a professionalacademic and journalistic communities in Central and Eastern Europe.

„Współodczuwanie”.Drogi recepcji twórczości Czesława Miłosza w Chinach

Author(s): Weiting ZHAO / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2020

The works of Czesław Miłosz have been translated into Chinese for about forty years. The turning point is marked by 1980, the year when the poet was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. The aim of the paper is to analyse the reception of Czesław Miłosz’s works by Chinese readers and to highlight the contexts associated with them. Until now, five vol-umes of the poet’s poetry have been published in China. In addition, five volumes of essays have been translated from Polish and one from English into Chinese. Reflecting the Chinese perception of Miłosz’s oeuvre, four stages of the reception history of his works can be traced. The presence and reception of the Polish Nobel Prize winner in Chinese culture is strongly influenced by the reception of all Eastern European literature in China. In addition to Chinese researchers of Polish and foreign literature, Miłosz’s works were also of interest to Chinese poets in the 1990s, who sought inspiration in his poetry to contem-porise their own poetry.

„Wszystkie kobiety diabła są warte”? Niewolnice mody i ofiary mężczyzn w „modnych” komediach Wojciecha Bogusławskiego

Author(s): Danuta Kowalewska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2021

The paper refers to a small collection of Wojciech Bogusławski’s comedies devoted to manners fashion observable in the last 20 years of the 18th c. In “Ślub modny” (“A Fashionable Wedding,” 1780) he concentrates on free relationships, in “Mieszczki modne” (“Fashionable Townswomen,” 1780) he voices against the enriched middle class, while in “Spazmy modne” (“Fashionable Spasms,” 1797) he sketches a picture of a modern false front marriage that shadows indifference, betrayal, and the will to divorce. The author of the paper focuses on male-female relationships, especially on the problems of male domination and female role models promoted at that time. She also tries to answer the question whether and to what extent the “fashionable wives” portrayed in the comedies wish to release from the constrained dependence and freely decide about their own lives. She additionally pays attention to the feminism that arises in the Enlightenment, on the woman perspective that comes into view, and on the issue of objectivism of males’ writing about a woman.

„Wykształcony wbrew swej woli” − motyw biblioteki w {Zbyt głośnej samotności} Bohumila Hrabala

Author(s): Joanna Królak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 8 (11)/2018

The article deals with an reinterpretation of the motif of the library and librarian in the novel {Too Loud a Solitude} by Bohumil Hrabal. The library in this piece is not a repository of knowledge, but a collection of waste paper, just garbage pile for books. The protagonist, digging in this trash of culture, is trying to commit an act of artistic creation through the destruction of books. His reading strategies allow him to take on various figures − a Taoist scholar, Sisyphus, Faust, etc. A key reading for him, however, turns out to be Schopenhauer, from whom he learns that it is love and compassion which are the most important, and the state of absolute cognition is attained through an aesthetic attitude.

„Wyłaniam kraje kory pękate”. (Współ)drzewna poetyka Krystyny Miłobędzkiej

Author(s): Daria Lekowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2020

The article is an attempt to place Krystyna Miłobędzka’s poetry in the context of ecopoetics and to see whether such a targeted reading will open the poet’s lyrical works to new interpretative practices, which are becoming increasingly popular among researchers. In the discussion about the output of the author of Anaglify [Anaglyphs], natural motifs and themes appear relatively often, but so far they have rarely been treated as the main, independent subject of analysis. This sketch, through the interpretation of individual works, shows how nature, in this case especially that appearing in different forms of trees, in the volumes published in turn shape Miłobędzka’s writer’s imagination and inscribe themselves in the poetic project she has developed, which goes beyond the framework of literary strategy and whose assumptions allow it to be placed in the area of ecopoetics.

„Wyprawa egzotyczna o charakterze odkrywczym” albo „wyniosła pielgrzymka”. Andyjskie szczyty, polski alpinizm i opowieści o eksploracji gór w I połowie XX wieku

Author(s): Przemysław Kaliszuk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 46/2020

The article concerns the stories of two Polish expeditions to the Andes in the 1930s as described in expedition books and personal diaries published between 1934 and 1961. The author analyzes the selected texts in terms of sincerity and authenticity. He considers the extent to which the specific discourses of mountaineers, stretched between personal perspective and the equirements of objectification, fit into modernity’s conceptualizations of sincerity as a paradoxical notion defined by the modern self.

„Z dodaniem wyraźniejszego morału, dla łatwiejszego ludzi prostych i nieuków zrozumienia...”. Ruskojęzyczne adaptacje tekstów o charakterze dogmatyczno-moralizatorskim w ukraińskiej kulturze literackiej (na materiale wydań drukarni bazyliańskich XVII

Author(s): Joanna Getka / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 11/2018

The source for research in this article are adaptations of dogmatic andmoralizing texts printed in Basilians typography in 18th century. Examined textshave Polish, Latin and Orthodox Church language origin. Their role in shapingthe Ukrainian literary language and style typical of Ukrainian religious literaturewas studied. Analyses of their influence on the formation of recipients, and in thiscontext the process of shaping the identity of the Uniates, shows Eastern andWestern influences.

„Z każdego stworzenia umiał się ku więtszej miłości Boskiej pobudzić”: zwierzęta jako przyjaciele sług Bożych (na podstawie Żywotów świętych Piotra Skargi)

Author(s): Ewa Cybulska-Bohuszewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2020

This article is an analysis of the animal motifs in Piotr Skarga's Żywoty świętych [The Lives of the Saints]. It might initially seem that they do not play an important role in this monumental work. However, when we pay more attention to them, it turns out that they convey valuable information related to the way in which views on the place of man and animals in the Christian universe were formed. An analysis of the motifs collected in the article shows that there is no justification for those stereotypes which result mainly from an erroneous interpretation of the biblical phrase: „Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth and subdue it”, according to which, from the very beginning, Christianity as a religion was supposed to be characterised by a lack of respect for the created world and a merely instrumental approach to animals. Similarly, the conviction that only St. Francis of Assisi had a friendly relationship with „friars minor”, while other saints were not interested in relationships with them, is also erroneous. The presented text methodologically refers to the findings of the so-called Silesian „school” of micrology, and therefore it aims to concentrate on those parts of the examined work which are considered to be fragments, scraps or „miniatures” – messages that (at first glance) do not determine its value. The present study supplements the article „Znać iżeście i bestyj podlejszy”: zoomorficzne inkarnacje szatana w „Żywotach świętych” Piotra Skargi published in the journal Terminus (2/2019).

„Z odmętów literatury wyprowadzeni na powierzchnię” (M. Kisiel, Splot, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, Katowice 2021)

Author(s): Mirosława Michalska-Suchanek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2021

„Za nim rosnące pójdą plemiona / W światło – gdzie Bóg”. „Słowiański” pontyfikat św. Jana Pawła II

Author(s): Agnieszka Czajkowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1S/2020

This article deals with the presence of issues of Slavdom in the thoughts and works of John Paul II as an expression of their roots in Polish Romantic literature. Its centre is the cult of St. Cyril and St. Methodius, who, in the Pope’s view, became an expression of the universalism, Greek heritage and Christianity of the Slavic peoples. A reminder of the importance of the Solon brothers had already been mentioned in the Paris lectures of Adam Mickiewicz and in a forgotten poem by Teofil Lenartowicz. This was associated with the need for Slavs to gain self-knowledge, as demanded by Norwid, Słowacki, Mickiewicz and others. The mission of the Slavic Pope fulfils the above postulates of the Romantic poets. John Paul II recalls the identity of the Slavs and their role in the papacy and a united Europe. It restores their dignity and is an indication of their future.

„Zapowiada się nadzwyczajny aktor”. Karol Wojtyła w podziemnym Teatrze Rapsodycznym

Author(s): Stanisław Dziedzic / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1S/2020

Karol Wojtyła’s decision to start Polish Philology at the Jagiellonian University after graduating from the State Marcin Wadowita Secondary School was no surprise to those who knew him in Wadowice. His theatrical interests and talents, mainly acting and directing, were widely known. He helped found a high school theatrical group, acted in the Amateur Universal Theatre run by Mieczysław Kotlarczyk, and on the stage of the Catholic House. His mentor in the field of the theatre was Mieczysław Kotlarczyk. As a secondary school student, Wojtyła had already started writing poetry, and possibly his Beskid Ballads had already been created.He wanted to become an actor, but also developed as a writer. Cracow, with its creative environment and student peers, supported his theatrical and literature endeavours. Besides his university studies, he also developed his acting skills in the Studio 39 theatre group. During the Nazi occupation of Poland, Studio 39 members continued their underground activities. After Mieczysław Kotlarczyk arrived in Cracow in 1941, the Studio was transformed into the Rhapsodic Theatre. Wojtyła participated in all 7 premiere performances. With his talent and acting capabilities, together with his deep theatrical knowledge, he was a rising hope for his underground companions in the field of acting. His skills were appreciated by such famous actors as Juliusz Osterwa. Osterwa, the chief Polish actor of those times, stated “We seem to have an extraordinary actor” after Juliusz Słowacki’s Król-Duch was performed with Wojtyła starring. He intended to employ Wojtyła after the war. However, the time to make definitive choices finally arrived and Karol Wojtyła entered the Higher Seminary for Priests in 1942. His rhapsodic experience and literary achievements were to be the measurement of his charismatic call to millions of followers and believers as the future Pope.

„Zaszczute wilczęta”, „zagubione owce”, „robactwo” i „jad nienawiści” – zwierzęta w sowieckiej propagandzie walczącej z religią

Author(s): Tomasz Bugaj / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 6/2020

In the scientific study, the images of animals, which function in the texts, were examined. Propaganda created in the Soviet Union. They were targeted at a specific group social – people who share the view into the existence of God. Propaganda in its content referred to the Slavic folklore. Monsters, hyenas, jackals, rodents, hydras and insects serve the creators to introduce “aliens” or “enemies.” Based on the analysis of metaphors, comparisons, compounds phraseological and other means of expression are presented in a way that discredits how people are discredited, and so are the animals. Stereotypical perception of living beings, disdainful attitude towards them and prejudices had an impact on inducing certain attitudes and behaviours (anxiety, disgust, hatred) in the recipients, which in the end strengthened the process of stigmatization, discrediting and marginalisation. Soviet propaganda, using images of animals perceived as beings with much lower statutes. It has contributed to the social exclusion of religious groups and strengthened the power of stigma, that’s already been given to some living organisms.