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О русской Европе

Author(s): Olga Frolova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 26/2014

The article deals with the concept of Europe in Russian. Tah analysis is performed on the basis of dictionaries, the Russian National Corpus, the legal and philosophical discourse, media and everyday conversations. A scrutiny of dictionaries reveals the cultural component in the figurative understanding of the name of the continent. Questionnaires have shown that young Russian speakers associate Europe with economically developed Western countries: Germany, France, Britain, Italy. An analysis of the RNC shows that within the concept of Europe, originally the notion of “education” was formed, which then gave way to the notion of “culture”. Slavophiles and Westerners, in their philosophical discourse of the 19th c., formulated contrasting assessments of Europe, found in metaphors of Europe and Russia in the language of media and everyday usage.

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Концепт ЧЕСТИ в ритуале гостеприимства

Author(s): Galina N. Kabakova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 25/2013

The Russian concept of čest’, originally associated with remuneration for services to one’s feudal lord, used to contrast with the spiritual understanding of slava. With time, differences between the two concepts became obliterated: in Classicism they functioned as synonyms, in the Enlightenment čest’ was associated with the era in decline.With these differences in mind, the author analyzes the Teshen archive, asks how Russian peasants protect their “čest’”, and where they see it lacking. It is observed that the notion of čest’ is captured in a series of rules that constitute a peculiar unwritten code. In the context of interacting with guests, čest’ is connected with a certain order of inviting and receiving them, the giving of gift, entertaining and seating one’s guests behind the table. Proverbs also reveal a clear link between čest’ and volya (will) as another important concept of traditional Russian culture (cf. Gostyu čest’, koli volya est’ ‘Respect to the guest, if there’s a will’).Čest’ is actualized during each ceremonial reception: it involves material aspects, such as an honorable place behind the table or special food, as well as aspects of behaviour, such as inviting and welcoming the guests, respect towards them and the appropriate course of events during a ceremonial meal. The hosts demonstrate their generosity and kindness. The guests should accepts the gifts offered in order to show čest’ to their gift-givers.

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Смена ценностных парадигм в России в 2011 – 2013 гг.: От ЧЕСТНОСТИ к СВОБОДЕ

Author(s): Irina Aleksandrovna Sedakova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 25/2013

The article analyzes the drastic change in the hierarchy of values in the modern Russian society after the falsification of the Parliament elections in December 2011 and afterwards. In the oppositional discourse the traditional civil values (freedom, honour and honesty, patriotism, justice, etc.) turned into very topical ones and became explicit in the unprecedented creative activity of the riots. The semantics and pragmatics, as well as quasi-synonyms of ‘honesty’ exploited by the opposition are thoroughly scrutinized. The author argues that the flow of time changes hierarchy of values as it is being constructed in the regime of a dialogue and depends a lot on the governmental discourse. Being an universal notion, each civil value is represented by a specific profile.

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Problem konceptu bazowego i jego profilowania – na przykładzie polskiego stereotypu Europy

Author(s): Jerzy Bartmiński,Wojciech Chlebda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2013

The article aims to reconstruct the Polish concept of Europa (Europe) according to the EUROJOS methodology and on the basis of three sources of data: the language system, texts and questionnaires. Indirectly, it also aims to consider several notions and procedures of ethnolinguistic reconstruction, especially the changeability (or “variantability”) of the basic concept (here: Europa) relative to the various discourses in contemporary Polish public sphere.The authors present the concept of Europa as it emerges from the systemic (mainly lexicographic) and textual data analyzed in earlier studies of various scholars, but mainly concentrate on the results of three questionnaires from 1990, 2000 and 2010. The statistics derived from the questionnaires are juxtaposed with those of the systemic and textual data. By analyzing questionnaires, it is possible to render the content of the basic concept more specific: subjects’ responses reveal connotations not yet included in dictionaries, as well as relative ranks of the features attributed to a given (mental) object.

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Европа в украинских текстах (к проблеме вариативности концепта)

Author(s): Galina Javors'ka / Language(s): Russian Issue: 25/2013

The article deals with the representation of the concept of Europe in contemporary Ukrainian texts. The data are drawn from the media (including the “new media”) and supplemented with questionnaires administered to students (the question asked was: “What is the ‘true’ Europe?”). The concept of Europe is linked with norms and values, it is sensitive to the socio-cultural context, as can especially be seen in the time of radical social changes. In this way, the dynamics of the changes in conceptualization (intra-linguistic variability) can be observed. However, conceptualizations are subjected to correction and regulation, as is the case with the metaphorical “teacher – student” schema in portrayals of the relationship between Europe and Ukraine, the presentation of Europe as a pattern to follow, etc. A modification of the model in effect signifies a change, but the change is not arbitrary: it is concordant with a specific cognitive frame and the new socio-cultural context.

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Коллекция ценностей свобода, равенство, братство и опирающиеся на нее конструкции в славянских языках

Author(s): Dejan Ajdačić / Language(s): Russian Issue: 25/2013

The slogan of the French revolution, Liberté, ègalité, fraternité, is in Slavic languages categorized in a variety of ways: as a revolutionary triad, a list of basic values, non-material goods, key concepts, ideas, rights or goals, as a socio-political doctrine, an admonition, motto, programme, slogan or appeal. In this article, it is proposed that it be treated as a collection in the sense of Lublin cognitive ethnolinguistics, more specifically as a “collection of values”. Discussed are rare cases of quoting the original untranslated French collection in Slavic languages, as well as its translations and transformations, e.g. those that involve a change of one element: Liberty, equality, democracy; Liberty, equality, university, etc. In other cases, the whole construction functions as a component of a larger set of values. Attention is drawn to semantic relations between values within the construction, as well as to social functions and profiles of this constructions and its derivatives.

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Asocjacyjny wymiar konceptu слобода (wolność) w języku serbskim

Author(s): Marcin Grygiel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2013

The purpose of this article is to attempt to reconstruct the concept слобода (freedom) in the Serbian language. The analysis is based on survey data and their interpretation in relation to a broad context of culture, history and language. The starting point for the analysis are responses gathered in the Associative Dictionary of the Serbian Language. Associations are classified according to formal types, such as contrastive, metaphorical and metonymic associations. In terms of meaning, the responses were divided into the following conceptualizations: слобода personal freedom, слобода as struggle for independence, слобода as a bird, слобода as a boundless space, слобода as blue and white colors, слобода as a white horse, слобода as a place where we feel at ease, слобода as nature, слобода as a bridge, слобода as free will, слобода as the highest value. Presented associative fields have been documented with examples of idioms, proverbs, dictionary definitions, lyrics, and literary texts.

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Rzutowanie semiotyczne, czyli językowe oswajanie obcości w kulturze. Szkic lingwistyczno-antropologiczny

Author(s): Maciej Czerwiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2013

In this article one semantic phenomenon is tentatively taken into consideration. This phenomenon emerged when historical discourse was under investigation but it is not limited only to historical texts. This phenomenon – which is in the absence of a better term called the semiotic projection of meaning – is crucial for language in general, for consciousness and cognitive mechanisms of human being. Every culture, confronting itself with such or such otherness – the otherness either of diverse cultures or past events, it has to overcome this otherness that is to say to adapt it which means that it has to impose on it a form that is more meaningful for itself. Putting it operationally, it has to inscribe the otherness in question into its own horizon of sense, and consequently – into its own semantic system. The understanding of past of understanding of an unknown culture can be seen as an adaptation of them. In this article such an adaptation is considered within three domains: history, other culture and universe of animals.

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Жизнь как ценность и ценности в жизни (на материале книги А. И. Солженицына Архипелаг Гулаг)

Author(s): Irina Aleksandrovna Sedakova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 22/2010

Life and semantically related words (live, survive, live until, alive) in Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s The Gulag Archipelago are used frequently and constitute a peculiar text of life. At the moment of crisis, the value of life rises. Life as a base value is realized through several basic oppositions: life vs. death, life in prison vs. life out of prison, life under arrest vs. life before and after arrest. The oppositions are, however, frequently reinterpreted in a specific manner: life in prison is identified with death, life is short but also long etc. The value of life, also in a prison camp, is for Solzhenitsyn comparable to other human values, such as honour, dignity, homeland, truth, conscience and especially freedom. In the era of Gulag the axiology of life depends on both objective and subjective causes. However, regardless of ambivalent and relativistic valuations, life is understood as the highest value and spiritual life is more important than life in the physical, corporeal sense.

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W stronę językowego obrazu Europy. Analiza słownikowo-tekstowa

Author(s): Wojciech Chlebda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2010

In a search of the method of reconstruction of the linguistic worldview of Europe, the author analyzes the usability of lexicographic definitions of the words Europa, Europejczyk ‘European-N’, europejski ‘European-ADJ’, europejskość ‘the quality of being European’ in dictionaries of Polish and in texts of contemporary Polish political discourse. He concludes that dictionary definitions are inadequate, tautological and metonymic, “perfectly uninformative”, because they do not answer the question of what content and values are associated with the words under consideration. An analysis of the verbal exponents of being European in centre and right-wing press has revealed, in turn, that the same words (Europa, Europejczyk, europejski, europejskość), used in radically opposing subdiscourses (pro- and anti-European), are also diametrically opposed to each other in these subdiscourses. The author postulates that “multiaspectual synthetic definitions” be used, linking elements of the classical, contextual and cognitive definition, thanks to which one may not only represent the fulness of the characteristics and values associated with these words, but also show that even contradictory characteristics and values belong to the same discourse.

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Prikazi, osvrti, recenzije

Author(s): Šimun Musa,Marijana Bašić,Ante Bekavac,Tanja Grmuša / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 21/2019

Review of: Pero Pavlović, Križ, tvoj štit, Naklada DHK HB, Mostar, 2019. Marija Musa, Hrvatski jezik u Bosni i Hercegovini u javnoj komunikaciji od 1945. do danas, Školska naklada, Mostar, 2018. Tonči MATULIĆ, Metamorphoses of Culture. A Theological Discernment of the Signs of the Times against the Backdrop of Scientific-Technical Civilisation, Lit Verlag GmbH&Co. KG Wien, 2018. Vedran Antoljak – Miroslav Kosović, Design thinking za nedizajnere: kako riješiti poslovne probleme i uspješno inovirati, Školska knjiga – Sense savjetovanja, Zagreb, 2018., 161 str.

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Образ и слово: за партньорството помежду им като безкрайно множество

Author(s): Ivelina Savova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 9/2019

The paper deals with the ways in which the visual representation partners with the verbal one. Three aspects of this partnership are discussed: first, how the visual and the verbal interpret each other; second, what functions the visual ingredient has in verbal texts, and how the verbal element itself creates an image. The third aspect comments on different linguistic structures – words, expressions, sentences, (parts of) texts – and shows how they facilitate visual thinking. The resulting visual complexes are connected not only with the understanding of what is said, but also with its effectual power.

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Икона и реч. Фотография и литература. Фотозанаятчии и фотожурналисти

Author(s): Plamen Shulikov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 9/2019

The paper deals with the autonomous history of photography as an art or craft, and traces the formation of the value norm and identity of this image-based occupation over the years. Since the mid-nineteenth century, photography has acquired the undisputed representative status of an operator in the unified media environment of society. Having this status, it dutifully fulfills the Roman motto „I came, I saw, I won“, dominating reality through its capture and verification in images. The main ideas in the paper can be subsumed under the following focal points: pictorialism and realism in photography; the notion of artistic value and the boundaries between painting, photography and poetry; the aesthetic nature of the photographic craft; and the relation between speech and drawing.

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Гомбрович и аржентинците

Author(s): Ewa Kobyłecka-Piwońska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2019

The article is a contribution to a more overall study concerning the reception of Witold Gombrowicz’s literary output in Argentina. The following issues are being discussed: the general conditions for the reception of a national writer in a foreign culture; the relations between literature and nation; the problem of the Spanish language as a requirement for something to belong to the Argentinian literary tradition and principles upon which Gombrowicz’s works are included in the textbook narration about the Argentinian canon.

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Życie człowieka w semiotyce koloru na przykładzie języka polskiego i rosyjskiego (część II)

Author(s): Andrzej Narloch / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXIV/2019

In the contemporary linguistic research, the colour system occupies a special position. Today’s culture space is supersaturated with colours, which are important semiotic components of human functioning and their relationships with other people. This paper attempts to describe colour semiotics from the point of view of the human development period. The author tries to determine whether colours can also determine the age frame of a person. First, the relationship between colours and time is analysed. The suggested description of the stages of life through the colour spectrum allows answering the question of how the respective stages of human life are determined by the colours assigned to them by the culture.

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Ekwiwalenty rosyjskiej nazwy własnej Kołobok w języku polskim

Author(s): Joanna Orzechowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXIV/2019

The paper presents an analysis of Polish equivalents of the Russian proper name Kolobok. Their diversity results from insufficient familiarity with the Russian source text (a folk fairy tale) in Poland, which is caused by little acquaintance with the hero of the story and lack of a Polish equivalent of such a fairy tale character that carries the same communicative value. Examples in-cluded in the paper do not always preserve the communicative value of the context: in few cases, it had been assessed which elements of the meaning are relevant and significant, and which are redundant, i.e. semantically irrelevant. Provisional equivalents in most cases are based on the inner semantics of the discussed proper name.

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Samuel Bogumił Linde w dziejach recepcji twórczości Nikołaja Karamzina (wokół polskiego przekładu Rysu historycznego literatury rosyjskiej Nikołaja Grecza)

Author(s): Magdalena Dąbrowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXIV/2019

The paper presents annex no. 1 to the Historical background of the Russian literatureby Nikolay Gretsch, translated and edited by Samuel Bogumił Linde (Warszawa, 1823). The annex, entitled About the story “The Igor’s Campaign” by Karamzin, is a translation of the excerpt from the History of the Russian state (chap. 7, vol. III), which was published in another work of Gretsch, the Scientific book of the Russian literature (vol. 1–4, Saint-Petersburg, 1819–1822). It concerns the masterpiece of the Old-Russian literature The Tale of Igor’s Campaign. The paper presents the place of Karamzin’s work in the structure of the Polish edition of the “Historical background of the Russian literature”. An interpretive context is Linde’s correspondence with Vasily Anasta-syevitch.

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Особенности идиолекта главной героини мультфильма «Маша и медведь» и их передача в переводе на польский язык

Author(s): Natalya Didenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: XXIV/2019

This paper deals with the properties of the idiolect used by the main character of Masha and the Bear animated film and the ways in which they are rendered into the Polish language. In the film, the properties of Masha’s idiolect have a characterising function. They are as follows: (1) the repetitiveness of syntactical structures (including exclamatory sentences); (2) linguistic creativeness (i.e. creating occasional vocabulary); (3) the use of colloquial lexis; (4) grammatical and lexical mistakes. The properties of Masha’s idiolect are not always rendered in translation. Therefore, in the target text, there is a character whose linguistic properties are different from the ones she has in the source text. However, the primary task of the translator is to create an equivalent which could be perceived by the target audience as belonging to their native language, devoid of artificiality (especially for children). It is thus frequently related to the necessity to introduce some modifications of the idiolectal properties of the main characters.

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Elementy kultury trzeciej oraz realia wojny afgańskiej w rosyjskim w przekładzie utworu Żmija Andrzeja Sapkowskiego

Author(s): Marcin Dziwisz / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXIV/2019

This text focuses on the issue of war in Afghanistan from 1979–1989 and its realities. The lexicon associated with the everyday life of Afghanistan civilians and Soviet soldiers was analysed. The observations indicate that additional information appears more often in the translated text, which makes it much more transparent for the final recipient. This fact was confirmed by the statistical data, only one footnote can be found in the Polish text and 173 in the Russian text.

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Obrazy postaci mitologicznych w oryginałach i przekładach wybranych wierszy Siergieja Gorodieckiego

Author(s): Agnieszka Potyrańska / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXIV/2019

This article brings the idea on the subject of a mythopoetic approach to the characters from Slavic mythology in translations of poems by Sergey Gorodetsky into Polish. This article focuses on the following works: Полюбовники (1906) – Miłośnicy (1971) and Предки (without a date) – Przodkowie (1971). The intent is to analyse the translations and to track to what extent the trans-lator reflected the specificity of the characters from lower mythology (Russian леший, черт) pre-sented in the original, and how much their image has changed in the translation. The analysis will also focus on the “inner form of the word” (Potiebnia) to show how specific translational actions influence the perception of the lyrical situation shown in the poems. Finally, the extent to which equilinearity and equirythmicality have been preserved in the above-mentioned examples will be examined (Kwiatkowski).

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