“The Gullet” of the War. The Molokans from the District of Yerevan and the Rusk Preparation for the Caucasus Front in 1877

Author(s): Mariyana Piskova,Kristina Popova / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2015

The use of rusks for military needs became more and more important in the logistics of wars in the 19th century. The organization of preparation, preservation and transportation of rusks in 1877 was an “operation” according to the military documents left in the governmental archive. The Russian military command decided that the big part of the rusks needed for the Caucasus front had to be prepared by peasants – Russian settlers in the South Caucasus – especially by the so-called Molokans – as they did it for the first time in the Crimean War 1853 – 1856. The Molokans were one of the many Christian sects who lived in Russia during the 19th century, just like the Dukhobors, Mennonites and others. They rejected the participation in war because of confessional reasons. However, the war activities mobilized much more people than were actually involved in the direct armed clashes between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in 1877 – 1878. Religious minority populations in the Caucasus were mobilized to work night and day in harsh conditions – to dry, bake and transport flour and rusks, to load boots, camels and carts. Their resources were used for war purposes. Although the Molokans were among the sectarians who were against war and violence, their villages took part in the important work for military use.

“Turci” i “kmetovi” – mit o vlasnicima bosanske zemlje

Author(s): Husnija Kamberovic / Language(s): Bosnian / Publication Year: 0

Svi smo mi već dugo vremena svjedoci destruktivne politizacije historije na Balkanu, pri čemu su posljedice te politizacije najviše pogodile Bosnu i Hercegovinu i druge zemlje bivše Jugoslavije u posljednje dvije decenije. “U posljednja dva desetljeća historičar-intelektualac se više približio centru moći nego ikad od vremena kada su historičari služili kao biografi kraljevskih porodica. Historičari su postali stvaraoci mitova o jasno defi niranim projektima i nagrađivani su za svoje umijeće. U isto vrijeme, političari koji su stvarali države tražili su savjet historičara, bogato ih nagrađujući i pomažući distribuciju njihovih djela”. S druge strane, pojavili su se historičari koji kritiziraju one historičare koji stvaraju mitove, ali su u tim kritikama i sami postali stvaraoci drugih mitova.

„A kása nem étel, a tót nem ember”

Author(s): János Mayer / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 01/2016

„Aż do najmniejszej kropki”: o prawie i biurokracji filomatów

Author(s): Agata Sikora / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2015

In this article Sikora examines what role the writing down of the law played for the Philomath Society. She focuses on the process of formulating the law and the norms regulating communication within the group. Basing her analysis on their correspondence, protocols, successive drafts of the law, etc., Sikora suggests that the behavioural formalization constituting the Vilnius students’ secret organization was accomplished principally through a regulation of writing practices. The very process of formulating the law aimed at creating a bureaucratic disciplinal system that would guarantee the founders’ influence. Exploring the contradiction between the Society’s declared values their accepted protocol of communication, Sikora also asks in how far members would have internalized the ambivalence of their protocol.

„Das Wunder Europa“

Richard Nikolaus Coudenhove-Kalergi a jeho idea Pan-Evropy na stránkách Prager Presse 1921–1926

Author(s): Michal Topor / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 1/2016

The submitted article reconstructs the interactions between Richard Nikolaus Coudenhove-Kalergi as the originator of the Pan-Europe idea, and the Prague newspaper Prager Presse, during the time from August 1921 until autumn 1926. The account notes and comments not only upon Coudenhove-Kalergi writings published in the paper, but also the reviews of his books and reports on his public appearances. Thus the article traces, how the philosopher, who comes up with a particular interpretation of the situation in Europe after the World War I, becomes a leader of the international movement, a politician and a diplomat striving to gain support for a specific model of European organisation. The final section of this article deals with how the Czech translation of Coudenhove’s book Pan-Europa originated and the circumstances it was accompanied by.

„Die Weltgeschichte ist das Kreisgericht“ (Karl Kraus).

Die Kreisverfassung als Alternative zum historischen Staatsrecht?

Author(s): Helmut Rumpler / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2016

When the nationalities of the multiethnic Austrian Empire began to demand national self-determination „on their own territory“, they started the struggle for the national „Besitzstand“. Th e great nations like the Magyars, Czechs, Poles and Croats claimed for their historical „Staatsrecht“. Th e Austrian governments answered with the concept of national autonomy in national homogeneous districts on the basis of the existing historical „Kreise“. Palacky on the Krensierer Reichstag, Stadion in the Reichsverfassung of 1849, Ernest von Körber in the context of his deliberations to solve the „Bohemian question“ presented concepts for realization. When the governments of Stürgkh, Clam Martinic and Seidler/Hussarek declarated the „Kreisordnung“ for Bohemia, there was no chance for acceptance, because the question of the settlement of a Czechoslovak State was decided.

„I litość bierze patrzeć na te turystki…” – ubiory sportowe i rekreacyjne w Galicji jako zjawisko odzwierciedlające przemiany mentalności

Author(s): Marta Kargól / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2014

In the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, a distinct development of physical culture took place, and a growing interest in sport and recreation was noted. Those changes were also observed in Galicia. The arrival of new forms of physical activity and the growing popularity of the already existing sports were accompanied by the transformation of customs and mentality. One of the most important issues accompanying the changes concerned clothing which had to be adjusted to safety requirements, hygiene and comfort. However, etiquette, aesthetics and ethics stood in the way. Additionally, the problem was dependent on the level of institutionalization and professionalisation of the sport and on the gender and social status of the participants. The co-dependence and the dynamics of changes taking place in the physical culture, sports fashion and mentality are presented in memoirs, press and iconography: painting and photography.

„Mert Könyvet lehetne arról írni sokat …tsak a’ míg épitett ólly’ fényes Házakat”

Wesselényi Kata marosvásárhelyi házáról

Author(s): János Orbán / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: VI-VII/2012

Diese Studie nimmt die Baugeschichte des Hauses aus dem 18. Jahrhundert unter die Lupe, die der Baronin Zsigmondné Rhédey, geborene Katalina de Wesselényi gehört hatte. Das Gebäude ist heute ein Teil der Baueinheit der Teleki-Bibliothek. Nachdem das Haus durch Erbschaft in den Besitz von Sámuel Teleki gelangte, hatte er 1799–1802 seine berühmte Bibliothek hinzugebaut (das alte Gebäude diente weiterhin als städtisches Wohnhaus). Es galt aber auch noch vor der Erweiterung als imposantes städtisches Gebäude, und während der zwei Jahrzehnten lange Existenz als selbständiges Wohnhaus hatte es schon das Stadtbild der damaligen Szent-Miklós-Straße geprägt und zählte 1778 unter den wertvollsten Häusern der Stadt. Die Gestalt der Baronin Zsigmondné Rhédey, geborene Katalina de Wesselényi (1735–1788) ist vor allem aus kulturhistorischer Hinsicht von Bedeutung: die einschlägigen Forschungen preisen ihre Bibliothek, ihre Dichtungsversuche und ihre Bemühungen für die Unterstützung der reformierten Kirche. Ihr Leben ist von mehreren Tragödien beschattet: sie war erst 23 Jahre alt, als zuächst ihr Mann, Zsigmond Rhédey nach 6-jähriger Heirat, dann 1770 auch ihr einziger 15-jähriger Sohn, Ferenc, gestorben hat. Die letzten 30 Jahre ihres Lebens waren von unendlichen Prozessen verbittert. Die Bauarbeiten wurden am diesem Wohnhaus an der Ecke der damaligen Szent-Miklós-Straße und der Fazekas-Straße (heute str. Ştefan cel Mare und Borsos Tamás) um 1775 begonnen und es war um 1778 schon bewohnbar. Die Arbeiten wurden von Meistern aus Marosvásárhely geleistet: die Zahlungsbelege bewahren die Namen des Maurerpaliers Paul Schmidt, des Zimmerpaliers Josef Rosenstingl und des Tischlers Thomas Henne. Dieses Bauvorhaben sitzt organisch in der Städtebaugeschichte der Stadt und der Epoche: die Aristokratie aus Siebenbürgen begann um die Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts in dieser Stadt, deren Bedeutung stets wuchs, sich Häuser bauen zu lassen, diese Mode führte eigentlich zur Entwicklung des Barockbaustils in Marosvásárhely. Es ist wichtig in Bezug auf die damalige Innenausstattung des Hauses zu betonen, dass gemäß den lakonischen Inventurblättern das Haus der Baronin aus Marosvásárhely schon während der 70-er Jahre mit zahlreichen „Bildern” geschmückt wurde: eine Inventur aus 1777 erwähnt insgesamt 47 Gemälden, deren Großteil wahrscheinlich aus Portraits bestanden hat. Die meisten Gemälden gelangten mit dem Haus in den Besitz von Sámuel Teleki, und diese Werke, die einst Frau Rhédey gehörten, bildeten im 19. Jahrhundert den Kern der Portraitgalerie aus dem Empfangsraum der Teleki-Bibliothek.

„My rządzim światem, a nami kobiety”. Wpływ kobiet na konfederację barską na przykładzie działalności Marii Amelii z Brühlów Mniszchowej

Author(s): Natalia Mlodzinska / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

The paper is an evaluation of female activity in the Bar Confederation in the 18thcentury using the example of Maria Amelia Brühl Mniszchowa. The main goal of thepaper is to introduce Mniszchowa and her activity within the Confederation based onhistorical sources and scholarly literature. The query showed that the activity of womenin the Bar Confederation, and especially that of Maria Amelia Mniszchowa, had not beenfully explored until now.

„Narodziny” szlachcica: ideały i praktyka wychowania dzieci starszyzny kozackiej na Hetmańszczyźnie i Ukrainie Słobodzkiej w drugiej połowie XVIII wieku

Author(s): Ludmila Posochowa / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2016

The article analyzes the practice of educating children of the regimental and company foremen of Cossack Hetmanate and Sloboda Ukraine in the second half of the 18th century. On the basis of sources of personal origin (letters and diaries) an understanding of some Cossack education strategies was reconstructed. A revival of interest in problems of education and achievements of European pedagogical thought among Cossack sons can be traced to the middle of the 18th century. It was then that the attitude to childhood changed, and a transition to a new understanding of child development and parenting factors occurred. The article concludes that the strategy of education, common among the Cossack, did not remain unchanged throughout the 18th century. The values of “Latin” education and training were revised and supplemented by new ideals, and also as a result of entering the circles of the social elite of the Russian Empire.

„Знание за человеците“. Общество и история на едно ломско село през XIX век

Author(s): Ivanka Gergova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 14/2016

The object of the paper is unpublished manuscript, started in 1862 by Mladen Mladenov from the village of Vasilovtsi, Lom region, during immigration in Russia and finished after his coming back to his birthplace. Main place in the manuscript take the prayers, re-written from printed prayer books. Especially important is a chronical narrative, entitled “Knowledge for the People”, in with are described the immigration of the village people from Lom region in Russia in 1862, their short stay there and the coming back of Vasilovtsi’s inhabitants in their homeland, after which they build a new school building. On the basis of the manuscript conclusions are made concerning the character of the village community and the personality of priest Dimitar Ivanov.

„Израждане“ и „възраждане“ в режими на историчност: биосоциално инженерство в България от края на XIX век до Втората световна война

Author(s): Gergana Mircheva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 50/I/2018

The article studies the specifics of the visions of degeneration and regeneration in Bulgaria within the eugenics discourse and other intellectual and political discourses with which it interceded. Hence, certain concepts of modernity, historical time and identity are reconstructed as a result of biosocial engineering in Bulgaria at the end of the 19th century and especially during the interwar period. The analysis is structured in several sections, which address the following topics: biological images of social time as elaborated at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century; the racial anthropological perspective of the biologist Metodiy Popov towards national historical time; the psychologizations of the „national soul“ envisaged as undergoing social progress and/or decay, as well as the scientific-political versions of a „New Revival“ of the Bulgarian collective organism. The theme of biopolitical regeneration is interpreted as enriching the conceptual background of the „revivalist imagination“ in Bulgaria.

Хърватската историческа наука за Македония и Македонския въпрос

Author(s): Svetlozar Eldarov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 3/2016

The article presents, albeit in larger strokes, the place of Macedonia and the Macedonian question in the Croatian historical science and partly in the minds of Croatian society from the mid-nineteenth century to the present day, while also draws attention to some modern aspects. For Croatian historians, philologists and ethnographers, as indeed for all Croatians from the mid-nineteenth century to the Balkan War, there is no doubt that the Macedonian Slavs are Bulgarians and that Macedonia is an integral part of Bulgarian history and culture. This is the authoritative opinion of Bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer, Franjo Racki, Vatroslav Jagić and many other religious, political, cultural and scientific figures in Banovina of Croatia, Dalmatia and Istria. In 1912-1918, however, the Serbian propaganda, and in the era between the two world wars Serbian nationalism in the Serbo-Croat-Slovene Kingdom (after 1929 – Kingdom of Yugoslavia) worked hard to manipulate Croatian society and to break the will of the Croatian scientists humanitarians to seek and uphold the objective historical truth, but generally fail to achieve this. Quite a different situation arises after the Second World War, when the written and unwritten laws of “brotherhood and unityˮ in Tito's Yugoslavia, the problems of Macedonia and the Macedonian question were granted in full and undisputed possession of historiographical school in Skopje and scientists from other federative republics had no right to deal with them. After the collapse of Yugoslavia and the restoration of state independence of Croatia in 1991, Croatian historiography regained its appearance of objective science, but especially on the Macedonian issue, it seems, it was unable to return to its roots. The new Croatian encyclopaedia, which publishing started in 2000, interprets these matters entirely in the spirit of the official historiography of the Republic of Macedonia. In the few publications that are dedicated to Macedonia and the Macedonian question, the spirit of political correctness and relativism prevails over evidence and objective scientific analysis. However, interest and sympathy among Croats to Bulgaria remain stable and enduring.

Цариградските българи, Марин Дринов и въпросът за седалището на Българското книжовно дружество преди Освобождението

Author(s): Plamen Bozhinov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1-2/2015

The study traces the contacts of the founders of the Bulgarian Literary Society (BLS) Marin Drinov and Vasil D. Stoyanov with the Bulgarian community in Istanbul, where a significant Bulgarian literary, spiritual and political center was formed after the 1840s. Ever since the BLS was founded in Braila in 1869 there was the idea to move its head office to some central town in Bulgaria or to Istanbul in order to be closer to the people and to better meet their educational and cultural needs. This plan remained unfulfilled until 1876 because of the opposition of the revolutionary emigration in Romania and the dissent of the Bulgarians in Istanbul. Only after the Liberation BLS transferred its activity in Sofia, the capital of the Principality of Bulgaria, and thus it was under the new conditions that the original idea of its founders was carried out.

Цветан Тодоров (1939–2017) – апостолът на хуманизма, мечтателят за свобода

Author(s): Valentina Sharlanova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/2016

Цена иноземного господства: формы экономической зависимости Молдавии от Османской империи

Author(s): Pavel V. Sovetov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2000

The control of the Ottoman Empire over Moldavia in XVI-XVII centuries was especially marked in limited political independence and growing economic dependence of the country. However, the opinion that the tribute («kharaj») was constantly increasing is wrong. Converting the payments into the market cost of cattle showed that kharaj reached its peak in the 80s of XVI c., while in XVII-mid. XVIII c. the size of the tribute stabilized at a rather low level. In legal terms, a tendency to enhance foreign control was marked in sultan’s administration aiming to interpret kharaj as «jizia» – a tax collected from non-Muslim countries deprived of their state sovereignty by the Ottomans. In economic terms, it was peshkesh and rushwet which received the largest spread as official and nonofficial donations mainly to enrich direct incomes of the Empire’s top rulers. By the end of XVI c. they had amounted the size of several tributes and had become one of the heaviest forms of dependence along with the forced supplies of agricultural products, construction materials, free labour force, etc. In the late XVII-XVIII cc. Moldavia, as well as Wallachia, used to give over a half of their GDP in favor of the Ottoman Empire, a fact which has no precedents in the European history. Catastrophic taxation caused bad economic crisis and conservation of feudal relations. It all led to the country’s lagging far behind many other European nations. This was the price paid for Ottoman control during many centuries.

Церковна благодійність на правобережній Україні (X – XVIII ст.): історичний аспект

Author(s): Anna Svyatnenko / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 4/2010

In this article is analyzed the process of appearance and evolution of church charity in Right Bank Ukraine.

Церковно-славянские памятники в библиотеках василианских монастырей

Author(s): Irena Wodzianowska / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5-6/2015

The study closely traces the fate of Church Slavonic monuments in the collections of the Basilian monasteries since the establishment of the Order of the Basilians in 1617 to the period of socialism. A full quantitative and thematic characterization of the manuscripts and books preserved until today is presented against the background of historical events. The author argues that the collections of the Basilian libraries are unique in character and represent a kind of synthesis between western and eastern traditions.

Цикълът на Деянията и Чудесата Христови от притвора на Черепишката манастирска църква „Успение Богородично”

Author(s): Maya Zacharieva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2015

The article treats the iconographic specifics of the cycle of Christ’s acts and miracles at the earliest narthex of the Catholicon of The Assumption, Monastery of Cherepish, which researchers traditionally attribute to the work of St Poemen of Zographou. The study makes also certain observations about their connection with the so-called School of Epirus as evinced in the murals at the Church of St Nicholas of Philanthropenoi in Ioannina, Pamvotida Lake, as well as in other examples in the Balkans and the Athonite monasteries of the age. The analysis shows that the icon-painters were familiar with the models used by the sixteenth-century leading post-Byzantine artistic centres.

Црквата Св. Никола во село Крајници, Велешко

Author(s): Darko Nikolovski / Language(s): Macedonian / Issue: 4/2015

The church of St. Nicholas in the village Krajnici is a monumental three aisle edifice from the 19th century. The fresco painting was accomplished during two periods (1875 and 1889) by different painters. In 1875, the fresco painting in the upper section of the central aisle, the dome, and the large part of the iconostasis was made by the painter – zograph Petre and his son Gligor of Tresonce in 1875, establish with the inscription on iconostasis beam. Together with Petre and his son Gligor, appears the name of the painter Krste zograph from Veles, the author of the Despotic icons (Jesus Christ and the Holy Virgin). Alongside the other icons, a mention deserves two graphic prints kept in the altar space. The print of the Holy Virgin and Christ of the iconographic type – The Virgin Unfading Rose. The print from Krajnici i​s identical to the Virgin Unfading Rose from the monastery of Saint Efpraxia, the work of the engraver Giannantonio Zuliani from Venice in 1820, under the expense of the painters Stephanos and Neophytos from Mount Athos.