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«Искусный и очень опытный стратег»: военная деятельность Ивана Русина на службе царей Тырновской Болгарии (20—30-е гг. XIV в.)

Author(s): Andrey Vasilyevich Fedoruk / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article elucidates one of the unexplored historical pages of the relations between Rus and Bulgaria, which is connected with the military activities of Ivan, who was called Rusin, in 20—30s years of the 14th century. Based on the reports of Greek historical essays, the author investigates some selected episodes of the stay of the warlord of Ruthenian origin in the service of the Bulgarian tsars of Terter and Shishman’s dynasties. The author also reveals his prominent role in the defense of Philippopol (1323), the march to Constantinople (1328) and the battle of Rusokastro (1332). Unresolved is the question of Ivan’s participation in the major battle of Velbazhd on July 28, 1330, the controversy of which is connected with the lack of the necessary specific data in narrative sources.

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Берестяная отделка ножен раннесредневекового меча из Яблони

Author(s): Oleksii V. Komar / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The paper examines materials of the early medieval nomadic burial from Yablunya (grave 11, barrow 11) in the Berezan river basin (North-West Black Sea region). The grave was discovered in 1974 by the Ingul expedition led by O. G. Shaposhnikova and published later by R. S. Orlov with contradictory chronological, cultural and ethnic attribution.The fact that some fragments of scabbard and hilt made of organic materials have been preserved makes it an exceptional case. Thus, it is possible to reconstruct the outlook of weapons of ordinary nomads, to study the technology of birch bark lining, stylistic details of ornament and its links with the decoration of synchronous weapons from internments of nomadic nobility. Peculiarities of this funerary rite, as a whole, and analogies to the grave goods allow us to reconsider its attribution as an early Pecheneg site of the last quarter of the 9th century and qualify grave 11 of barrow 11 near Yablunya as Sivashovka type grave dated by the 2nd half of the 7th — early 8th centuries.

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Курган 5 могильника Погоща как пример элитарного погребального комплекса конца Х — начала XI в. на северо-западе Полоцкой земли

Author(s): Mikalai A. Plavinski / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Pahoshcha barrow cemetery is located in the Braslau district of the Vitsebsk region of the Republic of Belarus. The study of the site was conducted throughout 2005—2009 by the archaeological expedition under the guidance of the author. Barrow 5 can be dated to the boundary of the 10th—11th centuries — the beginning or the first decades of the 11th century. The barrow contained two inhumation burials which were placed in some kind of wooden structure, probably made of boards. The main male burial is exceptionally rich in assortment of grave goods. Features of the burial rite make it possible to classify mound 5 to the circle of quasi-chamber burial antiquities of Ancient Rus.

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Слово о Суждале: гипотеза О. Н. Трубачева в свете данных археологии, истории и топонимики

Author(s): Aleksey A. Romanchuk / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

O. N. Trubachev’s hypothesis is considered in the context of modern knowledge of archaeology and history, as well as in the context of toponomic landscape of the region. The author found out that the hypothesis refers to the knowingly later historical events, compared to the time of appearance of the oikonym. So, the hypothesis needs a significant modification, at least. Basing on the analysis of the toponomic context of the region, the author suggest that the appearance of the oikonym Suzdal was caused by the first wave of Slavic migration to the Volga-Klyazma region. This migration brought a toponomic model that consists of prefix Su- and final -ь to the region. The author also suggests that appearance of Suzdal as oikonym was preceded by use of Suzdal as a hydronym (the old name of the Kamenka river, presumably) or a toponym which named a larger topographical object (Suzdal high plains as a whole).

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Усадьба Алестуй монгольского времени в Забайкалье

Author(s): Nikolay Nikolaevich Kradin,Svetlana E. Baksheeva,Evgeny V. Kovychev,Artur V. Kharinsky / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The Alestuy homestead site is located nine kilometers north-east from the Khirkhira Mongolian medieval town in East Baikal region. It consisted of a 1.5 m high filled-up platform with dimensions 17×28—32 m extended along the north-south line. The platform was surrounded by a low rectangular bank (0.3 m) with dimensions 71×71 m. The bank was oriented almost by the cardinal points. We have conventionally marked it as the main yard. Another 64×33 m rectangular banked area was annexed to the northern bank. We studied the northern and western parts of the homestead and the neighboring territory of the yard up to the bank. The total excavation area was 400 sq. m. Among the finds there were a large number of iron nails of various sizes, fragments of different iron and bronze goods, a flat arrowhead, a stone smoother, a fragment of a plowshare, bits of slag, fragments of a crucible, an iron lock, wheel hub liners, the rim and pieces of the walls of iron cauldrons, birch bark fragments with holes, dice made from tiles and some items made from rectangular tiles with holes. We also found 16 whole bricks. The most commonly spread material was the roof tiles. Typologically the tiles from the Alestuy homestead were compatible to the tiles from the Khirkhira town, Konduisky town, and had many features in common with the Narsatuy homestead from Buryatia and Den-Terek town from Tuva and Avarga from Mongolia.

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Приенисейская Сибирь — северная периферия Монгольской империи

Author(s): Polina O. Senotrusova,Pavel V. Mandryka / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In the early 13th century, the territory of Yenisei Siberia was gradually conquered and subjugated by the Mongol Empire, the process starting from the southern regions. The archaeological evidence of the process is fragmentary. In the territory of Tuva, Mongolian cities, settlements, burials and Buddhist monuments are known, which indicate its direct settling by the Mongols. In the Minusinsk-Khakassia depression and the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe, individual Mongolian items are known by separate burials and by casual collecting. The population of the southern taiga of the Yenisei Siberia region had also been incorporated in the structure of the Mongol Empire, which is demonstrated by the finds of ceremonial hunting belt sets, Chinese beads and other imported items.

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Могильник Окошки I в юго-восточном Забайкалье и некоторые аспекты идентичности монголов в XIII—XIV вв.

Author(s): Artur V. Kharinsky,Evgeny V. Kovychev,Nikolay Nikolaevich Kradin / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The funerary ritual of 14 graves from the Okoshki 1 burial mound site in South-Eastern Transbaikalia is analyzed. The data from the Okoshki 1 burial mound and other funerary sites of the Baykal region are used in order to define elements of the Mongols’ funerary ritual in the 13th—14th centuries. Basic elements of the funerary ritual are: a) vertical grave pit; b) stone grave mound; c) a single skeleton in a grave; d) dead body lying on the back (supine skeleton). Additional elements of the funerary ritual include: a) wooden chamber; b) north or north-east orientation of the dead; c) presence of sheep bones in the grave (tibia, scapula, and lumbar vertebrae).

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Западный Казахстан в XIII—XIV вв.

Author(s): Arman A. Bissembayev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In the Golden Horde period, the vast territory of Western Kazakhstan was one of the ulus centers. The dynamics of political processes in the modern history period related to aspects of ethnic formation was directly inherited from the medieval Mongol states period. A considerable variety and variability in funerary sites of the mid-13th to the early 14th centuries is observed, which is a consequence of migration flows and resettlements initiated by the Mongols. By the mid-14th century, Islamization of population had started, which was reflected in the accretion of pagan and Muslim ritual features and a lengthy existence of this type of syncretic ceremony.

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Болгарский улус во второй половине XIII — середине XIV вв.: историко-археологический анализ

Author(s): Iskander Lerunovich Izmailov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article addresses the flourishing period of the city of Bolgar after the Mongol conquest, as one of the leading economic and political centers of the Jochi Ulus. Numerous written records by Arabic and European authors and Russian chroniclers allow highlighting the general history of Bolgar in the Golden Horde period. Advantageous geographical position contributed to the rapid restoration of the city and the attainment of its capital status, as well as the further development of handicrafts and trade. Bolgar became one of the first centers of minting Golden Horde coins. According to archaeological data, the features of urban development were recovered. In the 14th century, the Cathedral mosque, administrative buildings, and mausoleums for distinguished persons were built in Bolgar. The decline of Bolgar in the second half of the 14th century was connected with the onset of the general political instability in the Jochi Ulus, the plague and the reduction of trade along the Great Silk road.

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К исторической топографии средневековых могильников Марийско-Чувашского Поволжья

Author(s): Tatyana B. Nikitina,Elena E. Vorobeva / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Materials of burial complexes help distinguishing peculiarities of burial grounds location in specific landscape conditions. Within the cemeteries, groups of burials have been selected, which make it possible to trace the dynamics of necropolis occupancy depending on the chronology or external cultural influences.

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Клад джучидских монет второй четверти XV в. из Алексеевского района Татарстана. К вопросу о монетных дворах Булгарского улуса в XV в.

Author(s): Oleg V. Stepanov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The find of a new 15th-century hoard of coins from Bilyar area is discussed. Analogies to other numismatic complexes of the region are offered. The method of comparison of the finds of coins and their types makes it possible to draw a conclusion about the existence of a mint that had emitted silver coins in the second quarter of the 15th century.

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Об одном половецком погребении и интерпретациях на тему ртути

Author(s): Zvezdana V. Dode / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The unique feature of the nomadic burial from the Shumaevski II burial ground is the presence of mercury. The paper deals with certain controversial conjectures and proposes counterarguments regarding the employment of mercury in the burial ritual. Special attention is paid to textile remains and their correspondence with the burial inventory and ritual complex.

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Мордва Нижнего Поволжья в золотоордынское время

Author(s): Aleksej Yu. Zeleneev,Yuriy A. Zeleneev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article examines settlement of the Mordvinians in the Lower Volga region in the Golden Horde period (second half of the 13th and 14th cc.). Mordvinian settlements and burial grounds are encountered mainly in the forest-steppe zone on the Volga right bank, but sites in the steppe zone and on the Volga left bank are also known. The materials of the burial grounds reveal both Mokshan and Erzyan ethno-cultural characteristic features. At present, there is no reliable data yet on whether it was a forced relocation or independent movement of Mordvinian population.

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Серебряные дирхемы Золотой Орды в степном Приуралье

Author(s): Irina V. Matyushko,Lyudmila A. Kraeva,Lidiya V. Kuptsova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article is devoted to the introduction of a new finding: a silver dirham of the Golden Horde period from the burial near Cheben’ki village, Orenburg Oblast. The coin is dated to 739—740 AH (1338—1340) and is attributed to the reign of Uzbek Khan. The finding is compared to the existing analogies and is considered among other materials prepared for the mapping of dirhams found in burials located in the Cis-Ural steppes. The finds of coins in burials of this region confirm its close contacts with the Lower Volga area and Central Asia in the Golden Horde period.

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Топография и застройка Багаевского селища

Author(s): Leonard Fedorovich Nedashkovsky,Marat Bayazitovich Shigapov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article characterizes topography of the Golden-Horde Bagaevka settlement situated in Saratov region of Saratov oblast. The settlement used to belong to the Golden-Horde Ukek city district and existed in the second half of the 13th — 14th cc. Special attention is paid to trench I, where the works were conducted in 2002—2003, 2007—2012 and 2014—2015. Problems related to the purpose of the discovered constructions, distribution of separate categories of finds in them, including the numismatic materials (dated in general starting the late 13th c. to 1360/1361 A.D.), the imports and artifacts connected with various ethnic groups’ presence on the site are considered.

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Кузькинский мордовский могильник конца XIII—XIV в.: новые материалы о населении Самарского Поволжья в эпоху Золотой Орды

Author(s): Dmitriy A. Stashenkov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

A previously unknown burial ground of the Middle Ages in the Volga Samara region is studied. The analysis of the grave goods from 16 burials allowed their dating by the late 13th to mid-14th century. The funerary rite and the items from the burials find analogies with the Muransky, Barbashinsky, Usinsky burial ground sites excavated in the region, that are associated mainly with the Mordovian groups. The emergence of large Mordovian burial grounds in the Middle Volga region was conditioned by the economic development policy pursued by the Golden Horde administration in the Volga region. The chronological framework of the sites with the Mordva ethno-cultural component studied in the region encompasses the late 13th — mid-14th centuries. Reliable evidence of their existence in the region following the 1360s (the start of the internecine dissention wars known as the “Great Zamyatnya” in the Golden Horde) is absent.

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География и особенности жизнеобеспечения городов Золотой Орды по археозоологическим данным

Author(s): Lilia V. Yavorskaya,Ekaterina Ye. Antipina / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Archaeozoological data are used to reveal two component features of the life-support system characteristic to the Golden Horde Volga region towns: the supply of products from the nearby agricultural area, and from the nomads migrating throughout vast steppe regions. Sustainability of food deliveries to the Golden Horde urban dwellers had been largely associated with a settled rural neighborhood supplying beef, the major meat resource. Its efficiency had been connected mainly with the natural conditions. The consumption of horse, sheep and pig meat had been determined by economic, social and ethnic factors.

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Локализация комплекса из урочища Гашун-Уста (Ставропольская губерния, 1890 г.) и выделение золотоордынских владений в Центральном Предкавказье

Author(s): Vitaly A. Babenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article examines proceedings of the 1860—1861 Kuma-Manych expedition that allow specifying the localization of the Gashun-Usta stow in the territory of Stavropol province (guberniya). In 1890, a belt bowl and a belt set were found in the area, dating to the time of Mengu-Timur.The Gashun-Usta site is localized in the vicinity of Basanta village, Arzgirsky district, Stavropol Krai, in the basin of the Chogray River on the north-eastern slopes of the Stavropol Upland.This zone yields plenty of Golden Horde burials. Summer and winter pastures of medieval nomads were located there. Evidence by G. de Rubruk on Bеrke’s encampments can be linked with this territory.

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Нижнее Закубанье в XIII—XIV вв.: на границе культур и природных зон

Author(s): Inga A. Druzhinina / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The paper presents a summary of the anthropological and archaeological materials from cemeteries investigated on the Lower Kuban River. The author concludes that a multiethnic population emerged there in the 13th—14th cc. AD. Its core was apparently formed by the Alans, Bulgars, Zygians, with participation of the settled Polovtsians. The anthropological material points to metisation of population, which is confirmed by the archaeological data, namely, mixed and unified character of the material and spiritual culture formed on the basis of different ethnic groups.

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Франкоязычные путешественники прошлого о памятниках золотоордынской эпохи на Кавказе (городище Маджары)

Author(s): Ekaterina L. Sosnina / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article offers information about the Majar hillfort — the remains of the largest Golden Horde city in the North Caucasus, which is contained in the travel notes, letters, memoirs and other kind of records and drawings by foreign travelers of the 18th—19th centuries. They were: S. Turkay, an emigrant from Hungary; Ferrand, a French doctor; nobleman Aubrey de la Motret, a French traveler; Jan Potocky, researcher of the Caucasus, a descendant of the Polish magnates, member of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Adele Hommaire de Hell, a French writer and traveler, member of the French Geographical Society. These sources have not been translated into Russian and remain little known to researchers.

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