CEEOL - Browse Subjects Result

We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

The diffusion of Pacific English-lexifier pidgins and creoles: Evidence from Australian Kriol

Author(s): Andrei A. Avram / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

Australian Kriol is an English-lexifier creole, spoken in the Northern Territory and adjacent areas of Western Australia and Queensland, which has generally not been considered in previous comparative work on English-lexifier pidgins and creoles. In this paper I adopt an approach used in research on the historical-linguistic relationships among English-lexifier contact languages (Baker and Huber 2001), which takes into account specific diagnostic features recorded at any time in their history. The findings have several implications. First attestations in Australian Kriol provide further data relevant to any investigation into issues such as the origin and diffusion of diagnostic features and the genetic relationships holding among the Pacific English-lexifier varieties. Also, the feature-based approach adopted allows for the quantification of the degree of affinity of Australian Kriol with other potentially relevant Pacific English-lexifier pidgins and creoles. Finally, evidence from Australian Kriol – corroborated with that provided by other Pacific English-lexifier contact languages (Avram; 2004-a) – demonstrates that a number of diagnostic features hitherto believed to occur only in Atlantic varieties (Baker and Huber 2001) have in fact a world-wide distribution.

More...

„Făr’de treabă în politie”.Cerșetorii în secolul al XVIII-lea românesc

Author(s): Ligia Livadă-Cadeschi / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2003

La naissance de I’État moderne en Europe occidentale s’est accompagnée de l’émergence de la pauvreté en tant que thème de Ia réflexion politique et des efforts pratiques du pouvoir politique d’écarter, même d’une façon violente, les mendiants de I’espace public. Au XVIe siècle sont énoncés les principes modernes de la réforme de I’assistance aux pauvres: interdire la quéte publique des aumônes, obliger tous les pauvres à travailler (même ceux atteints Par une infirmité moins grave), sécuriser exclusivement les invalides, les enfants et les vieillards, en raison de leur incapacité de travail. Les mendiants valides commencent à être considérés comme source de tous les désordres publics et sont voués à la répression (faite au nom même de Ia charité). Le grand enfermement du XVIIe siècle européen se propose d’écarter les pauvres de I’espace public et de les faire travailler (même des travaux forcés s‘ils refusent le marché libre). Cette évolution se produit en Valachie et en Moldavie au XVIIIe siècle. Au XVIIe et au début du XVIIIe siècle la mendicité des pauvres invalides et estropiés était tenue pour un métier licite. Dans les villes roumaines ceux-ci étaient organisés en corporations de gueux, autorisées par les princes régnants à vivre des aumônes. À Ia fin du XVIIIe siècle, ce sont les mêmes princes qu’interdisent la mendicité et ordonnent I’enfermement des pauvres malades aux monastères ou aux hôpitaux des pauvres malades (parus dès le début du XVIIIe siècle). Parallèlement, la merdicité des pauvres valides commence à être considérée un délit; on leurs ordonne de se faire embaucher sous peine de fouet. Parfois ils sont utilisés, toujours par ordre du prince, aux travaux publics. Toute mendicité publique est interdite en raison des dangers qui sont susceptibles de menacer la communauté envahie par les pauvres: maladies contagieuses, bagarres et désordres publiques, séditions populaires.

More...

O Altfel De Istorie A României Sub Patru Regi

Author(s): Emanuel Bălan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2021

Gh. Jurgea-Negrilești, Troica amintirilor. Sub patru regi, ediția a III-a, Cartea Românească-Polirom, 2014, 480 p

More...

DE LA BORDEI LA PALAT. CELE MAI VECHI FORME DE LOCUIRE LA CURTEA VECHE

Author(s): Sorin Cleșiu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 6/2020

In 2019 and 2020, having as main goal the clarification and completion of historical data insufficiently researched in areas from Old Court Palace we started to research the areas at the north side of the palace. The first phase of archaeological research revealed in the north-eastern area of the Palace (2019) a construction with adobe walls. Afterwards, in 2020, this time in the northwest, two ovens and a rectangular shape dwelling were discovered near the houses built by Gheorghe Duca in the 18th Century. From a museographic and historical point of view, the remains of these constructions are extremely important, not only for the fact that they were discovered inside the ruins of Old Court Palace, but also because they document important phases in the historical evolution of the city. Therefore, the research revealed a dwelling with the location of the oven on the northeast corner (6th-7th centuries AD) and two ovens, one being a pottery kiln and the other a bread oven (9th-10th centuries AD). Also, the discovery of the adobe structure dated at the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th Century, based on two Ottoman ceramic fragments, certify the presence of annex buildings in the area outside the palace walls. The archaeological features described and explained in this study were not destructively researched. They were documented through plans, drawings, and photographs made for each stage of archaeological work. Eventually, sacrificing the new data that an exhaustive archaeological excavation offers, these historical findings were preserved in situ in a preliminary stage, with the purpose of highlighting them as one of the multitudes of attractions that the Old Court Palace future museum will offer to visitors.

More...

Brief history of general languages and language policies in colonial Brazil

Author(s): Samuel Figueira-Cardoso,Alexandre da Silva Borges / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Brazil is a multilingual and multicultural country and was so even before the Europeans arrived in the territory. Over the centuries, contact and conflict between European and African languages with indigenous languages have influenced the variety of Portuguese spoken in the country since the 16th century. In this paper, we present an overview of Brazil’s languages, referring to the so-called general languages and the language policies in favor of the Portuguese language in the period. To this end, we resort to the contributions of scholars who investigate the use of language in society or “social history of language” (Burke 2002, Freire 2003); some concepts derived from the field of language policy; notions of heritage and indigenous culture. It is shown that the policies of colonization were harmful to linguistic diversity, as in the case of the Nheengatu language spoken until today in the North of the country, due to the continuous resistance of the speakers of the language.

More...

Lozincile sovietice ca instrument de propagandă

Author(s): Diana-Elena Firfirica / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2022

The article presents a short analysis of the Soviet slogans.The aim of our article resides in compiling a thematic classification of the most commonly used Soviet slogans from the 1920s to the 1980s.The Soviet slogans included in the article can be divided into different thematic groups, such as: slogans about education, work, war, economics, life and death. Moreover, in this article we delve deeper into the analysis of the grammatical means employed for propaganda. Soviet slogans are simple phrases which help draw people's attention and which are used to enforce political propaganda. They conveyed to the Soviet community certain ideas, mainly related to life under communism, they pledged the country's economic growth, a better life for citizens and a prosperous future, devoid of worries. The slogans were based on the moral principles of the ideal Soviet citizen who must do anything to protect his country and his compatriots.

More...

Condiția femeii în cultura rusă Studiu de caz: Lady Macbeth din siberia de Nikolai Leskov

Author(s): Larisa-Maria Enciu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2022

This article discusses the contradictions generated by the social movement for the emancipation of women, especially in the Russian state. In the story of Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk, Nikolai Leskov emphasises the idea that the promotion of the tabula rasa model among women can have harmful consequences both for the individual and for society

More...

Utilitarismul în literatura rusă: utopia lui Cernîșevski și distopia lui Odoevski

Author(s): Alina Iacob / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2022

The present article examines how the theory of utilitarianism, highly debated in the Russian society of the 19th century, is embodied in the field of literature through the works of two fundamentally different authors: Vladimir Odoyevsky and Nikolay Chernyshevsky. Through this article we endeavour to discover how the polarity of the utopia-dystopia genre leads to the creation of two opposite ethe, which nevertheless stem from a sole reductive mentality.

More...

The Discourse on Islam, Democracy and Human Rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1980-2010

Author(s): Ehlimana Memišević / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2023

This article explores the relationship between Islam, democracy, and human rights in Islamic publications in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period from 1980 to 2010. During this period two waves of the Islamic revival emerged in the country, as a reaction to an existing threat to Bosnian Muslims’ vital rights and interests, which in turn were presented by Serb nationalist intellectuals as “evidence” of the supposed intent of Bosnian Muslims to create an Islamic state in Europe which “could become the stronghold of the most extreme Islamic fundamentalism”. Based on an analysis of the publications from this period, this article explores the influence of the Islamic revival on the relationship between Islam, democracy and human rights. It shows that most of the publications are written by prominent Muslim intellectuals, who emphasize the compatibility of Islam, democracy and human rights. It also shows that while the different interpretations of Islam that were brought in the second wave of the Islamic revival challenged the local Islamic customs and religious practices, there were no attempts to impose political ideas. There were no demands for the application of the Shari‘ah or the establishment of an Islamic state.

More...

Postoji li povijest seksualnosti?

Author(s): David M. Halperin / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 23/2023

Seks nema povijest. On je prirodna činjenica utemeljena u funkcioniranju tijela te, kao takav, leži izvan povijesti i kulture. S druge strane, seksualnost se zapravo ne odnosi na neki aspekt ili svojstvo tijela. Za razliku od seksa, seksualnost je kulturalna tvorevina: ona predstavlja prisvajanje ljudskoga tijela i njegovih psiholoških kapaciteta od strane ideološkog diskursa. Seksualnost nije somatska činjenica; ona je kulturalni učinak. Seksualnost, tako, ima svoju povijest – premda (kao što ću argumentirati) ne jako dugačku. Dakako, reći to ne znači ustanoviti nešto očigledno – unatoč samopouzdanu prizvuku s kojim sam to učinio – nego predložiti kontroverznu, sumnjivo pomodnu te, možda, izrazito kontraintuitivnu tvrdnju. Čini se da opravdanost takve tvrdnje ne počiva ni na čemu čvršćem od prestiža briljantnog, pionirskog, no uvelike teorijskog rada pokojnog francuskog filozofa Michela Foucaulta. Prema Foucaultu, seksualnost nije stvar, prirodna činjenica, nepromjenjivi i nepomični element u beskonačnoj gramatici ljudskoga subjektiviteta, već „skup učinaka što ih je u tijelima, ponašanjima, društvenim odnosima izazvao izvjestan dispozitiv (...) jedne složene političke tehnologije“. „Seksualnost“, Foucault inzistira u drugom odlomku, „ne treba shvaćati kao neku vrstu prirodne datosti koju bi vlast pokušavala ukrotiti, ili kao neko slabo poznato područje što bi ga znanje malo pomalo pokušavalo otkriti. To je ime koje se može dati jednom povijesnom dispozitivu: ne pozadinska stvarnost koju bismo teško dokučili, nego velika površinska mreža na kojoj se podsticanje tijela, pojačavanje zadovoljstava, podstrek na govor, stvaranje spoznaja, pojačavanje kontrola i otpora nadovezuju jedni na druge prema nekoliko velikih strategija znanja i vlasti.“

More...

Hana Younis, Žene u sudskim spisima 1878–1914. Odbjegle, preljubnice, rentijerke, zemljovlasnice

Author(s): Enida Dučić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 22/2023

Review of: Hana Younis, Žene u sudskim spisima 1878–1914. Odbjegle, preljubnice, rentijerke, zemljovlasnice, Sarajevo: Univerzitet u Sarajevu – Institut za historiju, 2023, 335 str.

More...

Human Development Index: Changes in East Central Europe, 1913-2010

Author(s): Stanislav Holubec,Béla Tomka / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Studies on the long-term trends of quality of life, and more specifically, the Human Development Index (HDI), have thus far largely neglected East Central Europe, and the existing scholarship tends to be fragmented. The paper seeks to address these shortcomings in research by investigating the trends of the HDI in Poland, Czechoslovakia and its successor states, Czechia and Slovakia, as well as Hungary between 1913 and 2010 within a broader international context. The analysis is based on a new data set developed by the authors. The results demonstrate that the HDI performance of the later decades of state socialism was more moderate than it is commonly assumed.

More...

Review of psychological studies on correlates of youth religiosity in post-socialist Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author(s): Srđan Dušanić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Research on religiosity in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) and former Yugoslavia during the socialist period consistently shows that the majority of inhabitants (70–80%) identify as not religious. In the 1990s, many things changed in B&H, the most important definitely being the fall of the socialist system, expansion of ethnic awareness among all three dominant peoples (Bosniaks, Serbs, Croats), and ethnic war. These social circumstances were followed by changes in the relationship towards religion. Religion has become a very important and socially desirable ideology. In this survey, we review psychological surveys and investigate to what extent young people in the post-socialist context of B&H are religious, and we examine the relationship between religiosity and other social, psychological, and demographic variables. The results of close to 50 empirical surveys have been analysed. Papers were written in the period from 2000 to 2022. All papers included samples from B&H. The paper with the smallest sample had 163 respondents, while the biggest sample amounted to 7,000 respondents. The majority of papers had 300–550 respondents. All surveys encompassed young people between 15 and 25 years of age. The instruments used in most of the cases were the religiosity scales that rely on Allport’s concept of religious orientation, and they imply the existence of intrinsic and extrinsic dimensions (subscales) of religiosity. The results of most of the research show that around 70–90% of participants identify as religious. People in Bosnia and Herzegovina are keen on identifying as religious, but that is much less accompanied by adequate and concrete religious attitudes and behaviours. Socio-demographic variables can be important for expressing religiosity, but those correlations are not consistent. Religiosity almost regularly correlates with conformity, authoritarianism, and conservatism. There is a tendency that religiosity can be a determinant of personal well-being. Correlation is found with better family relations, altruism, lower anti-social behaviours, and, in some research, greater satisfaction with life and optimism. In contrast to that, religiosity can be connected with certain realistically or potentially problematic constructs such as social and ethnic distances, authoritarianism, dogmatism, and ethnocentrism. In the future, it is necessary to work on the development of religiosity, which is a factor of internal and social well-being, and not of intergroup disputes.

More...

PRL, kraje socjalistyczne i Globalne Południe w latach 1955–1990. Stan badań i postulaty badawcze

Author(s): Przemysław Gasztold,Klejd Këlliçi / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The aim of this article is to present the current state of research dedicated to the relations of communist states with the Global South and to present the experience of PRL in this respect. During the Cold War, the countries of the Soviet bloc maintained very active relations with Third World states and national liberation movements. These contacts, initiated in the mid-1950s, were of varied nature and concerned political, military, economic and socio-cultural cooperation. The Soviet Union played the lead role in these relations, but countries under Moscow’s tutelage – notably the GDR, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania – also sought to be present in the Third World. Warsaw also pursued an active policy towards the states and national liberation movements of the Global South, although its strategy differed from the conduct of other communist countries. The involvement of PRL was more cautious and more, than in the case of other countries, focused on economic benefits. The review of the state of research shows that a lot is already known about communist Poland’s policy towards the Third World, but many areas remain poorly researched. The gaps in our knowledge that still remain may inspire future research dedicated to the relations between the Communist bloc and the Global South.

More...

Directed by Moscow? Communist Poland’s Policies in Decolonial Africa, 1918/1945–1964

Author(s): Piotr Puchalski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The article examines the historical breaks and continuities in the Polish state’s policies toward (de)colonial Africa, underlining the persistence of the economic and cultural factors therein. It is argued that during the period after World War II, Warsaw managed to exercise considerable autonomy in its approach to independent states and rebellious colonies on the continent, despite ideological and political pressure from Moscow. In this manner, the article reconsiders the role of the Polish (People’s) Republic in the international socialist project in the Global South and recommends further research, both on the period of 1945–1964 and later years.

More...

Relationship in the Shadow of Vietnam: the GDR and Cambodia/Kampuchea 1969–1989

Author(s): Bernd Schaefer / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Until 1990, the GDR had varying degrees of bilateral ties with Cambodia: friendly-constructive during the rule of Sihanouk for ten months in 1969/1970; very distant between 1970 and 1974; none at all and outright hostility under Pol Pot between 1975 and 1979; and finally relatively close but restricted by the Vietnamese side between 1979 and 1990. Unlike other socialist countries, the GDR was able to establish contacts with Cambodia only belatedly due to the West German strategy of isolating the GDR diplomatically between 1955 and 1969. Once those hard-fought ties were achieved, however, the relationship between the GDR and Cambodia over the next 20 years resembled a roller coaster ride due to the Sino-Soviet Conflict and, as a result, the divergent interests and policies of Cambodia’s changing patrons, namely Vietnam and China. The GDR was rather subject to these currents than being able to shape them in any significant way

More...

Katyń Józefa Mackiewicza – dzieje zaświadczone, doświadczone, badane i strzeżone

Author(s): Adam Fitas / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

Józef Mackiewicz’s Katyń – a Story Witnessed, Experienced, Researched and Guarded

More...

O pamięci Powstania Warszawskiego w przeddzień 80. rocznicy

Author(s): Jacek Zygmunt Sawicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The Warsaw Uprising in 1944 ended in defeat. However, amongst Poles, the memory of the battle fought by the capital remained extremely strong and affected later attitudes. It protected identity and helped to survive the period of Soviet subjugation. Symbols of this memory included the anchor (the sign of the Polish Underground State), uprising songs, graves and cemeteries, the passing on of the testimony of the insurgents’ heroism and patriotism to posterity, and participation in anniversary celebrations. Today, the next generation of young Poles are taking over the duty of remembrance from their parents and grandparents and even identifying with the past generation, recognising the tragic experiences as their own. However, they are increasingly shifting their focus to new areas resulting from cultural changes, caused above all by the onslaught of information technology and the virtual world. The memory of the Warsaw Uprising, however, because of its emotional nature, also remains present in contemporary political life. The author of this article discusses the transformations taking place in collective memory. He identifies new phenomena regarding modes of representation, as well as new roles of the Warsaw Uprising in public discourse.

More...

Polsko-brytyjskie stosunki gospodarcze w latach 1971–1980 w świetle „Polskich Dokumentów Dyplomatycznych”

Author(s): Tomasz Korban / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The article presents the economic aspects of Polish-British relations in the 1970s. Archival sources used were based on “Polish Diplomatic Documents”, a publication of sources. The United Kingdom at the beginning of the 1970s was Poland’s most important Western economic partner. Relations between the two countries at that time were influenced, among other factors, by British accession to the EEC. Over time, however, Albion lost its leadership position, as Poland’s chief Western economic partner, to West Germany. The article provides an answer to the question about the reasons for this change. The article consists of four parts. First, the basics of economic cooperation are discussed. The bilateral and multilateral factors influencing cooperation are then presented. The next part is devoted to trade between Poland and the UK, particularly its volume and structure. PRL authorities were attempting during the discussed period to rectify Poland’s negative trade balance, as well as the structure of this trade, which was a manifestation of the underdevelopment of the Polish economy. In subsequent parts, the article discusses the role of two symbols of Gierek’s rule in the 1970s (and which came about as a result of the economic relations between Poland and the UK), namely the purchase of licenses and the taking out of loans, the latter of which led to Poland’s debt crisis.

More...

Główny Zarząd Polityczny Wojska Polskiego – odpowiedzi na pytania związane z problematyką stosunków państwo– Kościół, przygotowujące LWP do drugiej wizyty papieża w Polsce w dniach 16–23 czerwca 1983 roku

Author(s): PAWEŁ ORŁOWSKI / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

This article contains an edition of a text written by the Main Political Board of the armed forces of communist Poland, intended for use by the political officers of the Polish “People’s” Army in their contact with soldiers. The document, created prior to Pope John Paul II’s visit to Poland, contains the opinions expressed by the authorities in Warsaw about the Vatican and its relations with Poland, the piety of Poles and the allegedly conciliatory attitude of Primate Józef Glemp towards the communist authorities. The published text reveals the methods used to shape the desired political views of soldiers during the difficult period for the authorities that was the 1980s.

More...