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Kształcenie pedagogiczne w seminariach nauczycielskich Krakowa okresu autonomii galicyjskiej

Author(s): Władysława Szulakiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

The article attempts to present the concept of pedagogical education in state Teacher Training Colleges in Krakow. Problems in the present study concern the functioning of these institutions in the period of Galician autonomy. The principal sources for the presentation of the process of pedagogical education in these colleges were mainly reports of the colleges’ directors as well as textbooks on pedagogical subjects. On the basis of the above mentioned sources, the following issues have been presented: teaching content of pedagogical subjects, lecturers of pedagogical subjects, textbooks and supplementary publications relating to pedagogy as well as pedagogical subject matter of homework assignments and of secondary school-leaving exams. Within the scope of the teaching content of pedagogical subjects, there were: the history of pedagogy, pedagogy, didactics, psychology, anthropology as well as the subjects that are currently referred to as pre-school pedagogy, which were taught in female colleges. The reports indicate that it were usually the directors of the colleges and deputy directors who taught pedagogical subjects. These teachers actively participated in scientific societies and cooperated with pedagogical journals. Moreover, they familiarised the public with the results of their research results in periodicals such as “School”, “Pedagogical Journal”, “Museum” and in other publications.

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Początki instytucjonalnej „Opieki” nad młodzieżą przemysłową i rękodzielniczą w Krakowie na przełomie XIX i XX wieku

Author(s): Ludwik Grzebień / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

At the end of the 19th century, in large cities in Galicia, small-scale industry, where mainly the young were employed, started to develop. After in 1891, Pope Leon XIII issued in his Encyclical Letter Rerum novarum, Jesuits in the Krakow region initiated establishing Catholic, working class associations, which assumed the name of “Friendship”. The further step Jesuits took was taking care of the working class youth, particularly apprentices from factory workers’, craftsmen’s and peasants’ families. Activities of Adolf Kolping, who in 1849 began his work with apprentices in Cologne and in 1851 established first in Germany “Catholic Journeymen’s Association”, served as a model for the Jesuits. Since then, in various countries, “Patronages” and “Care” facilities aimed at the industrial and handicraft youth were established. On the Galicia territory, Błażej Szydłowski, SJ, who was in charge of the care over apprentices, convened the first General Meeting concerning apprentices on September 2nd 1897. Representatives of bourgeoisie and clergy as well as boys of various professions gathered and founded “St Stanisław Kostka Care for the Apprentice Youth”. Its goal was inspiring religious life in young apprentices, occupying their leisure time with cultural activities and relaxation as well as offering them financial help if necessary. After a year of the “Care” activity, in 1898 Father Stefan Bartkowski, who took charge of the centre and managed it until 1906, replaced Father Szydłowski. On April 15th 1906, Father Mieczysław Kuznowicz, who transformed it into “Handicraft Youth Association”, took over the management of the “Care”. On December 8th, the first General Meeting of the Association was held; Father Bratkowski was appointed Lifelong Honorary President whereas Father Kuznowicz became the actual President, who managed the association in 1939. Similar centres were established in Przemyśl, Tarnopol and Tarnów, but their activities did not last long.

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Zarys rozwoju ruchu spółdzielczego na ziemiach polskich pod zaborem pruskim w drugiej połowie XIX i na początku XX wieku oraz jego edukacyjny charakter

Author(s): Elżbieta Magiera / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

The article presents the overview of the development of the cooperative movement on Polish lands under Prussian rule in the second half of the nineteenth to the early twentieth century and its educational character. The text is divided into three main parts, which present: the origins of the cooperative movement on Polish lands under Prussian rule; the development of the cooperative movement under the patronage of Augusyn Szamarzewski; the functioning of the cooperative movement under the patronage of Piotr Wawrzyniak. In the mid-nineteenth century on the Polish territory annexed by Prussia began the actions of association for economic purposes. Initially savings and credit cooperatives were formed, which were called people’s banks. With the passage of time other forms of cooperatives have developed, mainly agricultural and trading cooperatives. Polish cooperatives under Prussian rule were characterized by uniformity in terms of organization and typology. They belonged to one central financial office and one revisory association. The great patrons of cooperatives – Augustine Szamarzewski and Piotr Wawrzyniak – had profound influence on their dynamic development. The cooperative movement in Poland under Prussian rule had an educational character. It became a school of work, saving, thrift and entrepreneurship. It played an important role in the fight against Germanization. The cooperative movement was developing social solidarity, various forms of self-help, cooperation and collaboration. It strived for economic and social modernization, trying to counteract the growing negative effects of flourishing capitalism and seeking to raise the standard of living of the lowest social class through joint economic activity. It not only had an economic character, but also moral, which strengthened the positive qualities of people, fought against abuse, usury, national or social disadvantages. Cooperative associations became a place of education and upbringing of economic intelligence, a school of democracy and civic life. They were also engaged in educational and patriotic activity.

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Radosław Sztyber, „Skądże to zbłaźnienie świata?” Wojciecha Dembołęckiego „Wywód jedynowłasnego państwa świata” (studium monograficzne i edycja krytyczna)

Author(s): Piotr Świercz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 39/2021

Review of: Radosław Sztyber, „Skądże to zbłaźnienie świata?” Wojciecha Dembołęckiego „Wywód jedynowłasnego państwa świata” (studium monograficzne i edycja krytyczna), Oficyna Wydawnicza Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego, Zielona Góra 2012, ss. 487. ISBN 978-83-7481-453-9. Review by: Piotr Świercz

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Teologia strachu przed zarazą. Moralne i społeczne konsekwencje epidemiina Pomorzu 1708-1711

Author(s): Tadeusz Krzysztof Sznajderski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2020

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The author of the article presents the plague epidemic in the cities of Pomerania in the years 1708 1711. RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The social attitudes of the Pomeranian inhabitants towards the plague epidemic have been shown and characterised. PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The main organisational decisions and regulations of the municipal authorities as well as the pastoral activity of the clergy related to protection against the disease have been presented. THE RESEARCH RESULTS: The main conclusion from the presented analysis is that the inhabitants treated the epidemic as a punishment for their sins. Therefore, the efforts undertaken were aimed at the actions leading to the healing of the soul (through religious practices) and the healing of the body (through medical treatments). The Pomeranian society evidently lin ked the epidemic with the activity of God. The primary response to the epidemic was fear. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMANDATIONS: Due to its historical references, the article may be used to reflect on a post pandemic society.

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Uszanowanie charakteru władzy w średniowieczu

Author(s): Wit Pasierbek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2019

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The research objective of the article is to present the nature of authority and respect it enjoyed in the first centuries of the modern era. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: As political authorities are hardly respected today, it is worth reflecting on the phenomenon of authority by analysing it in the first centuries of Christianity and posing the question: what was the nature of authority in this period? The answer to it will be sought by analysing the main areas of the theological political thought of that time. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: Starting with the beginnings of human existence and the need to give order to the world in chaos caused by sin, we will analyze the nature of authority in the first centuries of Christianity and the Middle Ages. Beginning with the teachings of St. Paul, and three models of the government advocated by: Eusebius of Caesarea, St. Augustine, and St. Ambrose and St. Pope Gelasius I, we will prove that authority comes from God and through the authority of the Church and the emperor, brings order and peace to the world. RESEARCH RESULTS: The analysis of the views of the thinkers of the Middle Ages reveals three ways in which they undertsood authority: the primacy of the emperor with the participation of the Church, superiority of ecclesiastical authority over secular and pagan authority and the separation between ecclesiastical and secular authorities. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The analysis of the nature of authority in the Middle Ages demonstrates that respect for both ecclesiastical and secular power was widespread and was justified by its divine nature and by concern for the common good. Thus, the wisdom of Christian and medieval thinkers should serve as stimulus to reflect on the nature and the attitude to authority in modern democratic civilization.

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Artyści w filmach kina moralnego niepokoju

Author(s): Dorota Skotarczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

The second half of the 1970s saw the birth of a trend in Polish cinematography later described as the cinema of moral anxiety. Films created as part of this trend grew directly out of a specific socio-political reality. On the one hand, they spoke of universal values such as truth and goodness, to which they owe their universality and topicality, and on the other hand, they showed the reality of Poland in the 1970s. Although not an absolute rule, the plot of films of moral anxiety was often set in intellectual, journalistic and artistic circles. However, the theatres, ballrooms and television corridors described in the films were a metaphor for the Polish People’s Republic. By setting the action in artistic and creative circles, especially rather mediocre ones, among small-town masters of ceremonies, heads of small student theatres, provincial actors, it was possible to circumvent the bans and slip under the censors’ radar. All the problems and conflicts occurring in the real life of all people living in a real socialist country were reflected in these films. They all faced similar situations, being oppressed by cliques and arrangements in the workplace and in public life.

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Zwycięzcy polskiej „leniniady” – o zapominaniu komunizmu

Author(s): Jarosław Jakimczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

Whenever domestic art historiography handles the subject of Vladimir Lenin, it is only in the context of socialist realism. It is as if October 1956 contributed to the disappearance of the presentations of the leader of the Bolshevik revolution from the public space of the Polish People’s Republic (PRL). The preserved works of art and documentation of art competitions related to Lenin present a false image of the Polish history of the period from 1956 to 1989. The methodological assumption of this article was the adoption of symbolic caesuras that result from the dynamics of political events, not artistic ones, as it was politics that influenced changes in artistic life and art, not the other way around. The selection of October 1956 and the date of the restoration of the name “Rzeczpospolita Polska” (the Republic of Poland), along with the crowned White Eagle at the end of 1989, as terminus post quem and terminus ante quem is the result of two orders: in the earlier period, the point of reference for all images of Lenin and his presentations in Polish art was socialist realism; at that time, the subject of Lenin was dealt with rarely compared to that of Stalin, who was treated as the main person responsible for the success of the Soviet Union. The focus of the research on the years 1956–1989 is also a response to the attitude of denial, noticeable in the literature on the subject, towards the presence of “Leninists” in the communist art of that period. The author analyses the causes of that puzzling phenomenon by dealing with the issue of the memory of the participation of artists in the communist machine of visual propaganda.

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„Polskie miesiące” na scenie. Teatralny wymiar kryzysów społeczno-politycznych w PRL

Author(s): Daniel Przastek,Paweł Marek Mrowiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

Theatre as “the most social of the arts” interacts with the audience, the surrounding reality and responds most quickly and accurately to social changes. Not infrequently, the stage itself prosecutes or catalyses these transformations. The article is devoted to the socio-political dimension of theatre in “People’s Poland” in moments of crises. In addition to the impact of the “Polish months” and martial law on the shape and content of the Polish stage, the article shows selected reminiscences of these events in the theatre, as well as the catalysing function of theatrical art, manifested in periods of breakthrough.

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Między Krakowem a Wrocławiem. Gliwickie lata Tadeusza Różewicza i rozpracowanie poety przez Służbę Bezpieczeństwa

Author(s): Bogusław Tracz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

Tadeusz Różewicz was one of the most prominent Polish writers of the 20th century: a poet, novelist, playwright and screenwriter. A soldier in the underground Home Army during the Second World War, he studied art history at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow after the war, eventually devoting himself exclusively to literary work. At the beginning of 1950, he settled in Gliwice, which, at the time, was a provincial town from the point of view of Cracow. He never joined the ranks of the Communist Party and his voluntary detachment from mainstream literary life allowed him to partially maintain his artistic autonomy. His contacts with foreign writers and publishers brought him to the attention of the communist state security authorities. During his stay in Gliwice, he was investigated by the Security Service in relation to a case code-named “Writer”. In 1968, he moved to Wrocław. The article is an attempt to reconstruct the causes, course and effects of the poet’s exposure by the Security Service against the broad background of his time in Gliwice.

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Pozostał w kontrze. Leopold Tyrmand wobec ruchów kontestacyjnych w USA na kartach Dzienników Stefana Kisielewskiego

Author(s): MIKOŁAJ WOLSKI / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

The article presents – on the basis of Stefan Kisielewski’s Diaries from 1968–1970 – the profile of Leopold Tyrmand as an enemy of the contestation movements in the United States. At the turn of 1968 and 1969, Tyrmand was a lecturer at Columbia University. At that time, he opposed those views of American youth which he considered to be neo-Marxist and Maoist. An analysis of the historical context of Tyrmand’s American journalism from 1968–1970 shows his intransigent attitude to the New Left movement, as well as to Soviet and Chinese communism. The wave of protests in 1968 was criticised by the writer. In his Diaries, Stefan Kisielewski also refers to the conservatism of Tyrmand, which, however, raises doubts in terms of its interpretation. Tyrmand’s anti-communist stance cannot be viewed in isolation from the Cold War geopolitical rivalry between the United States, the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China. The writer did not succumb to the ideology of communism, neither in Poland nor in America, during the period of the New Left’s accelerating expansion.

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Spór o Stanisława ze Szczepanowa. Dyskusje wokół powieści Karola Bunscha Imiennik

Author(s): Przemysław Benken / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

The article addresses the discussion on the two-volume novel Imiennik (vol. 1: Śladami pradziada [In the Footsteps of the Great-Grandfather], vol. 2: Miecz i pastorał [Sword and Crosier]) by the Cracow lawyer and writer Karol Bunsch, published in 1949. It describes the reign of Bolesław the Bold and the ruler’s conflict with the Bishop of Cracow, Stanislaus of Szczepanów, which ended with the latter’s tragic death in 1079. In the novel, the author combined historical facts, his own interpretations of contentious issues and extant source material, as well as fictional events; in doing so, he strongly outlined the scientifically unverifiable inner motivations of historical figures. The novel sparked a polemic between the author and his critics that took place, among others, in Tygodnik Powszechny [Common Weekly]. It mainly concerned Bunsch’s portrayal of Bishop Stanislaus, which was considered unreliable and hurtful. Critics of the book rejected the historians’ concepts on which Bunsch relied, as well as some of the information given by Gallus Anonymus, or proposed a different interpretation. At the same time, they gave preference to later sources that portrayed Bishop Stanislaus in a positive light. Bunsch defended the hypotheses of older scholars he presented in the novel, as well as many of his own thoughts, accusing his opponents of ignorance of the sources, misinterpretation and even manipulation. The dispute dragged on for many years and had an additional political dimension, becoming part of the complicated relationship between the Catholic Church and the communist government.

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Manifestacje, strajki, zamieszki. Wystąpienia masowe o charakterze politycznym w Warszawie w 1922 r.

Author(s): MICHAŁ ZARYCHTA / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

This article aims to broaden the knowledge on the political participation in the interwar Poland. Author gives a complex description of political public assemblies in Warsaw 1922, as a manifestation of Polish political culture in the interwar period. The author analyses the course of assemblies and the social background of the assembled public. The role and activities of political elite and law enforcement agencies are highlighted, as well as their use of force and collective violence. There were three events in 1922 that expose the major political conflicts within Polish politics throughout the period of Józef Piłsudski as the Head of State and the Constituent Assembly of 1919–1922: The government crisis in June and July, the parliamentary election in October and November and the presidential election in December of 1922. The common manifestation of these conflicts were public assemblies of Varsavians.

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Osoby z zaburzeniami psychicznymi w czasach nazizmu. Kontekst naukowy i społeczno-polityczny eutanazji i sterylizacji oraz ich współczesne implikacje

Author(s): Monika Parchomiuk,Beata Szabała / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

The article aims to present the situation of people with mental disorders during the Nazi era, with particular emphasis on the foundations of the extermination policy and its post-war consequences. The “Act on Preventing the Birth of Offspring Burdened by Hereditary Disease” turned people with intellectual disabilities and mental illness into second-class citizens. The wide-ranging program of their sterilisation and euthanasia was an excellent preview of what could happen to intellectually able and mentally healthy people in the Third Reich and the lands under German occupation. The Nazi extermination policy had at least two sources: scientific achievements (also in the field of genetics as the basis for the development of eugenics), and the social, political and economic conditions in Germany. The post-war period did not bring the expected consequences, either from the perspective of the perpetrators, or the victims and their families. The use of science for the purpose of exterminating people whose lives were considered incomplete, to the extent it took place during the analysed period, was unprecedented in modern history and has not happened since. However, we observe disturbing tendencies that may indicate the unethical use of scientific achievements in eliminating “life not worth living”

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„Banki groźniejsze niż tanki”. Mechanizmy gospodarczego nacisku Związku Sowieckiego na Polskę (1980–1981)

Author(s): Tomasz Kozłowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

The article focuses on the economic blackmail used by the Soviet Union against the Polish People’s Republic (the PRL) during the so-called Polish crisis (1980–1981). In 1980–1981, the Kremlin achieved great efficiency in the simultaneous use of many foreign policy tools. To force the introduction of martial law by the Polish authorities, three basic methods of pressure were implemented: threats to use military intervention, support for the pro-Soviet faction of the Polish United Workers’ Party (the PZPR) and threats to cut off supplies of raw materials and financial aid. Compared to the economic, political and military consequences of a possible invasion of the Warsaw Pact troops in Poland, the use of those three tools was rather costless. Such a strategy could be used over a longer period of time and flexibly, depending on the development of the situation. Based on the conducted analysis – using the studies and available source materials – the threat to reduce supplies of raw materials was the most effective tool in the Kremlin Arsenal. The hierarchy of Soviet foreign policy tools adopted so far – from the most to the least important ones – was as follows: threat of military intervention, support for the pro-Soviet faction within the PZPR, then economic pressure. In fact, that order should be reversed. The most important tool in the Kremlin Arsenal was the sanctions – it was the threat of their application that finally pushed the Polish leadership to take action.

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Działalność wydawnicza ks. Franciszka Blachnickiego w RFN w latach 1982–1987

Author(s): Robert Derewenda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

In the last years of his life, spent in exile in the FRG, Father Franciszek Blachnicki established the International “Light-Life” Centre for Evangelisation in Carlsberg in 1982. The Christian Service for the Liberation of Nations was also based there. Both establishments were supported by the Maximilianeum Publishing House, which released literature addressed mainly to the Polish community and then was transferred to Poland. Providing the equipment for the printing house required material resources. Friends of Father Blachnicki, the Protestants from the Campus Crusade for Christ International, were there to help. Initially, it was ad hoc assistance, and from December 1985 it developed into permanent orders for printing. To properly arrange cooperation with the Protestants, at the turn of 1985 and 1986, Father Blachnicki established the Ecumenical Evangelisation Publishing House (Ekumeniczne Wydawnictwo Ewangelizacyjne). It was registered in the name of his brother and Jolanta Gontarczyk (the agent of the Polish People’s Republic, known as “Panna”). She was in charge of the account of the publishing house. Despite a large financial inflow into the account, there was a constant shortage of money to meet basic needs. There are many indications that communist agents were responsible for the embezzlement of the funds received by the publishing house. In March 1987, the publishing house was to start a three-year contract with Campus Crusade. If that contract for 2 million US dollars had gone through, it would have solved the financial problems of Father Blachnicki and would have been the opportunity to develop the publishing activity – however, Father Blachnicki died suddenly on 27 February 1987.

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Przywłaszczony fragment dziennika Wiktora Woroszylskiego w oczach konsultanta ps. „Olcha”

Author(s): Marta Marcinkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

Wiktor Woroszylski was one of the longest interned writers. From 13 December 1981 to 18 October 1982, he was held in detention centres in Warsaw Białołęka, Jaworze and Darłówek. On 20 February 1982, during a search, guards seized from him a 99-page fragment of a diary written in solitary confinement. An extensive fragment of the manuscript seized from the poet was handed over to Wacław Sadkowski, alias “Olcha”, a writer working in the Security Service, for analysis. The published analysis is the only trace of Woroszylski’s notes from this period. The original fragment of the diary has not been found to this day.

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Budzenie się Ukrainy

Author(s): Andrzej Grajewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

This publication discusses two documents from the Sectoral State Archive of the Security Service of Ukraine. They were created in 1988 by the KGB structures of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and present an assessment of events that took place at that time to be used by the leadership of the party and the Ukrainian SSR. They concern the activities of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group and its leaders, primarily Vyacheslav Chornovil. In the following months, that political environment established the People’s Movement of Ukraine for Reconstruction, which was the main factor of political change in the country. The KGB of the Ukrainian SSR noted that the assumptions of the programme of the new organisations included, among other things, the demand for the legalisation of the Greek Catholic Church. From that time, it became one of the most important ideological assumptions of the Ukrainian perestroika movement. The changes in Ukraine were of fundamental importance for the eastern policy of John Paul II, one of whose goals was to legalise the Greek Catholic Church in Ukraine. They made it possible to implement that postulate. The analysis of both documents focuses on the denominational aspect of the described events.

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Percepcja Organizacji Jedności Afrykańskiej w świetle zachowanych dokumentów Departamentu V i Departamentu II MSZ PRL z lat 1963–1989

Author(s): Filip Urbański / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The aim of the article is to analyse documents concerning the Organisation of African Unity that were created in Department V and Department II of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Polish People’s Republic in the years 1963–1989. Polish diplomats, since the creation of the OAU, were monitoring the organization’s activities in the context of changes taking place on the African continent. The 1960s and 1970s were a period of hope for the intensive development of African integration and relations between the newly established states and socialist countries. Poland, like other socialist countries, with the USSR at the forefront, perceived Africa as an area of a two-bloc rivalry with Western countries. The interest of Polish diplomats in the OAU and Africa decreased significantly in the 1980s due to the political and economic crisis in Poland and the socio-economic problems on the African continent.

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Obserwatorzy, uczestnicy operacji humanitarnej, eksperci i specjaliści z dziedziny logistyki. Udział Polaków w misjach pokojowych w Afryce Subsaharyjskiej w okresie PRL

Author(s): Błażej Popławski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The aim of the article is to present the involvement of Poles in peacekeeping missions in Sub-Saharan Africa. The introduction characterises the significance of peacekeeping missions and their distinctive features. Attention is drawn to controversies surrounding such operations in the postcolonial world in the context of the Cold War rivalry between superpowers and the functioning of the United Nations. The participation of Poles in three missions is then discussed: in Nigeria, Ethiopia and Namibia. The article ends with a comparative analysis of the factors determining participation in operations (institutional and political determinants and – to a lesser extent – individual motives), as well as showing the evolution of the forms of involvement of Poles: from observers in Nigeria, through participants in a humanitarian mission in Ethiopia, to experts and logistics specialists in Namibia.

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