Izravni demografski gubici stanovništva Republike Srpske Krajine tijekom i neposredno nakon hrvatskih oslobodilačkih operacija “Bljesak” i “Oluja” 1995. godine

Author(s): Janja Sekula Gibač,Slaven Ružić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2015

Based on the original archival material on the rebelled Croatian Serbs, which is kept in the Croatian Memorial and Documentation Centre of the Homeland War (CMDCHW), and the documentation from the Directorate for Detained and Missing Persons of the Croatian Ministry of Veterans, as well as existing publications and professional literature, the authors tried to show the suffering of the members of the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) armed forces and of the local civilian population during and after the implementation of the Croatian liberation operations „the Flash“ and „the Storm“ in May and August of 1995. In doing so, they primarily used the computer base of the CMDCHW in which all the available data on population casualties in the Republic of Serbian Krajina during the course of these military operations are stored, whether they are based on seized Serbian documents or on the documents which the Directorate for Detained and Missing Persons of the Croatian Ministry of Veterans had given to the CMDCHW (there are lists of killed – identified and missing Krajina soldiers and civilians during the course of „the Flash“ and „the Storm“). The death or disappearance of some of the victims are thus seen through more individual perspectives, with emphasis on their status (a soldier or a civilian), gender, manner and circumstances of death/disappearance, as well as the perpetrator of the casualties. Due to the volume of the matter, the emphasis was on collective data (to put it more simply, we were trying to determine how many soldiers and how many civilians had been among the victims; in which regions of the RSK they had resided; how many men and how many women had been among them; how many had died in combat, had been missing or had committed a suicide; who was the cause of suffering: Croatian troops or the armed forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina,etc.). The authors believe that this is still largely untreated issue whose survey, conducted on a scientific basis, should ultimately contribute to a clearer understanding of the complex events in Croatia during 1995, but also to a better understanding of the Homeland War in general. Regardless of that, the text should be considered only a modest contribution to a future, more concrete treatment of these extremely interesting and elaborate issues.

Stavovi i djelovanje Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj tijekom 1995. (u vrijeme i nakon hrvatskih oslobodilačkih operacija „Bljesak” i „Oluja”)

Author(s): Julija Barunčić Pletikosić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2015

This paper presents a chronological summary of work and activities of the Catholic Church in Croatia during 1995, through the analysis of original documents, official statements and press releases of the Catholic Church, primarily the Croatian Bishops’ Conference (CBC) as the official representative body of the Catholic Church bishops in Croatia, as well as personal statements and sermons of the Church leaders, especially Cardinal Franjo Kuharić, but also other Croatian bishops, then the Catholic press (Voice of the Council, Official Journal of the Zagreb Archdiocese) and other relevant literature. The centre of discussion takes liberation operations of the Croatian army and police - „the Flash“ and „the Storm“, and the attitudes of the Catholic Church to these events, under the general doctrine of the Catholic Church, which was referred to by the Church in Croatia. There is a listing and the analysis of the most important statements and the official statements of the Croatian Bishops’Conference, as well as the most important parts of sermons and statements by Cardinal Kuharić and other Croatian bishops, in which the representatives of the Church in Croatia comment on political causes that led to the undertaking of military operations, their course and what was the most important from the perspective of the Church, to the consequences of these military operations through which the largest part of the Croatian occupied territory was liberated. In accordance with the general teaching of the Catholic Church on taking military actions and operations, i.e. (un)justification of taking such military actions, which is contained in the Pastoral Constitution Joy and Hope adopted by the Second Vatican Council in 1965 (and mentions the principle of moral justification to military action and the principle of self-defence), the Catholic Church in Croatia also advocated the position that military action/operation is justified if it is taken in defence of the rights, freedom and peace. The Republic of Croatia was the victim of the Serbian aggression, therefore this principle of self-defence could not be denied in this case. The Croatian church leadership in their press releases and statements regarding“the Storm“ emphasized the causes that led to the military operation “the Storm“, and in this regard, asserted the justification of such operation with the aim of liberating the occupied territories, since all the efforts and endeavours on the Croatian side for the peaceful termination of the war in Croatia had been and remained unsuccessful. Thus the decision of the Croatian state leadership on undertaking the military operations was considered legitimate and moral, primarily due to the return of expatriate and exiled Church believers and all other citizens of the Republic of Croatia to their homes. Likewise, in their statements and press releases, the Croatian bishops spoke about the problem of the departure of the Serbian population from the liberated areas, which they considered the sole consequence of the so-called Krajina leadership’s policy, and they advocated justice and equality for members of all nations and minorities on the territory of the Republic of Croatia, which they believed to be the basic precondition of peace and peaceful coexistence of all its citizens.

Operacija „Oluja” u radovima američkih i britanskih autora

Author(s): Andrijana Perković Paloš / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2015

The subject of the paper is methodology and conclusions of the scientific and journalist papers of the American and British authors regarding Croatian military-police Operation Storm. Most of the authors that wrote about the break-up of Yugoslavia, Homeland War and operation Storm deals with these topics in a superficial way. They consider the Yugoslav Wars as a result of the so-called “ethnic hatred between the Balkan tribes”, which relativizes the guilt for the outbreak of War. A great number of the Western authors, among them Laura Silber and Allan Little, Robert M. Hayden, Kate Hudson and R. Craig Nation, consider that Tuđman wanted a homogeneous nation-state and through the operation Storm Croatian leadership committed ethnic cleansing of the Krajina Serbs. Most of them view the Serbian national minority in Croatia as victims of mistreatment in the course of War in Croatia, which escalated in 1995. They don’t consider the political circumstances of the Croatian Operation Storm and the departure of Serbs. The conclusions that support the hypothesis of ethnic cleansing committed by the Croatian leadership, however, are not historically grounded and are a result of insufficient knowledge or an ideological base of the authors of the papers. There are some authors, on the other hand, like Sabrina P. Ramet and James J. Sadkovich who try to be objective when researching and writing about the Homeland War and Operation Storm. One can hope for a true scientific paper from a British or an American author on Homeland War and liberation of the occupied Croatian territories, taking into account primary sources and scientific papers of the Croatian historians.

Dubrovnik i dubrovačka bojišnica 1995. godine

Author(s): Jakša Raguž / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2015

The peak of the war in the Dubrovnik area lasted from October 1991, when the Serbo-Montenegrin aggression began, to October 1992, when the Croatian Army ended the liberation of this territory. Then established lines of the battlefield would remain unchanged until the end of the war. For the next two years there were battles of lower intensity between the Croatian Army (CA) of the Southern Front and the Herzegovina Corps of the Army of Serb Republic (ASR) in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The overall situation also changed in 1995 when the Croatian and the Serbian side were leading larger attack operations, a part of which was related to Dubrovnik. The ASR was going to win the Dubrovnik region and the Neretva valley, and so gain access to the Adriatic Sea. The CA directed attacks on Central Croatia, whilst for Dubrovnik, where a satisfactory condition had been achieved in 1992, a defensive plan called „Mistral“ was made. In the first eight months of 1995 the bulk of the conflict was in southwestern Bosnia. To relieve its troops on this battlefield, the ASR was leading artillery attacks on the CA positions and civilian targets in the Dubrovnik area for months, due to which a large number of soldiers and civilians were killed and the normal life of population was paralysed. The combat operations of the ASR Herzegovina Corps, with the aim of winning the access to the sea, began on August the 12th and lasted till September the 1st. Seven soldiers of the CA were killed in these attacks, but the frontline did not move. This proved that the winning of the access to the sea was beyond the real capabilities of the ASR and that the balance of power shifted in favour of the CA. As a reaction to the Serbian attacks, the CA drafted plans for the operation „Gale“ by which it was supposed to occupy a part of the eastern Herzegovina and to long term protect Dubrovnik from Serbian artillery attacks. The preparations were completed in September and October, but the conclusion of the Dayton Agreement prevented the implementation of these plans. There followed the demobilization of the Croatian and the Serbian forces thus ending the war on the Dubrovnik frontline also. Comparing to the developments on other battlefields, the Dubrovnik frontline in 1995 had a second rate importance, while its dynamics of events were among the calmer.

Propagandowy wymiar uroczystości dworskich w pierwszych latach panowania Augusta III

Author(s): Tomasz Ciesielski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2015

In the first years of August III reign at the royal-electoral court a practice of celebrating not only the anniversaries of the ascension to the throne but also the birthdays and the name days of the king and the members of his family was formalised. Moreover, a public character was conferred to these celebrations. This served to create an appropriate image of the monarch among his subjects and as far as this aspect is concerned, the Wettins did not differ from other European rulers. The peculiar situation which arose in the Republic during August III’s reign consisted in the popularisation of the practice of celebrating the anniversaries of the election, coronation, birthday and name day of the king in such a way that they began to be celebrated as almost state ceremonies. The organisation of the festivities which were associated with these anniversaries ceased to be initiated exclusively by the royal court but they began to be organised also by ministers, senators and the people who managed the work of the judicial institutions whose officials convened every few months. Moreover, the custom of celebrating the name days and the birthdays in a sumptuous and even public manner became popular at the courts of magnates, whose rhythm of life began to be regulated also by celebrations of this sort. Therefore it is hardly surprising that also during Stanisław August’s reign the anniversaries of the coronation, birthday or name day celebrations continued to maintain the status of almost state festivities, celebrated not only in Warsaw but also in all the major state cities and the places were military units were garrisoned. The celebrations of the name day of the monarch assumed special significance because they fell on the day of the commemoration of St. Stanislaus, the patron of the Polish people as well as on the day of the Medal of St. Stanislaus which was established on 7 May 1765. The obligatory elements of the celebrations included votive masses, sumptuous dinners or suppers, bell ringing, volleys performed by means of cannons and other types of weapons, illuminations of the cities and fireworks.

»Najukochańszy tyran« — Hieronim Florian Radziwiłł w listach drugiej żony Magdaleny z Czapskich

Author(s): Paweł Gad / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2015

The article is devoted to the relationship of Hieronim Florian Radziwiłł and his second wife, Magdalena z Czapskich. The marriage which was contracted in 1745 lasted for only a few years after which the duchess shared the fate of the magnate’s first wife and in 1750 she fled her husband. On the basis of the extant correspondence the complex relations of the married couple were presented, beginning from the secret wedding that was planned, in a time when Radziwiłł was in the state of separation from his first wife, until the letters which bear the post-1750 date, when the requests of the great lady to her husband that he sent her her things were left unanswered. In the article special emphasis is placed on Radziwiłłowa’s letters which are full of complaints and regret, sent to her husband during his absence from home when the magnate left Biała to engage in business or entertainment.

KIRGIZLAR VE KIRGIZİSTAN TARİHİ İLE İLGİLİ TÜRKİYE’DE YAYIMLANMIŞ BİLİMSEL ÇALIŞMALAR (2010- 2014)

Author(s): Abdrasul İsakov / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 19/2015

Kırgızlar ve Kırgızistan tarihi ile ilgili Türkiye’de bilimsel çalışmalar yayımlanmaya devam ediyor. Son beş yıl aralığında konu ile ilgili Türkiye’de onlarca kitap, otuzdan fazla tez ve yüzlerce makale yayımlandı. Türkiye’de artık Kırgız tarihinin ince konuları üzerinde derin ve ayrıntılı çalışmaların yapılmaya başlandığını söyleyebiliriz. Scientific studies on Kyrgyz and the history of Kyrgyzstan continues to be published in Turkey. Dozens of books, more than thirty thesis papers, and hundreds of articles have been published for the last five years. In Turkey, we can now say that the history of the Kyrgyz started to make deep and detailed studies on thin threads.

Pięć węgierskich pomników

Author(s): Jerzy Celichowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2014

The article is divided into five stories about monuments that were erected or taken down after the fall of socialism in Hungary. These stories offer a means for reflecting on the Hungarian attitude to history, which sometimes involves confrontation and a settling of accounts, and frequently, an escape from them. These monuments and related stories refer to the Treaty of Trianon, communist heroes, the 1956 uprising, the writer Albert Wass, and the German occupation.

Revoluţia de la 1848-1849 în oglinda presei de limbă germană din Banat

Author(s): Ciprian Glăvan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 54/2015

Dieser Artikel behandelt die Ereignisse der Revolution von 1848-1849 im Banat und ihre Spiegelung in der deutschsprachigen Presse dieser Provinz. Zu dieser Zeit wurden in Temeswar drei periodische Publikationen veröffentlicht: das „Temesvarer Wochenblatt”, das schon seit längerer Zeit erschien und die 1848 gegründeten und zur selben Zeit erschienenen Zeitungen „Tagesanzeiger” und „Der Südungar”. Bis am Anfang der neoabsolutistischen Periode erschienen alle regelmäßigen periodischen Publikationen aus dem Banat, ausschließlich in Temeswar und nur in deutscher Sprache. Am Anfang hatten alle drei Zeitungen eine günstige Einstellung gegenüber der Revolution. Während des Monats Oktober 1848 mussten aber der „Tagesanzeiger” und „Der Südungar” ihre Erscheinung einstellen, während das „Temesvarer Wochenblatt” eine gegenrevolutionäre Stellung ab diesen Moment einnahm. Das „Temesvarer Wochenblatt” wurde noch bis Juni 1849 herausgegeben, als es wegen der Belagerung Temeswars durch die ungarische revolutionäre Armee seine Erscheinung einstellen musste.

Portraits of Young Socialists: Moral Standing and Socializing Places

Author(s): Adrian-Octavian Dohotaru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 54/2015

The legend of the dissident intellectual surrounds the Romanian socialists of the last quarter of the 19th century. Young men called “nihilists” would break all social taboos, would protest against the legitimacy of the era’s corrupt political institutions, and would dispute religious ethics, the monarchy’s hierarchical authority, social inequality and the claimed reputation of the university. In various socialists’ or former socialists’ memoirs, they are deemed new social apostles, with the coming of the Hereafter replaced by the imminent occurrence of the revolution, which, by the collective approach of resources, will set in motion a more harmonious and equalitarian society. Unlike the restrictive bourgeois ethics, their (self) description is romantic and legendary. The attempt in this study is to create a generic portrait of the socialist intellectual toward the end of the 19th century, focusing on his/her exterior and moral standing, but also on the specifically socializing places of the socialists.

Limitele metodologice ale memorialisticii. Un raport diplomatic despre prezumtivul proiect al Regelui Mihai de plecare în Italia Meridională

Author(s): Veronica Turcuş / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 54/2015

This study refers to the secret project of King Michael's departure, starting in place by the vice president of the Council of Ministers and Foreign Minister of Romania, Mihai Antonescu. The project was developed in the spring of 1944 and involved in the initial phase Renato Bova-Scoppa, Minister of Italy in Bucharest. The Italian Minister tells very little about the project in his memoirs Colloqui con due Dittatori, while in the document here published are more extensive references. The project was eventually abandoned, but it shows which would have been one of the ways that the monarchy would follow if Russia invaded Romania.

Correcting an Error of Historic Magnitude

Author(s): Gerald Frost / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2016

Edited version of the article published in the Sidney journal Quandary, April 2016. Is Brexit, the issue on which the British public will shortly vote in a referendum the doomed dream of those who wish to restore British national sovereignty? Or is it the nation’s political destiny? At the time of writing, online polling suggests roughly equal support for the Leave and Remain campaigns, while telephone surveys – which proved to a be more accurate guide to Britain’s 2015 general election outcome than their online counterparts – point to the probability of a vote to remain. Both indicate that with three months to go before the referendum on 23 June many voters still have not reached a firm decision.

De „Rio dos Camaroes” à l’avènement du Cameroun: Le rôle de Douala dans le processus de naissance de l’état du Cameroun

Author(s): Bouba Mamoudou,Alain Roger Pegha / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2013

Town with a great historical past, Douala was an important centre for the commercial transactions and for various interactions between the people living along the banks of Wouri river and the Europeans, throughout the XIX-th century. Germans will sign with Duala populations an extremely discussed treaty, whose application allowed the introduction of German protectorate in 1884 and the birth of “Kamerun”, transformed by the French into “Cameroun”, shortly after the First World War and the departure of Germans. Epicentre of the exchanges, Douala was also the main door for the entry the Judeo-Christian civilization to Cameroun and the major place where the colonial order and its abuses were questioned. This important city gave rise to the U.P.C., which was the head of the long bloody war of liberation started in 1955, which led to the independence of Cameroun in 1960.

Nehéz kezdet: Kádár János külpolitikája (1956–1957)

Author(s): György Földes / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 10/2013

A magyar szélsõjobboldalról

Author(s): Máté Gali / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 10/2013

„A bőrünket a lehető legdrágábban adjuk el”

Author(s): András Oplatka / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 11/2013

The paper analyses the premises under which Switzerland was able to maintain its neutrality during the second World War, despite the efforts of Nazi Germany to integrate Switzerland into the German empire. The position of the Swiss press, the majority of Swiss population and the military strategy adopted by general Henri Guisan are analysed in detail. Switzerland’s specific cultural heritage, its strong sense of national identity, and its long tradition of direct democracy and civil liberties were the basis of the Swiss political and military strategy during the war. Also, Swiss geography, the crucial role of trans-alpine rail tunnels, doubled with the fact that Switzerland maintained its economical exchange policy with all parties involved into the war were key aspects of Switzerland’s neutrality

Труд представителей украинского национально-демократического объъеднання в сейме и сенате польши 1935-1937 гг.

Author(s): Roman Puyda / Language(s): Russian Issue: 52/2015

Speech goes in this article about normalization of Polish-Ukrainien relations, gradual rapprochement of Ukrainians, with the rulings circles of Poland. Also, rapt attention on national to church religious to the policy of Polish power on Lemkivschina.

Prilike na širem tuzlanskom području od sarajevskog atentata do kraja 1914. godine

Author(s): Izet Šabotić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 18/2015

Sarajevo assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the events that followed thereafter fully affected the overall situation and developments in the wider area of Tuzla. By the end of 1914, in this area there was a war psychosis, in which fully impacted near the border with Serbia and the proximity of the front, which took part on different sides of many young men and the wider area of Tuzla. After the assassination, demonstrations took place in Tuzla, but without major consequences. Official government and religious representatives did everything to calm the situation in this area. Issued a proclamation, held memorial services, masses and prayers, to reflect the loyalty and called for peace. The situation has significantly worsened the arrest and imprisonment of members of the Secret Tuzla pupils’ organizations and a number of anti-Austrian mood of the population. The tension and mood of the population, and mutual hatred grew giving ultimatums and publication of war by Austria-Hungary to Serbia. On the overall situation in this area has been further impacted conducted mobilization and formation of the protective unit. The situation will significantly complicate the beginning of the war which is particularly affected by proximity to the front. The distrust among the population was more widespread. There was a delay of many economic and social activities. In border areas with Serbia, the tension was most pronounced. There was the arrest and deportation of a number of anti-state mood of the population. They have been deported to the camps Bihac and Arad. Close to the front influenced to come to the withdrawal of the population with the Drina area to the interior, creating a refugee crisis. The situation is made worse by refugee wave from Sandzak and eastern Bosnia. Therefore, the authorities did everything in order to normalize the state of the social plan. Performed numerous activities. Been advertised a loan, collected aid for the front and the families of soldiers, orphans and widows. The situation in the region is largely dependent on the situation on the front, and information coming from the front. The population is living in constant tension and war psychosis. The wider area of Tuzla by the end of 1914, lived in the atmosphere of war, exposed to all the consequences of war. They affect the overall relations, and inter-confessional relations that have been significantly disrupted. This will be particularly pronounced after the defeat of the Austro-Hungarian army in the Serbian front, pulling her and the arrival of Serbian and Montenegrin units in this area. The same implement repressive measures, especially against the Muslim population. Wartime conditions of assassination by the end of 1914 were completely influencing developments in the wider area of Tuzla. It was burdened with numerous social, economic, political and war issues. This had a negative impact on the total life, which took place in a war atmosphere, with numerous social and economic processes stopping altogether.

Kollaboránsok a magyar történelemben – egy kényes téma elé

Author(s): Róbert Hermann / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 11/2014

Katalin király és a török szultán: mérlegen Szapolyai János árulásai

Author(s): Szabolcs Varga / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 11/2014