"Substantial progress has taken place in [the]United States-Rumanian relations": The Road to Upgrading the Level of Diplomatic Missions from Bucharest and Washington 1961-1964

Author(s): Letitia Sandu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

This study represents an analysis of the United States-Romanian relations during 1961-1964, focusing on the background process that led to the elevation of diplomatic missions to embassy status in June 1964. Primarily based on documents from the American and Romanian archives, it reveals the path to diplomatic ties’ improvement during the Kennedy years and the Johnson Administration’s first year. While Romania was seeking to distance itself from the Moscow’s economic and political control and to strengthen its domestic and foreign position, the United States started to reexamine her relations with the satellite – countries from Eastern Europe. In this regard, the study explains how the US’ perception toward Romania started to change, what gestures and actions influenced this change and how the bilateral relations registered progress amidst Cold War crises and international tensions.

A newspaper on the edge of two eras, December 22, 1989.

Author(s): Matei Gheboianu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

In this article I analyze how Scînteia, the official newspaper of the Romanian Communist Party, was transformed in just one day into Scînteia Poporului. The analysis will be based on interviews with journalists and the collection of the two publications. The first issue appeared in the early morning hours of December 22, the second in the evening of the same day.

The Albanian Nationalism: between the National Revival and the Security Prospects in the Adriatic Region

Author(s): Andrei Alexandru Micu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The study will address the phenomenology and the processes that marked the Albanian independence movement, concomitantly illustrating it as an integrated stage into the Balkan trend of nation-state edification during the decline of the Ottoman Empire, hence enforcing the debate over the mechanism that had been used in administrating the territorial possessions of the quasi-defunct caliphate. On this occasion, the research will highlight the external involvement in supporting the Albanian independence movement, mentioning in this way the Italian Kingdom, the actor that assumed the role of protecting independent Albania as a result of Rome`s primordial interests in assuming a predominant role in the Adriatic security architecture.Simultaneously will be pursued Tirana`s nationalist projects and the points of tension from the relations with Greece and Yugoslavia as a result of overlapping the territorial expansionist ethnic agendas of these three states. Therefore, it will illustrate how the Albanian state`s interactions with proximity are influenced by the regional climate of state-building on ethnic backgrounds, with a major impact on the security perspectives over the divergent energies of militant nationalism. In this way, the paper will analyze both the Albania – Greece – Italy triangle, with Rome inoculating the moderation in the Athens – Tirana relationship and mentioning the main the Italian foreign policy objective of assuming the role of a Mediterranean power.Last but not least, the Albanian National Revival Movement is presented from the perspective of social history and ideology, legitimizing Albania's independence, highlighting the domestic lines of rupture and the societal manifestations that could be framed in post-Ottomanism. Differentiating from the Balkan space by Albanian Kemalism eradicated by Ismail Kemal, the Albanian nationalism marked also by a modernization dichotomy: on the one hand by the desire of building a state based on the West-European model, by the agrarian reform and by overcoming the religious differences, and on the other hand the outstanding nationalist conservative revolution of returning to Albania's national values under Skanderbeg`s flag of the two-headed black eagle.

ORAȘUL DEJ - ISTORIE ȘI DEZVOLTARE ECONOMICĂ

Author(s): Valerica Cireasa / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2021

Settlement with distinct resonance and strong and clearly defined personality, Dej, the city at the confluence of the two Someș rivers, loses its beginnings in the mists of history. With its roots in the Menumorut voivodeship, the residence of Solnocul Interior county was established in Dej, then of Solnoc-Dăbâca county, the capital of Solnoc-Dăbâca and Someș counties. In the period 1950-1968, the Romanian society already started entering the communist regime, and in Dej was established the residence of the district with the same name. Significant economic, political and social transformations took place in the city. The struggle against the establishment of communism can be considered to have begun in Dej, through what was called the "revolt at the Someș Bridge”, but which drew serious repercussions on the local population and everyday life. After the nationalizations from 1948-1949, the socialist industrialization and urbanization of the city took place. With the administrative reform of September 6, 1950, Someș County was abolished. By building the Pulp and Paper Plant, the Furniture Factory, the Artificial Fiber Enterprise, Protan, the Refractory Products Enterprise, the Dej-Triaj Depot, or the "June 11" Cannery, etc., the city of Dej has experienced an overall development, amodernization of the infrastructure and an increase of the living standard of the population. Following the administrative reform of February 16, 1968 regarding the administrative organization of theterritory of the Socialist Republic of Romania, the city of Dej lost its importance as an administrative center, becoming a municipality within Cluj County

DE LA BORDEI LA PALAT. CELE MAI VECHI FORME DE LOCUIRE LA CURTEA VECHE

Author(s): Sorin Cleșiu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 6/2020

In 2019 and 2020, having as main goal the clarification and completion of historical data insufficiently researched in areas from Old Court Palace we started to research the areas at the north side of the palace. The first phase of archaeological research revealed in the north-eastern area of the Palace (2019) a construction with adobe walls. Afterwards, in 2020, this time in the northwest, two ovens and a rectangular shape dwelling were discovered near the houses built by Gheorghe Duca in the 18th Century. From a museographic and historical point of view, the remains of these constructions are extremely important, not only for the fact that they were discovered inside the ruins of Old Court Palace, but also because they document important phases in the historical evolution of the city. Therefore, the research revealed a dwelling with the location of the oven on the northeast corner (6th-7th centuries AD) and two ovens, one being a pottery kiln and the other a bread oven (9th-10th centuries AD). Also, the discovery of the adobe structure dated at the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th Century, based on two Ottoman ceramic fragments, certify the presence of annex buildings in the area outside the palace walls. The archaeological features described and explained in this study were not destructively researched. They were documented through plans, drawings, and photographs made for each stage of archaeological work. Eventually, sacrificing the new data that an exhaustive archaeological excavation offers, these historical findings were preserved in situ in a preliminary stage, with the purpose of highlighting them as one of the multitudes of attractions that the Old Court Palace future museum will offer to visitors.

The Logic of Self-Regulating Consensual Democracy: No Confidence Motions in Post-communist Romania

Author(s): Dan Pavel / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This article argues that no confidence motions passed in the last few years in the Romanian Parliament can be interpreted as the transformation of a dysfunctional majoritarian dimension of a consensus democracy into a consensual dimension. For years, the Cabinet had been in a dominant position over the Parliament, and no confidence votes had no chance to be passed. But in time the quality of the parliamentary parties in power and in opposition improved, and the legislature started to be more and more relevant. The history of no confidence motions in post-communist Romania is relevant. The correction of the dysfunctional dimensions of democracy resulted in dramatic changes of cabinets and executive coalitions. This article will analyze and explain how a succession of no confidence motions (in Romanian – moțiuni de cenzură, in English – “motions of censure”) transformed the nature of the political system and of democracy.

„Elaboratul comisiei celor șapte“ din sesiunea Universității săsești din 1862 în contextul discuțiilor privind reașezarea constituțională a Transilvaniei

Author(s): Lóránd L. Mádly / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 62/2023

Under the new conditions introduced by the newly enacted Basic Laws (October Diploma and February Patent), the entire Habsburg Monarchy was faced with a redefinition of the position of the crown lands and their internal organization. These had to be carried out under the political tensions that led to the dissolution of the Diet in Pest and the non-convening of the Transylvanian Diet. In 1862, the Saxon National University was the only representative that was functional and also had Romanian members in its ranks. Among the most important documents that were created here was the draft of the Seventh Commission, which intended to implement equality of rights through the creation of national administrative areas. It was also a continuation of the „territorial question" discussions of 1850 and 1851, which has now led to intense disputes mainly with the Hungarian opposition movement, but also to disputes with the Romanian national movement; these were reflected in sometimes extremely critical newspaper articles. The position and the answer of the higher authorities could only be fathomed after intensive consultations. Finally, the transgression of the competences of the Nationsuniversität was determined, since only the provincial Diet could decide in this matter, and this was the way the higher authorities wanted to follow through the future Transylvanian assembly.

Arhiepiscopul de Strigoniu legatus natus al Sfântului Scaun și nu diocezan asupra părților meridionale ale Transilvaniei

Author(s): Şerban Turcuş / Language(s): English,Romanian,Latin Issue: 62/2023

The study presents a historical perspective on the relations between the provost of Sibiu and the deanery of Brașov and the Hungarian archbishopric of Strigoniu. It is based on a historical-legal reading of the documents that establish the quality of the born legate of the archbishop of Strigoniu for all the structures founded by the Holy See within the Hungarian kingdom and its associated structures such as Transylvania. The born legate is the primate metropolitan of a medieval kingdom, dependent on Rome and acting in Rome's interest. In the Hungarian kingdom, there was a competition between the metropolitans of Esztergom and Kalocsa that also targeted southern Transylvania, to which the Holy See granted, for the Germans there, exemptions for the ecclesiastical structures there being reported to Rome nullo mediante. The conclusion of the study is that the provostship of Sibiu and the deanery of Brașov did not have a diocesan relationship with the Hungarian archbishopric of Strigoniu, but a relationship with the born legate of the Holy See from the Hungarian kingdom.

Radu MÂRZA, Călători și pacienți români la Karlsbad. O istorie culturală a mersului la băi pe la 1900, cuvânt înainte de Alin Ciupală, Iași, Edit. Polirom, 2022

Author(s): Ioan Cârja / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 62/2023

Mircea-Gheorghe ABRUDAN, Biserica Ortodoxă și clerul militar din Monarhia Habsburgică între pacea de la Carloviț și Primul Război Mondial (1699-1914), Cluj-Napoca, Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2022

Author(s): Ela Cosma / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 62/2023

Introduction. Precarious Archives, Precarious Voices. Expanding Jewish Narratives from the Margins

Author(s): Julie Dawson,Marianne Windsperger / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

When we began planning the conference from which this journal arose, our objectives were to examine two aspects of precarity in scholarship on Jewish history and the Shoah.2 First, we were interested in foregrounding archival survey or preservation projects focussed on material precarity – archival records in physical danger, records which had been neglected, lost, hidden, or damaged over time (specifically in the wake of or due to the destructions wrought by World War II), or those about which researchers simply did not or could not know, whether as a result of human intent or ignorance. We hoped to hear from researchers, archivists, and cultural workers who were working to stabilise, preserve, and bring to light such material and to receive intimations of the contents the material may contain: which insights might current and future historians gain by way of examining this “new” material?

Traktorlámpából diszkófény

Author(s): Eszter Kovács / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2023

The case study reconstructs the operation of the Lăzarea (Gyergyószárhegy) disco in the 1980s, taking into account the informal networks, official prohibitions and permissions, and the phenomenon of socialist DIY. The case study shows that operating the disco with cooperative techniques and tolerance from the authorities produced a thriving business. It was considered a legitimate leisure opportunity by the state, but behind the formal framework an informal network operated the disco, whose function was the use and distribution of Western European and American media products and consumer goods.

Meziválečná americká sociologie v obrazech: fotoalbum Otakara Machotky

Author(s): Zdeněk R. Nešpor / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2023

The author presents fifteen photographs from the private album of Otakar Machotka (1899–1970), taken of prominent American sociologists and social scientists hailing from the interwar era. Machotka was one of the key personalities of Czech sociology in the given period, striving for its empiri¬cization and internationalization, while at the same time he was an excellent expert on American and French sociology. He published a study on American sociology (1937) based on a research stay in Chicago and Los Angeles (and on his travels throughout the United States) in 1934–35. The photographs, which are published here for the first time, were taken at the same time. Although for methodological reasons we cannot consider them a sociological resource in the full sense, they provide interesting insight into the elite of the field at the time. The portraits are accompanied by short biographies, written by the publisher.

DESTRUCTION OF OLD BAZAARS IN KOSOVA

Author(s): Orges DRANCOLLI / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2023

Abstract: The model of development for Ottoman-style cities in the territory of Kosova from the 15th century to the first decade o f the 20th century revolved around a distinctive triad: the local market, the mosque, and the bazaar. In the early periods of ottoman rule, mosques were strategically built in places where there was local market. This was done intentionally, since these were places where a significant number of people gathered. The bazaars and other type of buildings, as part of the mosque complexes, played an important role in the formation and development of cities during the Ottoman period as well. Thus, directly impacting the formation and growth of cities. Among these elements, the bazaars held a special significance, as they became the reference point of cities. And this was due, mainly because of their character, which was of craft, commercial and economic importance. The bazaars were more than just places of trade; they became emblematic reference points for cities, drawing local citizens and people from surrounding regions, who integrated these bustling spaces into their daily lives. In addition to their economic and commercial functions, the bazaars held immense historical, social, and cultural importance. As the centuries passed, living and engaging with the bazaars became inseparable from the life of Kosovar cities, and these spaces became an integral part of the collective memory and identity of the inhabitants. Throughout the centuries, the bazaars in Kosova became inseparable from daily life, contributing to the region's unique charm and heritage. However, this rich historical fabric has suffered significant losses as many bazaar shops fell victim to destruction. The destruction occurred over time due to exposure to the natural elements and human interventions, but there were also cases of intentional and planned destruction. These intentional and systematic destructions started immediately after the conquest of Kosova by Serbia in 1912. Urban and spatial plans as well as various military armaments during the Albanian-Serbian war in Kosova from 1998 to 1999 were responsible for deliberate and systematic mass destruction of the bazaars. Although, the types and methods of destruction varied, the underlying purpose remained consistent. This was done with the aim to destroy, the cultural, social, and economic significance of the bazaars, to change the physiognomy structure, and style of the old traditional cities in Kosova. Thus, by destroying Albanian tangible and intangible heritage and replacing it with the conqueror's creations, the conquerors sought to erase the cultural identity and history of the local autochthonous population.

SARAJEVO, 2 .1 3. MAJ 1992. GODINE ŽRTVE, INTERPRETACIJE, MANIPULACIJE

Author(s): Merisa Karović-Babić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 10/2023

Ignoring the historical context of the events in a city that had been under siege for nearly a month, the debates surrounding May 2nd and 3rd, 1992, which exclusively focus on the deaths of members of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) at various locations in the city, including Dobrovoljacka Street, continue without interruption. The citizens of Sarajevo killed during those two days are nowhere mentioned, and their memory is not included in the official memorialization of the city's siege. Furthermore, within the interpretation of the events on Dobrovoljacka Street, there is a noticeable continuous strategy aimed at connecting all the deceased JNA members at the end of April and the beginning of May with the events on Dobrovoljacka Street, effectively camouflaging the previous attacks on the city and the involvement of the JNA in them. Therefore, it was important for us in the first part of our work to point to documents from the Command of the 2nd Military District related to the participation of the JNA in digging artillery positions around the city, their role in the division of Sarajevo's districts along national lines, the relocation of weaponry to „safer areas “ where the Serbian population constituted an absolute ethnic majority, the initiation of the attack on the city, the first casualties in April, as well as the shelling and the burning of residential, cultural-historical, religious, economic, and other facilities in the city. All events that preceded the actual siege of Sarajevo, starting from the autumn of 1991, including the war in Croatia and the subsequent occupation of Bosnian cities, contributed to the perception of the JNA as an enemy force by the citizens of Sarajevo and all pro-Bosnian forces. The shelling of Sarajevo with weaponry and armaments previously positioned on the hills and mountains around the city, in particular, intensified the animosity towards the JNA from the citizens of Sarajevo.

НУМІЗМАТИЧНІ ЗНАХІДКИ З РОЗКОПОК ЦЕРКВИ НА ТЕРИТОРІЇ УЖГОРОДСЬКОГО ЗАМКУ ЗА 2018, 2019 та 2023 РОКИ

Author(s): Volodymyr Moizhes,Andrii Boiko-Haharin / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 7/2023

The Hungarian coin is widely known among the finds on the territory of Ukraine, but it has remained outside the attention of the scientists, sporadically highlighting only some individual issues. The aim of the study is to introduce into the scientific circulation and analyze the numismatic material discovered by archaeologists during the expedition of the Uzhhorod National University during 2018 – 2023. Also we try to analyze the numismatic material discovered by archaeologists in the context of the circulation of Hungarian coins in Ukraine. The Conclusions. During the archaeological expedition of the Uzhhorod National University on the territory of the central nave of the Uzhhorod castle researchers discovered a significant number of coins from the Middle Ages and the early modern period, including contemporary forgeries. The largest number of coins discovered by archaeologists refers to Hungarian kingdom. The official coin in Hungary was first issued in 10th century, although the oldest Hungarian coins found in Transcarpathia date back to the reign of kings Koloman I Arpad (1095–1116) and István II Arpad (1105–1131). So it can be argued that the beginning of the penetration of Hungarian coins into Transcarpathia took place no earlier than the end of the 11th – the beginning of the 12th century, while the coin minting in Hungary lasted for more than a century. Large coins of Charles Robert (1307–1342) were quite widely distributed in Ukraine, the finds are known in the historical territories of Volhynia, Podillia, Bukovyna and Transcarpathia. One grosz of Charles I Robert (1307–1342) was also discovered during the excavations of the Uzhhorod castle. Until the end of the 14th century Hungarian coins were rarely found in Ukrainian lands but mostly Polish, Lithuanian, and Bohemian coins were in circulation. The Hungarian coins of Sigismund I of Luxemburg (1387–1437) had the most significant influx on the monetary market, at this time the new coin types appeared: parvuses, quartings and denars. The most famous coin of Sigismund I of Luxemburg (1387–1437) was parvus, the finds of which were spread in Transcarpathia. The complex of the numismatic finds discovered by the archaeological expedition of the Uzhhorod National University includes quartings and parvuses of Sigismund I of Luxembourg (1387–1437). In the vicinity of the castle the archaeologists also discovered a large amount of stylistically similar denars minted during the reign of Vladislav I Jagiellon (1440–1444), Albert Habsburg (1437–1439) and Janos I Gunyadi (1446–1458). During the reign of Mathias I Corvinus (1458–1490), denarius gained considerable popularity among the silver coins. A number of different types of coins were found on the territory of the Uzhhorod castle from low silver consist coins of 1467 to high-grade coins of 1471–1490.

Elita na mikropodručju: Vinkovci 1939.-1945.

Author(s): Sandra Horvat / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 23/2023

Based on Michael Mann’s typology of elites, the paper describes the continuities and changes in the composition and activities of the Vinkovci elite during the Banovina of Croatia and the Independent State of Croatia. Based on archival sources and the local press, the lives and ideological aspirations of members of the local ideological and political elite in the observed period are reconstructed. The paper can be characterized as a case study or litmus paper for studying these changes in another time or in another area. Starting from the assumption that the changes that affect the macro area in some way reflect on the micro level, it was investigated to what extent there was a change in the town’s ruling elite. The main thesis of the paper has been confirmed. Changes occurred during both regimes, but differences in the intensity of these changes are significant. The mayors of Vinkovci during the Banovina of Croatia were people close to the ruling Croatian Peasant Party (HSS), while after the establishment of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), the NDH authorities appointed a new mayor. There were also changes in the ideological elite of the town – manifested through the press and education system. For instance, the same weekly Hrvatski branik clashed with dissidents during both regimes. During the Banovina of Croatia, the editorial board did not hesitate to criticize some former officials with whom it did not share ideological beliefs, while during the Independent State of Croatia the new editorial board dealt with the political opponents in an even more striking way.

Županja u 18. stoljeću: od pustog sela do središta župe

Author(s): Marija Lendarić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 23/2023

After the end of the war between the Holy League and the Ottoman Empire (1683 - 1699) and the conclusion of the Treaty of Carlowitz (1699), Slavonia, devastated by the war, was ready to be repopulated. Many returned to their abandoned villages, and refugees from south of the Sava were looking for their place in the desolated areas of Slavonia. The Franciscans of the Province of Bosna Srebrena, as well as the central government in Vienna, played a role in these migration movements. The Franciscans tried to save their parishioners from regions still under the Ottoman rule by settling them in their desolated parishes in safer areas of Slavonia. The authorities, on the other hand, tried to populate the deserted villages in order to make Slavonia economically and militarily useful again. Thus, at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries, Županja shared the fate of many Slavonian villages. Ten years after the conclusion of the Treaty of Carlowitz, the desolate village of Županja was repopulated and incorporated into the Bošnjaci parish, under the pastoral care of the Franciscans. In the middle of the 18th century, due to changes in the Church government, and through the mediation of the secular government, Županja becomes the center of the parish, which remained unchanged until the end of the century.

Remarks on the Implementation of Ordinance 23 during the Transnistrian Governorate

Author(s): Marius Cazan / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2023

From November 1941 until the withdrawal of the Romanian administration from Transnistria, the legal framework that determined how Jews lived there was laid down in Ordinance 23 of the Transnistrian Governorate. In this article, we aim to examine how those responsible for implementing the regulations of the ordinance were held accountable after the war for their actions, decisions, and abuses committed against the Jews. The different understanding and implementation of Ordinance 23 by the gendarmes, prefects, and praetors shows that, in Transnistria, improvisation, personal projects and stakes, as well as the sensitivities and moral and ideological views of the individuals who were part of the administration were essential explanatory factors in understanding the relationship between authority and victim. Representatives of the authorities who came into direct contact with the Jews (whether they were deported to Transnistria or ghettoized local Jews) received signals and clues from their superiors that the survival of the Jews in Transnistria was not a political or administrative objective of the Romanian State.

Stanje gospodarstva vukovarskog kraja na prijelazu iz 19. u 20. stoljeće na temelju izvještaja o stanju javne uprave Županije srijemske

Author(s): Vinko Živić,Mario Kevo / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 23/2023

Based on published archival sources and literature, the authors present the most important aspects that influenced on the economic development of the city and the district of Vukovar at the turn of the 19th to the 20th century. Vukovar as the center of the then Srijem (Syrmia) county is located on a very favorable traffic position characterized by the navigability of the Danube river. That position was one of the foundations of the economic development of that region, among other factors. Influenced by numerous political, social, natural and geographical elements, the city and district of Vukovar went through a transformation and became one of the most significant economic points of the Eastern Slavonia and Srijem.