PROFESORUL ŞI STUDENŢII SĂI: NICOLAE IORGA – „PENTRU O UNIVERSITATE VIE”

Author(s): Raluca Tomi / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 90/2023

Nicolae Iorga influenced a whole generation of intellectuals through his work as a teacher. His dimension as a historian was intertwined with that of a teacher, and a man involved in the destiny of the country. He was aware that only an educated generation that knew its past could organically and rigorously build a harmonious and sustainable state. The article aims to bring new documentary contributions regarding the scientist's relations with his younger colleagues, the students, following: his conception of university education; the financial and moral support of various student organizations, the establishment of specialized libraries; the influence of his lectures and conferences, including radio ones, on his students; the involvement in their professional training by granting scholarships abroad, publishing their research results in specialized publications, organizing thematic trips in the country and abroad. The Professor's support was manifested even after the end of the university courses, through recommendations for obtaining positions, financial and moral help during difficult periods in the personal life of his former students. Professor Iorga had the same openness towards foreign students, facilitating their participation in the summer courses of the popular University of Vălenii de Munte or in various excursions during the holidays. The article brings new contributions to the Professor's view on establishing a "living university" that could inspire the destinies of young people.

Sztuka jako narzędzie konfesjonalizacji ewangelickiej w Prusach Królewskich i Książęcych

Author(s): Piotr Birecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 24/2023

The article discusses the place of art in the confessionalisation process that took place in the area of Lutheranism and Calvinism in Royal Prussia and Ducal Prussia. At the time of Martin Luther’s introduction of the reforms, print became the most important medium for the spread of the reformer’s ideas. Thus, the image was relegated to a secondary role and its existence in the church interior was treated in terms of adiaphora. Calvinism rejected the creation and hanging of any images with a figure God in them and Lutheranism accepted their existence as a didactic tool (especially as to inherited medieval altars) and an element to help visualise the confessional distinctiveness of Evangelicals in relation to Catholics. The text presents examples of the use of religious paintings or portraits of Luther to delineate such distinctiveness.

Bp Andrzej D z i u b a , Pasterz. Kard. Józef Glemp. Dzieje życia od narodzin do roku 1981, Wydawnictwo Stacja7: Kraków 2023, ss. 283 oraz Aneksy

Author(s): Krzysztof Bielawny / Language(s): Polish Issue: 24/2023

Opodatkowanie wiernych na rzecz prac remontowo-budowlanych w diecezji lubelskiej, na podstawie uchwał zgromadzeń parafialnych z lat 1919-1923

Author(s): Joanna Kumor-Mielnik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 26/2023

The present paper presents and exemplifies the legal basis of taxation of the faithful for renovation and construction purposes in the parishes of the Lublin diocese in the first years of the Second Polish Republic, and discusses the types of burdens incurred by the faithful as well as the ways of enforcing obligations established by parish assemblies. The analysis is based on the materials from the Archives of Modern Records in Warsaw (the collection of the Ministry of Religious Denominations and Public Education) and Lublin Archdiocesan Archives. Investments undertaken in the parishes required the involvement of all the faithful in the reconstruction of churches, rectories, church servants’ quarters and farm buildings destroyed during the war. In accordance with the applicable legal provisions, decisions to start renovation and construction works were made by parish assemblies held under the chairmanship of the mayor or village administrator and the church supervision. Parish assemblies also passed a tax for these purposes. It was imposed on all inhabitants and paid in currency or in grain in proportion to the acreage of land owned. Tax resolutions in question came into force after approval from regional and ministerial authorities. Under the decisions of parish assemblies, inhabitants were obliged to contribute financially or in person to undertaken works, and the taxes they paid were the main component of parishes’ construction budgets.

O strukturi izbornika u Ličko-krbavskoj županiji uoči Prvoga svjetskog rata

Author(s): Stjepan Matković / Language(s): English,Croatian Issue: 1/2023

The author deals with lists of voters in the area of Lika-Krbava County. The analysis covers the period of the electoral reform from May 1910, which significantly increased the number of citizens with the right to vote. Lika-Krbava County consisted of ten constituencies, including the towns of Senj and Karlobag on the Croatian Littoral and eight electoral districts in Lika. With regard to the property tax census, which was the basis of electoral law, it can be determined that this county was recognisable by the smallest number of voters in relation to other Croatian counties. In the introductory part of the text, data about the election results until the reform of 1910 is presented, with an emphasis on the elections of 1908, and the subjects that were discussed the most regarding the consequences of electoral geometry are highlighted. The numerical indicators of voters in Lika-Krbava County and their voter turnout are presented, and at the end, the results of parliamentary elections from October 1910 in that area are presented.

Ante Glavičić. Čuvar i promotor graditeljske baštine Senja i okolice

Author(s): Helena Schaps Knifić / Language(s): English,Croatian Issue: 1/2023

Ante Glavičić, one of the greatest people from Senj, belongs to the class of those who gave their hometown expert knowledge, enthusiasm, persistence and all their energy in the struggles for the recognition, preservation and affirmation of all kinds of cultural heritage. This applies especially to construction, the most present thing in the daily life of the people of Senj and visitors to the town. Alongside biographical information about the family of Professor Glavičić, the paper provides an overview of Ante Glavičić’s scientific and research interest and opus, which includes areas of cultural activity important for the town of Senj. These are: museological activity, conservation activity, archaeological and other field research in Senj, Podgorje, Velebit, Lika and Velika Kapela, professional-scientific and other journalism (published in Senjski zbornik nos. 1-30 and in archaeological journals), the history of Senj and its surroundings since the settlement of the Croats, the settlement of the Bunjevci people, the bombing of the town in the Second World War, the history of the Independent State of Croatia and the national liberation struggle, the labour movement and ethnography, social life and activities such as literacy, printing, literature, literary and humorous literature, folklore, music, firefighting, sports, etc. The activity of Professor Glavičić as the leader of the Senj Museum Society and the Senj Town Museum and the founder and lifelong editor-in-chief of the Senjski zbornik is especially highlighted. With his journalistic work, he created a scientific platform for further research for future generations. He incorporated knowledge, communication skills, the art of avoiding dangers from the political spectrum, persuasiveness and persistence in fundraising and all other abilities into the inherited material and intangible wealth of Senj.

Размисли за Българския Илинден 1903: 120 години по-късно

Author(s): Georgi N. Georgiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

The Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising of 1903 was an uprising of the Macedonian and Thracian Bulgarians in the European vilayets of the Ottoman Empire, supported by the free Bulgarians living in the Principality of Bulgaria. This fact, which is the shortest possible definition of the uprising, has been simultaneously and universally recognized– first of all, by the Ottoman authorities themselves, and together with them – by the jealous and hostile to the Bulgarian national cause Balkan neighbours, as well as by ‘big’ and ‘small’ countries, by international observers of different origins. The questioning of the Bulgarian character of the uprising started to gain momentum much later, with the blurring power of politics and geopolitics which intervened to create misconceptions. This way they turned over time until today into an artificially maintained problem in interstate relations. The Bulgarian Ilinden of 1903 and the revolutionary struggle in Macedonia and Adrianople Thrace in general prepared the Balkan War of 1912. The Macedonian-Adrianople liberation movement provided the Bulgarian national state with the historic chance to solve the all-Bulgarian question inherited from the Revival period: a task with which, unfortunately, the Bulgarian political elite failed to cope.

Английската преса за Илинденското въстание (1903): обществен натиск върху Високата порта за реформи в Македония

Author(s): Memli Sh. Krasniqi / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

Public opinion in Europe, consequently also in Great Britain, was worried about the news of the crimes committed by the Ottoman troops commanded by Hilmi Pasha against the population in the insurgent areas.Meanwhile, the sultan had promised amnesty for all the fled refugees as well as monetary aid for the returnees. On the other hand, the Bulgarian Committee (IMARO) was disappointed by the joint Austro-Hungarian and Russian position on the possibility of continuing direct Bulgarian(the Bulgarian negotiator was G. Natchevitch) – Ottoman talks, which in reality meant that the European Powers, including Tsarist Russia,were against the unlargment of Bulgaria within the borders from theTreaty of Saint Stephen (1878), which at that time had alarmed France and Great Britain. Consequently, the Ilinden uprising of 1903, in a way,marked the main turning point in European politics, with which the until then geographical notion “Macedonia” gradually begins to be associated,no longer with the majority population of Bulgarian origin and of big portion of the Albanians, but as territory inhabited by “Macedonian people”, which were steps toward the criation of new state and nation.

Претворяване паметта за Илинден в първите юбилейни чествания

Author(s): Elena Aleksandrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

The study traces how the national cultural heritage was constructed in connection with the anniversaries of the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising (1903), over which two national states – the Republic of Bulgaria and the present-day Republic of North Macedonia – disputed their ‘rights’. Sources show that when Ilinden was celebrated earlier (before the Second World War), wich was an event permetted only on Bulgarian soil, the official ceremonial received additional impulses from the inclusion of living participants in the uprising as representatives of the persistent unofficial memory. After 1944, both in the People’s Republic of Bulgaria and in the People’s (later Socialist) Republic of Macedonia inside Tito’s Yugoslavia, celebrations acquired a state-backed character, manoeuvred the collective consciousness mostly in the direction of the prevalent (communist) ideology and satisfied above all the needs of the state policy itself.

Илинденското въстание в българските учебници по история (1944 – 1989)

Author(s): Naoum Kaychev,Naum Kaychev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

The text analyzes how the 1903-uprising was presented in Bulgarian history textbooks under the communist regime. It invariably occupied half or a whole lesson in the textbooks dedicated to the History of Bulgaria throughout the entire period, most often in all three educational levels: in primary, intermediate and high school. From the very beginning, since 1946, the Bulgarian Communist Party, often by means of specially appointed textbook authors such as Tushe Vlahov, imposed a distorted Macedonianist view of the uprising, presenting it as the outcome achieved by a putative Macedonian nation, and not by the Bulgarian nation. In a more moderate form, this version persisted in the 1950s and in the first half of the 1960s. The Bulgarian character of IMARO and the Uprising began to stand out more clearly after the second half of the 1960s, especially in the high school. During the entire period up to the beginning of the 1980s, textbooks followed the regime’s ideological patterns and the so-called ‘class-party approach’, according to which some malicious conquering role of the Bulgarian bourgeoisie, Prince Ferdinand and the Bulgarian governments was to be highlighted, which was opposed to the democratic and republican spirit of the Macedonian revolutionary movement, strongly influenced by socialism. Only at the beginning of the 1980s, a new high-school textbook was introduced, which was freed from these ideological patterns and was largely in line with scientific discoveries and theses of Bulgarian history science, which adopted part of the achievements of pre-war Bulgarian historiography on Macedonian topics. In the 1950s and 1960s, textbooks presented two separate uprisings with different names: the Ilinden Uprising in Macedonia and the Preobrazhenie Uprising in Eastern Thrace, and in 1969 – 1981 they coalesced in one single uprising styled ‘Ilinden-Preobrazhenie’. After 1981 – 1982, textbooks adopted the traditional name of this uprising, used before the Second World War and especially before 1934: the Ilinden Uprising.

Мултиперспективност или историческа достоверност. Българската екзархия, въстанието и автономията 1903 г.

Author(s): Milen Mihov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

The multiperspective in history launched by Skopje is an attempt to defend the politically operative historical mythology created during the Cold War era. The so-called Macedonian historiography is essentially a Yugoslav reading of the history of Macedonia, and today it continues to be inextricably linked to the historiographical processes in Belgrade and the post-Yugoslav space. The aspiration of the historical elite near the Vardar to achieve recognition of two equal narratives – Bulgarian and Macedonian – diverges from scientific principles and turns science into prosaic propaganda. Historical documents unequivocally testify that in the strategic plans of the Bulgarian state, the revolutionary organization in Macedonia occupied an important place almost ten years before its actual emergence. In this sense, the study of the relationship between IMARO, the Exarchate and the Bulgarian state leads us to the problem of borders and the interaction between them. At first glance, the three institutions are clearly defined, occupy certain historical levels and have a clear personal identification. In reality, all three historical factors operate in doctrinal and political unity.

„Левски написах за себе си, Гоце Делчев – за България и българщината“. В памет на Мерсия Макдермот (1927 – 2023)

Author(s): Elena Aleksandrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

Undoubtedly, the research conducted by the British historian and writer Mercia MacDermott, among which the pivotal biographies of the Bulgarian revolutionaries Vasil Levski, Gotse Delchev and Yane Sandanski, has contributed to Bulgarian history scholarship, but more importantly, they popularized some important moments of our past among the British and Western European public. The strong emotional impulse with which the British researcher began to write each of her works did not exclude, but rather complemented her serious and meticulous research approach. Her particular interest in the liberation revolutionary movement of the Bulgarians in Macedonia grew for her into a cause that she followed until the end of her life.

Христо Георгиев (1824–1872) – изявен патриот и политически лидер

Author(s): Hristo Glushkov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

Hristo Georgiev was born in Karlovo where he received quality education. Although very young, he headed the branch of a trading company in Bucharest. At that time, his brother Evlogi (1819–1897) settled in Galaţi as a merchant. They were among the first Bulgarian emigrants in Romania, who confidently declared that they were Bulgarians, and that patriotism was a guiding principle in their social activities. With the help of their offices, situated north of the Danube River, the first Bulgarian newspapers were distributed, subscribers were recruited, and publishers were funded. In the 1860s, Hristo Georgiev was the most outstanding Bulgarian in the political affairs of the wealthy Bulgarian emigrants in Bucharest. He organized all their public activities and personally participated in the negotiations for the establishment of the Serbia–Bulgaria union in 1867, the Second Legion in Belgrade, the address to the participants in the 1872 peace conference in Paris. As an outstanding patriot, he led the efforts of a significant part of the Bulgarian emigrants for the establishment of a free Bulgarian state.

Seyit Family Ali Koçlular: From the Greek Lang to Rumeli and from the Balkans to Anatolia

Author(s): Hakkı Taşğın / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

This study aims to bring Seyit Family Ali Koçlular to the academy’s attention and is structured around the migration of Ali Koçlular from the Balkans to Anatolia, centuries after the settlement of the Greek Land to Rumeli. Postgraduate studies on mass migration from the Balkans to Anatolia are limited. There is no postgraduate study on Ali Koçlular yet, therefore, this paper aims to draw attention to the subject with the presentation of Ali Koçlular, who migrated from the Balkans to Anatolia, and can be directly associated with the social and religious structures of these two significant territories. This study was carried out in line with my master’s thesis, which is about Ali Koçlular and is still being written.

SARAYBOSNA’DA İSA BEY ZAVİYESİ HAKKINDA BAZI BELGELER (II)

Author(s): Hatice Oruç / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 72/2023

There is no archival record connecting the zawiya founded by Gazi Isa Bey in Sarajevo (1462) to a dervish order (tariqat) till the end of the 18th century. Then, suddenly, with the appearance of Sheikh Osman Dede, Isa Bey’s zawiya began to be mentioned alongside the Mevlevi tariqat. This change took place when Sheikh Osman Dede, one of the dervishes of the Hacı Sinan Kadirî tekke in Sarajevo, became the sheikh of the Hacı Mahmud Mevlevi tekke and claimed that it was actually Isa Bey’s zawiya. At first, he convinced the authorities that the two lodges were one and the same, and even repaired the Mevlevi tekke with the income of the waqf of Isa Bey’s zawiya. He then further claimed that the waqf’s tawliyat (the right to manage the waqf) belonged to the sheikhs of the zawiya based on the waqf’ regulations, and took over the tawliyat of the waqf and appropriated the waqf’s property. Thus, a tawliyat lawsuit that would last for many years arose between the trustee of the zawiya foundation represented by Osman bin Mustafa residing in Skopje, from the lineage of İsa bey, and the new trustee of the foundation represented by Sheikh Osman Dede. The documents presented in this case reveal that certain aspects such as whether or not Isa Bey’s zawiya is really Mevlevi, which side has the right to the tawliyat of the zawiya’s waqf, and the conditions of endowment in the foundation charter (waqfiya) etc., have been questioned. Various types of documents found in the Ottoman Archive (Ottoman Archive of the Presidency of the Government - BOA) and in the Archives of the General Directorate of Waqfs in Ankara that shed light on the claims and events related to Isa Bey’s zawiya and its waqf starting from the time Sheikh Osman Dede became a Mevlevi sheikh, constituting the first part of this study, have already been published under the title “Several Documents About Isa Bey’s Tekke in Sarajevo (I)”. In this study, the documents from the Sarajevo court registers (sharia sijjils) held at Gazi Husrev’s Bey Library in Sarajevo, will be discussed. In a way, this study implements the documents already discussed in the earlier publication. These new documents that question the generally ac-cepted claim that Isa Bey founded the zawiya as a Mevlevi and reveal the name of Haci Mahmud as the founder of the Mevlevi tekke are of extreme importance and may completely alter the history of the tariqats in Sarajevo all together. These documents are also of great importance not only for the research of the waqf institutions, but also for the research of legal history through the prism of the institution of the qadi and the functioning of the court.

SARAJEVSKI GUREBA-DEFTER IZ 1261/1845. GODINE

Author(s): Alma Omanović-Veladžić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 72/2023

In this paper, the Gureba-defter from 1261/1845 which testifies to a custom that was practiced during the month of Ramadan will be presented. It is a list of financial contributions that were collected from wealthy families and benefactors in Sarajevo in the month of Ramadan in 1845 for the religious-humanitarian fund of the same name known as “Aid to foreigners and the vulnerable ones”. Its main goal was to provide financial compensation to ulama (learned people), softas (students of the madrasa), musafirs (intentional travelers) from our and other parts of the Islamic world for their engagement in the month of Ramadan, such as reciting muḳābele (public recitation of the Qur’an), offering tārāviḥ-namāz (terawiya), i’tikāf (permanent stay in the mosque during the last ten days of Ramadan for prayer), delivering appropriate lectures, as well as helping the poor.

SARAYBOSNA’NIN DÖRT YILI: MASRAFLARIN ÇİZDİĞİ “SARAY” RESMİ

Author(s): Ayla Efe / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 72/2023

This article is about the expenses of “Sarajevo” Sanjak, which is the center of the Bosnian Province. These expenses are recorded in the Financial Expense Notebook (ML. MSF. d) at the Ottoman Archives. ML. MSF. d. is one of the rich records of the archive. These notebooks include the salaries of employees of administrative and military positions in the Ottoman finances and local expenditure items such as subsidy and constructions. Therefore, they are important data records in understanding the cost and financing of administrative units, institutional structures and activities. In the article, four expense books related to the Saray Sanjak dated Rumi 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280 (Gregorian 1861-65) are used. The article has two aims: One, to analyze the size of the financial/administrative organization in Sarajevo, and second, to determine “state capacity” in Sarajevo. In the article, firstly, the registration order of expense books is discussed. Then, the expenditure items in each of the notebooks are analyzed and data sets are obtained. It then focuses on the Sarajevo sanjak scenery that these datasets reveal. Subsequently, the visibility of the “state” in the Sarajevo sanjak is determined. In the conclusion of the article, the general characteristics of the provincial accounting system are determined on the axis of Tanzimat's claim of financial centralization and particularly Sarajevo Sanjak.

ОССОЛІНЕУМ ЯК СПІЛЬНА ІСТОРИЧНА СПАДЩИНА УКРАЇНЦІВ ТА ПОЛЯКІВ

Author(s): Oleksandr DOBRZHANSKYI,Vasyl PRYTULIUK / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2023

Historically, it happened that Ukrainians and Poles, during long historical periods, lived within the same states, such as the Austro-Hungarian or Russian empires, the First and Second Years of Partition, and therefore, in fact, both peoples are involved in the formation of cultural heritage such as, for example, the Osolinski library. Being a gift to the city of Lviv at the beginning of the 19th century, the library grew over the following years, and by the beginning of the 20th century it became one of the richest in Central Europe. Due to the change of borders and the state affiliation of Lviv, as a result of two world wars and the criminal negligence of the Soviet authorities regarding the Ukrainian cultural heritage, a significant part of the Ossolineum's funds ended up on the territory of the Republic of Poland. The transfer of Ossolineum funds by the Soviet side of Poland was carried out in several stages between 1945 and 1987. At the beginning of the 90s of the 20th century, the negotiation process began between Ukraine and the Republic of Poland on the return of Ossolineum to its country of origin. In fact, throughout the 1990s and two decades of the 21st century, discussions between Ukraine and Poland about the ownership of Ossolineum and its restitution to Ukraine continued. Unfortunately, all these negotiations, as of today, have not yielded any results.

KOREKTAN I UTEMELJEN PREGLED STANJA I PRILIKA U HERCEGOVAČKOM SANDŽAKU TOKOM 17. VIJEKA, JEDNOG OD NAJMANJE ISTRAŽENIH PERIODA BOSANSKOHERCEGOVAČKE PROŠLOSTI

Author(s): Dragana Kujović / Language(s): Montenegrine Issue: 24/2023

Review of: Sedad Bešlija, Hercegovački sandžak u 17. stoljeću, Univerzitet u Sarajevu – Institut za historiju, Sarajevo, 2023.

Aleksei Peterson in the Southern Veps Villages in 1965–1969: A Chapter from the History of Soviet Estonian Ethnography

Author(s): Indrek Jääts / Language(s): English Issue: 91/2023

The article examines the five expeditions made by Aleksei Peterson, director of the Estonian Ethnography Museum, and his colleagues to the Southern Veps villages (Leningrad Oblast, northeastern Russia) in the late 1960s. These research trips marking the rebirth of the Finno-Ugric direction in Estonian ethnography (ethnology) constitute an important part of disciplinary history. The article, based mainly on fieldwork diaries, focuses on the everyday life during the research trips (logistic challenges, relations with local authorities and the Veps) and analyses the attitudes and knowledge production practices of Soviet Estonian ethnographers interested, above all, in traditional peasant culture.