Prostitúció a polgárosodó Nagyváradon

Author(s): Áron Tőtős / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: III/2016

Based on unpublished judicial and administrative records, police declarations and evidences of prostitutes kept in the National Archives of Romania Bihor County Branch and on secondary literature, the paper focuses on the presentation of the brothels of Oradea (Nagyvárad) and of their leaders in the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, in a time when society tolerated, but did not accepted entirely the phenomenon of prostitution. The paper deals as well with the attitude of the urban society, especially of those who lived in the proximity of these institutions towards these establishments and their residents.

ZJAWISKO MIĘDZYKULTUROWYCH INSPIRACJI W TWÓRCZOŚCI WSPÓŁCZESNYCH KOMPOZYTORÓW ŚRODOWISKA GDAŃSKIEGO

Author(s): Joanna Schiller-Rydzewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2015

Multicultural inspirations in the works of modern composers from Gdańsk are phenomenathat became a part of tradition, social structure, geographical situation, and the historyof Gdańsk. In the diversified musical environment of the post-war Gdańsk, the threegroups of composers active in the city are recognized. The first group includes the native- born composers; the second group consists of composers who came from differentparts of Poland and settled in Gdańsk; the third group (the most difficult to compartmentalize) includes composers temporarily living in the city. The examination of artistic achievements of Gdańsk composers after the Second War World reveals three distinct domains of multicultural inspirations. The first involves cultural fascination with remote places of Europe and the world. The second draws on inspiration from the native folk culture, including the Kashubian folklore. The third domain borrows from the mass culture that aspires to the rank of sophisticated art.

FASCYNACJE KULTURĄ DALEKOWSCHODNIĄ W TWÓRCZOŚCI WŁODZIMIERZA KOTOŃSKIEGO

Author(s): Iwona Świdnicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2015

Among those most enchanted by Eastern art in the interwar Poland were: Piotr Perkowski,Aleksander Tansman, Jerzy Gablenz, and Jan Maklakiewicz. The inspiration fromJapanese culture was initiated in the late 20th century by Włodzimierz Kotoński – a composer specializing in computer and electronic music. Fascinated by Matsuo Bashŏ’s poetry, Kotoński composed 7 Haiku For Female Voice and Seven Instruments and dedicated thepiece to the British soprano, Jane Manning. Not only does Kotoński’s cycle portray the contemplation of nature and the surrounding world, but it also has a touch of subtle sacrum.

A marosvásárhelyi Református Kollégium főépülete

Author(s): Erika Oniga / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: VIII/2013

The old buildings of the Reformed College in Marosvásárhely (Târgu-Mureș, RO) were significant role players in the Transylvanian protestant public education, but proved to be less functional for educational institutions at the early 20th century. The directorate of the college commissioned a leader of the government’s architectural program, the Budapest based architect Sándor Baumgarten (1864–1928), to propose a project for the new building. He realized the project plans between 1906–1908, and the construction took place between 1908–1909. This study pursues the so far unknown construction process and interior furnishing of the main building, investigating reports from the directorate meetings of the school, documentations related to the abundant planning material. Thanks to rich written resources and the well preserved furnishing, the assembly hall is discussed in an individual chapter as it is the most ambitiously created, organic Art Nouveau interior of the building. Baumgarten took into consideration the local conditions of the site, as well as the expectations of the directorate when planning the building. As a follower of Ödön Lechner applied the national style, borrowing design elements and patterns from the Hungarian Art Nouveau style. To carry out the construction plans, young Lajos Csiszár, a building contractor from Marosvásárhely was commissioned, along with other local craftsmen. The foundation stone was celebrated on September 10th, 1908, with the construction procedures coming to an end in the autumn of 1909. The inauguration took place in June 1911, once the annexed buildings (primary school, sports-court), both planned by engineer Győző Nagy, and the renovation of the 19th century boarding school were completed. The three storey central building has a U-shaped layout. The unity of its wings is given by the characteristic execution of the facades and the harmoniously applied details. The various fixtures of the building (fences, chandelier etc.), the interior furnishings and the annexed building all celebrate the talent of engineer Győző Nagy. He applied the style of Baumgarten in the design of the furniture belonging to the directorate’s office and the teaching room, and took significant responsibility in shaping the assembly hall too. (The furnishing of the assembly hall dating back to 1910 was complemented in the interwar period with furniture that animated the ornamental language of their Art Nouveau ancestors, while keeping the integrity of its interior style.) The project received a governmental support of three-hundred thousand crowns, but its expenses reached almost half a million crowns by the time its construction and interior furnishing had been completed. With its neat floor plan, inner division striving for functionality, luminous rooms, wide and airy passageways, the building complex is a representative work of this architectural programme. The style and execution of details recall the features of the rest of the gymnasiums planned by Baumgarten (from Zilah/Zalău, Rozsnyó/Râșnov, Máramaros/Sighetu Marmației [RO], etc). However, by being an assignment and investment of the church, and thanks to its adaptation to the irregular, sloping site and local context of the already existing buildings, this work has contributed to the achievement of an original and independent work of Sándor Baumgarten in Marosvásárhely. The building-complex founded in the early 20th century hosts today the Reformed College and the Bolyai Farkas Theoretical High School.

Rozpracowywanie przez aparat bezpieczeństwa PRL ks. prymasa Stefana Wyszyńskiego i o. Mariana Pirożyńskiego na przykładzie działalności tajnego współpracownika o pseudonimie „Ptaszyńska”

Author(s): Piotr Bączek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2015

After 1944 a network of secret collaborators was one of the primary methodsof operation communist security apparatus. In Poland, were replicatedmethods of the Soviet Union. Executives of Security Ministry were trainedby the soviet political police NKVD. Well-located agents played an importantrole in the suppression of anti-communist sentiment. It served also tocombating ideological enemies, including the Catholic Church. The Churchenvironment were development of videomonitoring by the security apparatussince the beginning of communist rule in Poland. As early as in 1946.it was established secret instructions about the acquisition of agents amongthe clergy. The Stalinist Safety Authority also recruited collaborators amongthe prisoners. Such a person was Sister Maria Graczyk of the Congregationof the Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary. Since 1951. she stayedin prison. In July of 1953 she was recruited by the secret police, she was giventhe pseudonym “Ptaszyńska”. Her first denunciations concerned the FatherMarian Pirożyński. He was arrested on 28 September 1953. For two years, shereported on the interned Polish Primate Stefan Wyszyński. For this reason, itplayed an important role in the communist system the fight with the CatholicChurch. Maria Graczyk after release from prison in 1956. continued collaborationwith the SB, she walked away of the Order. Her fate is an example ofa person who from the victim persecuted by the secret police has evolved intoa passive and effective instrument of repression apparatus.

Katolicka parafia w Tylży w XIX wieku

Author(s): Marek Jodkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2015

The first chapel after Reformation in Drangowski near Tylża was built in1663 by Piotr von Gieβen-Dorengowski. After his death, it was destroyed. Anothertemple was built in the same place in the years 1692–1699. However,it was gradually falling into ruin and in 1861 a decision was made to demolishthe building. In 1739, a plot of land was given to Catholics for the purposeof building a new church in Tylża. Even though the works already started in1740, due to accumulated difficulties they could be continued from the year1849. The dedication of the church to the Assumption of Mary took placein 1853. The Catholic institution in Drangowski was given parish rights on20 December 1843. Then they were transferred to the institution in Tylża.German-speaking and Lithuanian-speaking people belonged to this parish.In 1879, renovation of church paintings was carried out by Justus Bornowski,and the side altars were made by Heinrich Splieth. In 1888, the constructionof the church tower was completed. The bells were cast in a bell-foundryowned by Karl Friedrich Ulrich from Apolda. A Catholic school also functionedin Tylża. Its activity was suspended during the Kulturkampf period.The parish was supported by Catholic associations and organisations, includingthe Boniface Association. Priests from Tylża were involved in the developmentof church facilities in Robkojen.

TRUDNE PUNKTY INKULTURACJI NA PRZYKŁADZIE MAŁŻEŃSTWA AFRYKAŃSKIEGO

Author(s): Franciszek Behrendt / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2014

The first chapter of the study is devoted to the process of marriage and its symbol and ethics value according to the old African customs. The person who has gone an initiation ceremony becomes a different person. By closely observing the various sym- bols and experiencing the effects of the initiation he comes to know himself and the cultural riches of his people.In the second chapter author is looking for some ways how Church wanted to enter into no Christians with the Gospel and Canon Law. The Gospel was proclaimed by helping the people in their poverty, all kinds of illnesses, by schools, hospitals and preaching in the local languages.The challenges of different documents in the history of Church are bearing in mind numerous achievement on the eld of Africans and missionaries. An attempt was made to sketch the main doctrinal currents present in documents issued by pops in the histo- ry. The Church in Africa is striving to develop its own particular identity by seeking to interpret theology in the African context. Preaching and dialogue with the help of customs and inculturation may help to recognize Christ as God, who wants salvation of all the peoples.

Mircea Remus Birtz, Manfred Kierein, Câteva succesiuni apostolice catoli- ce din România, Editura „Napoca Star”, Cluj-Napoca 2011, ss. 120

Author(s): Krzysztof R. Prokop / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2015

Robert Romuald Kufel, Internat Biskupi i Małe Seminarium Duchowne we Wschowie (1946-1956), Agencja Wydawnicza „PDN”, Zielona Góra 2012, ss. 180, fot.

Author(s): Roland Prejs / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2016

Opis wybuchu wrocławskiej baszty prochowej w 1749 r. z kroniki konwentu reformatów jako przykład formy kształtowania pamięci wspólnoty o wydarzeniu

Author(s): Marcin Musiał / Language(s): Polish Issue: XIII/2015

The explosion of the powder magazine during the night of 20 to 21 June 1749 had been the most tragic event in the history of Wrocław. The outcome of that tragedy was several dozen of fatalities and more than three hundred people injured. The larger south-west part of the city was well-nigh totally destroyed. Among the ruins were also Franciscans as the building of their monastery was situated next to the powder magazine. The purpose of this monograph is to take a closer look at the report from that event covered in the said chronicle dated as of 175-1756. The presented description written right after that tragedy appears to be a perfect source for tracing the means and forms of shaping the community remembrance, the ways of commemoration of the essential events from the perspective of both the monastery and city. The above mentioned usefulness as a source manifests itself through the focus on selected aspects of that event and applied wording, evoking distant times, as well as constituting a comparative database for that tragedy in the history of the monastery.

Сватбата в град Враца през ХХ век

Author(s): Milena Marinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 14/2016

The article presents weddings in the town of Vratsa in XX century. Tendencies connected with the changes in the age of entering a marriage, the choice of nuptial partner, prenuptial socializing and marriage ceremonies have been portrayed. An outline of wedding features of town people with different professional, educational and social status has been made along with the interrelations between historic contend and changes in weddings.

Ratni mortalitet u Hercegovačko-neretvanskoj županiji od 1991. do 1995.godine

Author(s): Žarko Dugandžić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2016

On the basis of available, highly probably incomplete, data direct demographic loses in Herzegovina-Neretva County during the War for Independence were shown. A spatial and temporal framework of direct demographic sufferings in the period from 1991 to 1995 was analyzed by size, temporal and spatial distribution, gender, age, national structure, and status of the victims. On the basis of available data, it was determined that Herzegovina-Neretva County had 4690 direct casualties of war. Pf the total sum, 87 % or 4059 were men and 13 % or 631 were women. There were 3047 military victims, of which 30 were women and 1643 civil victims, 601 of which were women.

Etnički identitet Osijeka u povijesnom tijeku

Author(s): Zlata Živaković- Kerže,Miljenko Brekalo,Anamarija Lukić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2016

In this paper, the authors describe Osijek as a markedly multiethnic and multicultural town which started developing its Croatian identity in the early 20th century. This fact is supported by the 1910 census when the Croats, the indigenous people in the region, became the largest ethnic group. Observing the changes in the demographic structure throughout history, the authors emphasize the impact of the migrations of rural population which were caused by industrialization and cultural movements (“The Croatian Movement”). However, the language of “the bygone times” was preserved after the migrations. Namely, even though Croatian became the official language of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia in 1848, all or almost all the inhabitants of Osijek spoke German in informal situations. They used the local, so called Esseker dialect, which was a version of German interwoven with the elements of Croatian and Hungarian.

Books: Kosovo’s Booby-Trapped Field of Dreams

Author(s): Uffe Andersen / Language(s): English Issue: 09/27/2016

Serbian scholar Ivan Colovic's new book is a powerful study of the struggle for mythmaking rights to a signal event in Balkan history.

OBNOVA NASELJA TUZLANSKOG OKRUGA PORUŠENIH U DRUGOM SVJETSKOM RATU

Author(s): Sead Selimović / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 19/2016

Rebuilding the village of Tuzla district demolished during the Second World War took place with many problems. And if governments are putting up ambitious goals, in practice, they could not accomplish. Based on the experience that the renovation in 1945 did not meet, the decision was made by the Ministry of Construction in the People’s Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, ‘’ that the reconstruction in 1946 has performed as a nationwide operation, planned, under the leadership of the National Liberation Front, through technical base , which will be on the field as particularly responsible for it OPERATIONAL authorities to carry out this work ‘’. Therefore, in order to ensure successful work on the reconstruction of settlements, educated Management technical base as an independent department within the Ministry of Construction. It is tasked to ‘’ establish papers ‘’ for the technical basis for the district people’s committees, that same money supplies, tools and materials, to control the work on the reconstruction of settlements in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and to provide the necessary guidelines for the work. But regardless of this, the results are much worse than anticipated or planned. It was the same in 1947 when out of the planned 6,640 houses, built 2,166 or 32.62%. The reasons for this are many: poor organization, unscrupulous work, abuse, poor infrastructure and so on.

Eesti päevalehtede muutumine Esimese maailmasõja ajal 1914– 1917

Author(s): Roosmarii Kurvits / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 17/2015

This paper explores how World War I influenced the content and the visual form of the Estonian core dailies Postimees, Päewaleht and Tallinna Teataja in 1914–1917. The beginning of the war brought about several rapid changes in Estonian newspapers. The vast majority of editorial content was made up of war information. War was brought close to the reader as the fate and activities of common Estonian soldiers were constantly is cussed. At the same time, newspaper readers were united with the allied war forces by the use of the inclusive 'we' in official war reports. War was seen through the eyes of the Russian Empire and their allies. War was presented using more varied newspaper genres. However, newspapers did not modernise their news genres, e.g. use more modern, hierarchical news structures, such as the inverted pyramid. Instead, the use of combined genres, which included elements of short news, commentary and reportage, increased. This was the result of an over-abundance of information. Journalists became more active in acquiring information and explaining official news to their readers (e.g. explaining in detail the locations of war events). In newspaper design, the techniques which were previously used only for extraordinary events were now introduced on a daily basis. This increased the quality of information presentation. In order to emphasize essential information, each issue of a newspaper started with the listing of important war events, war news was transferred to the front page, there were many more headlined news stories, and a few single war stories were wholly or partially set in bigger and/or bolder typefaces. The domination of war information, the introduction of war topics and news as the focus of the newspaper were directly connected to the war. News value became the main factor in news selection and in how news items were presented. The growth of general variability was directly related to the fact that the variability of information sources grew considerably. Information was obtained from official news bulletins as well as from private letters of civilians and soldiers. Two innovations introduced during World War I were maintained in newspapers after the war. Firstly, news remained at the front of the newspaper, starting the era of news journalism in Estonia (replacing the previous enlightening-instructive journalism). Secondly, headlined news stories did not disappear from newspapers; rather, headlines grew bigger and became more precise. Lasting changes were related to the visual form of newspapers, whereas contextual and topical changes were temporary, related to the progress of World War I.

PROIZVODNJA DUHANA U HERCEGOVINI NA PRIMJERU RADA DUHANSKE STANICE MOSTAR U 1932. GODINI

Author(s): Sead Šejtanić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 16/2015

Tobacco came to Herzegovina during the period of Ottoman rule, and with the establishing of Austro-Hungarian administration the state instituted monopoly on its production, which was continued in the time of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Herzegovina was a suitable area for the cultivation of tobacco, especially of the more quality kinds. The planting of tobacco was a very serious, demanding and risky business which required at least ten months of work per year. The state authorities, charged with monitoring these activities, had through their officials and tobacco stations, as is shown in this paper on the example of the Mostar tobacco station in 1932, invested maximum efforts so that farmers would cultivate fields that were appropriate for this culture, to plant those kinds of tobacco for which they were given seeds, and the whole process did not end there, but was continued until the buyout at the end of the year. A strict inspection overview was maintained through various measures, from counting of bundles and leaves, submitting of tobacco damaged by natural causes, sorting of tobacco according to the rules of submitting crops, and through many other control measures. It can be said that the whole procedure was placed under strict supervision of legal regulations, state authorities and their inspection officials. Apart from domestic use, the tobacco of Herzegovina was also exported as a quality and recognizable good.

Represyjna polityka władzy komunistycznej wobec planów budownictwa sakralnego oraz istniejących świątyń Kościoła rzymskokatolickiego w rzeszowskiem: 1944-1968

Author(s): Agata Rak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2010

The article presents problems related to repression performed by the communistic authority towards Catholic Church in Rzeszow region (1944-1968). The author stresses repressive policy towards sacral architecture. She discusses, on the concrete cases, administrative and political barriers referring to the lack of planning permission for new churches and permission for operation of the already existing churches.

Пам’ять міста

Author(s): Aleida Assmann / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 92/2015

The realization that our knowledge of history is associated primarily with places that are revealed in the cities, first of all, through building substance, transforms the city into an important subject of cultural and historical research. There is a basic question: how exactly history fits in urban space and “anchors” in it, how it is altered, renewed, destroyed, how it is challenged? And how are related memories to these spaces? These questions bring us to the interplay of space, time, memory, identity, which we deal in details on the example of four aspects.The distinguishing between space and place (1) opens the two perspectives of perception: space as such, provided for the organization and reorganization, and place that we understand through the richness of its history and memories, passed through the narrative. The city is perceived as palimpsest (2), when becoming visible the layers that reveal history as a collective work of different generations, epochs, and periods of settlement. The concept of “reconstruction” (3) denotes a new practice in architecture, which involves rebuilding after 1989, historic buildings, destroyed by war with either ideological or modernization motives. Historical continuity (4), in its turn, means attitude to historical building substance that combines again more closely the past and the future.

Vorstellung der utilitären Pferdezucht in Anbetracht der Geschichte des Gestüts Fenék

Author(s): Melinda Marton / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2008