Принцип «цель оправдывает средства» в деятельности российской интеллигенции (XIX — начало ХХ века)

Author(s): Vladimir Vladimirovich Vozilov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2019

The article is devoted to studying the matter how the «purpose justifies means» principle was accepted by Russian Intelligentsia’s activity in the 19th — beginning of the 20th centuries. The main problems in the article are: 1) the study of reason and determining the time of appearance of the «purpose justifies means» principle in the ideology and practice of Russian Radical Intelligentsia; 2) the determining how the main Russian Intelligentsia representatives’ attitude to Radical means of political struggle was changed; 3) the identifying of succession in using the «purpose justifies means» principle by some Intelligentsia’s ideological and political groups. The methodological principles of «historism» and «objectivism» are used for reaching the setting target and solving certain problems. The difference of understanding between Liberals and Radicals in using extreme political means as acceptable for reaching of wishing results is clearly displayed. In ideology this difference was expressed in the negation or acceptance of the «purpose justifies means» principle. This principle was formulated in extreme form as the thesis called «all is good if it is for the revolution». This principle was widely used by Russian Radical Intelligentsia and was unaccepted by Russian Liberal Intelligentsia. But the representatives of the opposite political views — «ultraright» and «ultraleft» — had the same attitude to using extreme political means. The article also considers the matter how some generation of Russian Intelligentsia (from Decembrists to Bolsheviks) was adhered to this principle. V. S. Petcherin declared openly that he held to this principle for the first time in Russian liberation movement’s history in 1830s. But in the first part of the 19th century the «purpose justifies means» principle was mainly used for ideology, not for practice. This principle was publicly declared in Russian political history and used in practice in 1860s which is known as the «period of nihilism». In the next decades the «purpose justifies means» principle indicated to his supporters’ connection with Russian revolutionary nihilism, became a part of revolution organizations’ political programs and switched from idea discussion to practical activity.

Интеллигенция в перспективе межкультурных взаимоотношений: роль философии просвещения и Французской революции в формировании русской интеллигенции

Author(s): Vitaly Anatolievich Buduchev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2019

This article highlights the connection between the two countries: Russia and France, that is the exchange of concepts and ideas between the two cultures, which develop under mutual influence. The forming of the Russian Intelligentsia is a great example of cultural links developing outside of geopolitical interests of nation states. Enlightenment played a role in Russian development by means of theories of inspiring Russian intelligentsia. These theories were later being taken in consideration by the leaders in their ruling tactics. Russian intelligentsia draws their inspirations from the Enlightenment. The 18th century brought enlightenment to Russia, this was a movement among Europe for the modernization of society. Absolute monarchy could no longer rely on religion as the sole basis of it’s indivisible power. The upper classes began to play a significant role in the public life. The reforms of Catherine II are the main consequences of the social change and political context in Europe. It is in this context that we consider the influence of French philosophy on the enlightened part of the Russian nobility, who received privileges due to the service to the absolute monarchy. However, the progressive nobles did not agree with the mission the monarchy gave to them. On the contrary, following the French example, the Russian enlighteners chose as a mission the criticism of the regime. This was reflected by the Decembrist revolt, which served as a basis for the formation of the Russian intelligentsia. French Revolution, in its own right, is both a symbol and an example to be followed by the formed intelligentsia. It creates conditions under which the cultural elite becomes the Progress and the Enlightenment at the time when political elite defies the same values.

Интеллигенция как субъект социально-культурного творчества: философско-антропологические аспекты

Author(s): Sergey Vladimirovich Kovalenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2019

The article is devoted to the analysis of processes of formation and development of alternative groups of intellectuals as the subjects developing strategic projects of modernization of the public relations in Russia since the middle of the 19th century up to the beginning of the 21st century. Research objective is opening of the contradictions arising among subjects whose professional activity is characterized by complex brainwork and is connected with development of the alternative ideological projects reflecting the interests of various social communities. The author considers that the system of interaction of managing directors and operated became the reason of crises of alternative strategic projects of modernization of the public relations, based on traditions of the German classical philosophy, authoritative pedagogic and administrative coercion. According to the author, the difference between the intellectual and the intelligentsia member is based on perception of the person not as object but as subject. The methodological base of formation of the national intelligentsia as the subject of welfare creativity is V. I. Vernadsky's theory giving the chance to coordinate process of evolutionary self-organization of the person as the subject with regularities of noosphere prospect of development of the state and mankind. Basic conclusions of the article assume need of accounting of the principles of a priority of the anthropological interests of the person by the national intelligentsia of value as subject of creation of energy resources of activity of society at social and fair remuneration. The efficiency of projects of modernization is defined by ability of the national intelligentsia to coordinate unconscious, subconscious and conscious aspects of activity of the person on the basis of the philosophical and anthropological concept of evolutionary self-organization of society. A strategic vector of activity of the national intelligentsia is harmonization of anthropological needs of the personality with tasks to provide sustainable development of the public relations in Russia taking into account a geopolitical context of a noospherogenesis.

Фактори в международната дейност на БКД до началото на ХХ век

Author(s): Tzvetan Radulov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2019

In 1869 a Bulgarian Learned Society in Braila was finally founded, as realization of an idea of the Bulgarian Revival community from the 1850s. From the begging the Bulgarian Learned Society and its leaders are actively involved in European scientific life, using the experience of the work of similar institutions. Thanks to the efforts of several leading figures, a network of contacts is quickly established, which contributes to the further development of the Society. This article provides information on the BLS‘s connections with various individuals and foreign scientific organizations at the its initial stage, and aims to present and analyze the various factors that influence the development of such relationships.

Толстоизмът и обществените организации в България през първата половина на ХХ век

Author(s): Margarita Terzieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2019

Tolstoyism as a teaching with its anti military line, with its preaching about fraternal love and unity, with its ethic religious feeling which is an upbringing tool, with the vegetarian way of life which priorities have been demonstrated by its followers, wins disciples in Bulgaria in the first decades of 20th century. A number of organizations were set up and started functioning under the influence of these ideas – Bulgarian vegetarian union, temperance societies and unions, Esperanto movement, pacific movement – which contributed to its broader social support. But Tolstoyism could not survive in the epoch of sharp political collisions because it teaches beautiful but helpless ethics. Today its ideas are subjected to analysis and discussions.

Участието на Ирландската републиканска армия в Ирландската война за независимост (1919 – 1921)

Author(s): Ilia Makrelov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2019

This article considers the creation of IRA and pays attention to its ideology, organization and social structure during the period under review. It examines the main IRA’s actions in the conflict with British government (1919 –1921) and their consequences. The main thesis presented in this study is that through its heterogeneous actions during the Irish war of independence IRA becomes decisive but not only factor in the rejection of the British government from the south of the island. Applying partisan tactics and acting together with the separatist Irish government IRA successfully neutralized British armed forces leading to the signing of the peace treaty between two countries (06.12.1921).

Vprašanje idejnega, političnega, socialnega in narodnega sobivanja v liberalni politični misli in praksi med leti 1891–1941

Author(s): Jurij Perovšek / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2011

The question of the ideological, political, social and national co–habitation in the liberal political thought and practice since the beginning of its independent political organisation in 1891 until World War II in Slovenia indicates that this complex problem has been the hardest issue to address in the life of the Slovenian society and nation in the recent past. It stemmed from the Slovenian mutual ideological and political denial and exclusion, manifesting itself in various forms and different historical situations, frequently in severe hatred between the basic historical political camps in Slovenia. The liberals were no exception and also no rule as far as this was concerned, even though the ideological struggle in Slovenia was initiated by the Catholic side. The liberals' opposition to the political Catholicism, most severe in the (former) Carniola, was less and less often based on modernity and its underlying values, and increasingly frequently on the cultural struggle and anti–Catholic ideologies. Thus with its example liberalism – which also held true of its attitude to the socialist and communist movement – only confirmed the restrictive and aggravating ideological, political, largely also corporatist–self–sufficient or hierarchic–total social attitude of Slovenians at that time. This attitude did not contain enough room for a balanced perception of the others. This surely resulted in heavy historical baggage, which Slovenians had gathered in the time up to the World War II and which had been added to abundantly by the mounting mutual hatred among them during World War II.

Изследване със значителен евристичен потенциал. Д. О. Лабаури. Евангелие и револьвер. Социальныe и психологические основы болгарской национальной революции в Македонии и Фракии в конце ХIХ – начале ХХ в. Санкт Петербург, Нестор-История, 2018, 328 с.

Author(s): Nikolay Poppetrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2018

Книга на полски автор за българската история. Stępnik, Krzysztof. Macedonia w prasie polskiej (1903–1914). Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Lublin, 2014, 285 ss. + ilust. ISBN 978-83-7784-502-8

Author(s): Todor Petrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2018

Idejnopolitični spori v Slovenski matici od konca 19. stoletja do prve svetovne vojne

Author(s): Željko Oset / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2009

In the following article the author analyses the tense developments in Slovenska matica, the leading Slovenian cultural organisation, in the time of stronger ideological clashes from the end of the 1890s until World War I. Slovenska matica operated as a Society whose intention was to publish Slovenian scientific and popular scientific books. The Society was actively involved in the pressing cultural problems (from the standardisation of the Slovenian language and the establishment of Slovenian scientific terminology to the efforts to ensure Slovenian secondary schools and found a Slovenian university). With its activities it was strongly integrated into the social environment, thus the changes in the society, especially after the dissolution of the political unity and the gradual separation of spirits, resounded strongly and had significant influence on the Slovenska matica organisation. The argumentation was replaced by ideologically and politically marked standpoints. That was especially distinctive during the publishing of Štrekelj's collection of Slovenian folk songs and the celebration of the 400th anniversary of Primož Trubar's birth.

La création du monde, du paulicianisme arménien au bogomilisme bulgare et au catharisme occidental.

Author(s): Alain Vuillemin / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2019

According to a Cathar legend retold in 1960 in the tale The Santa Estela del Centenari (The Holy Estella of the Centennial, written by Occitan and French author Joan Bodon or Jean Boudou, Satanael or Satan, the evil demiurge, had created the world. This account of the origins is also the story of the Bogomils in Bulgaria. The belief originated in Armenia, on the border between the Persian Sasanian Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire, between the 5th and the 7th centuries A.D. Since the end of the 19th century, however, these conceptions have resurfaced again in modern literature, theatre, novels, and poetry, both in Bulgaria and in France. What can a comparativist literary approach based on the scarce Cathar, Bogomil, and Paulician texts we have at our disposal reveal about this lost account of the origins of the world, and about the questions posed by Paulicians, Bogomils and Cathars on the existence of God, evil, and man?

Recenzija: Kranjska med dvema Ivanoma: idejno-politično soočenje slovenskega političnega katolicizma in liberalizma na prehodu iz 19. v 20. stoletje

Author(s): Jurij Perovšek / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2005

The review of: Zvonko Bergant: Kranjska med dvema Ivanoma: idejno-politično soočenje slovenskega političnega katolicizma in liberalizma na prehodu iz 19. v 20. stoletje. Ljubljana, Inštitut za globalne politične študije 2004, 509 strani.

Thracia Pontica / Тракия Понтика – 40 години по-късно

Author(s): Kalin Porozhanov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 24/2019

The Thracia Pontica range of issues was perceived and named by Professor Alexander Fol in the 1970s as a resut of the complex expeditions Apollonia – Strandzha and Mesambria – Haemus, organised by the Institute of Thracology of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. During subsequent decades, the following important results were obtained. A national Centre of Underwater Archaeology was established with seat in the town of Sozopol (1978). Eight international symposia Thracia Pontica have been organised, as well as annual national and international expeditions. The view on the Thracian maritime culture along the coasts of the Aegean Sea, the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea as an integral part of the history and culture of the Eastern Mediterranean is substantiated. Thracia Pontica constitutes part of the issues connected with Mycenaean Thrace (mid-second – mid-first millennium BC) because the Mycenaean religious, political and cultural models penetrated from the south to the north by sea. The Thracia Pontica range of issues comprises also the Thracians from Northwestern Asia Minor and its coastal areas, including the Aegean islands Thasos, Samothrace, Imbros, Lemnos and Naxos. The settling and the development of the Greek apoikiai along the Thracian coasts proved to be a process in which the two sides – the Thracian ethnos-related and the Greek polis-related sides – were mutually complementary and they interacted, playing hence the role of contact zones. The Summer University Strandzha Mountain and Its Role for the East–West Transfer of Civilisations was created on Alexander Fol’s initiative in 2002 and it functioned until 2015. Between 2009 and 2018, the Neophyte Rilski Southwestern University in Blagoevgrad implementeted research projects every year, connected with the range of Thracia Pontica issues along the Black Sea, Sea of Marmara and Aegean coasts.

Александър Фол – Създателят. Една епоха в тракологията

Author(s): Irina Shopova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 24/2019

The article traces the life and creative path of Professor Alexander Fol, the founder of the Bulgarian School of Thracology. Professor Fol is the author of more than 400 specialised publications: books, including 16 monographs, studies and articles published in Bulgarian and foreign languages in Bulgaria and abroad, as well as dozens of popular academic studies, articles and textbooks. He dedicated nearly 50 years to the study of all aspects and problem circles of the history of ancient Southeastern Europe, pointing out the way in which the history of Ancient Thrace and the Thracians must be studied and written as part of the history of the Antiquity of Europe, Africa and Asia. Professor Fol created both the theoretical and the institutional frameworks of Bulgarian Thracology. By postulating the principle of interdisciplinary research as the basis of Thracian studies, he created the concept of the Institute of Thracology, which united the efforts of a team of researchers specialising in various fields of Thracology. Along with the establishment and development of the Institute, Professor Fol, together with Prof. Mihailov, Prof. Velkov and Prof. Venedikov, initiated the exhibition Thracian Treasures, which gave an impetus to the development of Thracian studies abroad. The exhibition has visited the largest museums around the world, organised under the academic guidance of Prof. Alexander Fol from 1974 to 2005. Professor Fol was the initiator for the launching of the National Museum of History in Sofia (1979), founder and Chairman of the Society for Ancient History and Thracology (1979–1987), initiator of the creation of the research institute at the Bulgarian Cultural House in Vienna. Alexander Fol’s creative work was also aimed at introducing Thracology as a fundamental discipline in the curriculum of universities in Bulgaria. In 1977 he initiated the establishing of the National School of Ancient Languages and Cultures in Sofia. Professor Fol developed the methodology, specified the academic concept, expanded the chronological boundaries and geographic diaspora of research on Thracian antiquity, and taught us that intellectual energy was immortal. He bequeathed to us his story of the Thracians, expecting each of us to write his/her own story.

Aspects de l’image de la Thrace dans le discours religieux de l’Antiquité

Author(s): Mina Tasseva Bencheva / Language(s): English,French Issue: 24/2019

The sacred discourses (hieroi logoi) are a group of ancient texts that existed in some philosophical and religious movements such as Pythagoreanism, Orphism, the cult of Dionysus and the goddess Isis. Due to their secret content, much of these discourses is now lost or known only partially, by accounts of various Greek authors such as Herodotus, Pausanias and Plutarch. Excerpts of these works can therefore be regarded as testimonia to various details on the content, authorship and transmission of these discourses. According to some of these testimonia, Orpheus and Thrace were involved in the composing and transmission of some of the most ancient hieroi logoi. The paper intends to explore aspects of the image of Thrace and its role in religious communication based on these testimonia. After a brief introduction, it will focus on the narratives related to the region. According to a tradition related by Iamblichus and Proclus, Orpheus was the author of a sacred discourse that was thereafter transmitted to the Greeks. Both the creation and the transmission took place in specific locations in Thrace. The analysis of that tradition, along with the locations and the techniques of transmission it refers to, suggest that these locations were associated with a special kind of religious knowledge, hence their mention played a significant role in the narrative and in conveying its message.

Самотракийските божества в заклинание от Късната античност

Author(s): Georgy Mishev / Language(s): English,Greek, Ancient (to 1453),Bulgarian,Latin Issue: 24/2019

The paper discusses a magical incantation on a lead tablet from the so-called tabellae defixionum. Among the invoked deities in the text of the incantation of special interest is the mentioning of the names of the Samothracian gods, otherwise known only from a fragment by the 3rd century BC mythographer and geographer Mnaseas. The presence in the text of an invocation of Dionysos, and of other deities connected with the mystery cults, is an interesting evidence about the connection between the mystery and magical rites during the Late Antiquity.

История литератур западных и южных славян. Том первый. Том второй. Москва, 1997 г.

Author(s): Dora Mircheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/1998

Duhovno politični položaj liberalnih in katoliških političnih sil pred drugo svetovno vojno

Author(s): Janko Prunk / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2001

The author analyses the situation of the liberal and moderately conservative Christian socialist forces in the world between the two world wars, which faced three aggressive totalitarian regimes: Fascist, Nazi and Bolshevik. The Liberal and moderately conservative political forces found themselves in a subordinate and defensive position vis-à-vis the totalitarian regimes from the moment these emerged. After the First World War the liberal political system failed in its struggle against totalitarianism, unable to find a coalition partner either among the Socialists on the left, or the moderately conservative parties on the right. These, by and large, rejected anything liberal or socialist, showing more sympathy for fascism. Liberalism was rescued by Great Britain and the United States of America (F. D. Roosevelt). Only during the Second World War did renowned Catholics find their way into the anti-fascist coalition.

Akomodacija ideologije političnega katolicizma na Slovenskem - primer Ušeničnikove "teorije vrednosti", Mahničeve "definicije naroda" in "suverenosti ljudstva"

Author(s): Egon Pelikan / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1-2/1995

In the paper the author deals with the question of the ideological accommodation of political Catholicism in Slovenia, from the end of the nineteenth century to World War II. He presents the attitude of two leading Slovene ideologists of political Catholicism (Anton Mahnič and Aleš Ušeničnik) towards some crucial social questions (those regarding national identity, sovereignty and value theory), exposes their common features and strategies with regards to modernisation, and arrives at a conclusion that their views were changing and even became self-contradictory. The process of accommodation was conditioned by individual political interests and ideological disorientation in the Catholic camp caused by rapid modernisation.

Delovanje nasprotnikov partizanskega gibanja pod Gorjanci

Author(s): Boris Mlakar / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1-2/1995

On the basis of literature and archive sources the author outlines the organisation and military activities of the antipartisan and anti-revolutionary movement in the area between Novo mesto and Gorjanci He briefly describes the activity of the Styrian battalion (Štajerski bataljon) and of two, so-called .Death Legion battalions (Legija smrti) which operated in the framework of the collaborationist Voluntary Anti-Commumst Militia, as well as the armed conflicts between them. After the capitulation of Italy, the 3 rd Slovene Home Guard battalion (Domobranci) was formed out of these troops and Home Guard military posts were positioned in the area to constitute the so-called Novo mesto District Protection.