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Scientific heritage of E. A. Arab-Oglou through the prism of the present-day

Научное наследие Э. А. Араб-Оглы через призму современности

Author(s): Valery Sergeyevich Memetov,Vladimir Vyacheslavovich Komissarov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2015

Keywords: intelligentsia; science fiction; sociology; futurology; historiography; Marxism; scientific and technical revolution;

In the article the scientific heritage of the Soviet philosopher and sociologist E. A. Arab-Oglou is analyzed. The scientist's contribution to the analysis of science fiction and development of futurology in the USSR is especially noted. Achievements of E. A. Arab-Oglou are considered in the context of Marxist social science development.

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Russian intelligentsia about the role of the social movement University Extension in the process of the education system development and personal management in Russia at the end of the 19th — the beginning of the 20th century

Русская интеллигенция о роли общественного движения University Extension в процессе развития системы образования и персонального менеджмента в России конца XIX — начала XX века

Author(s): Irina E. Lyskova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2015

Keywords: general and professional education; social movement University Extension; self-education; personal management; P. N. Milyukov and N. I. Kareev's scientific heritage;

The article reveals the features of the social movement University Extension in the countries of Western Europe, North America and in Russia at the end of the 19th — the beginning of the 20th century. Emphasized is the importance of new approaches for an assessment of scientific heritage of P. N. Milyukov and N. I. Kareev in the aspect of the development of education and personal management in Russia.

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The role of the art intelligentsia in the formation of «vehovstvo» ideology

Роль художественной интеллигенции в формировании идеологии «веховства»

Author(s): Alexei Vyacheslavovich Zyablikov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2015

Keywords: intelligentsia; art elite; state; culture; politics; liberalism; radicalism;

The article investigates the intellectual and spiritual moral tradition from which «vehovstvo» originated. It is noted that it was the art intelligentsia that managed to consistently express the ideas which became the spiritual base of «vehovstvo». Some of the most important ones were: creative self-education and political self-restriction of the personality, recognition of the priority of culture over politics, orientation to basic, traditional values.

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Relaying socio-cultural symbols of the Soviet era in creativity of the art intelligentsia of the Central Chernozem region

Ретрансляция социокультурных символов советской эпохи в творчестве художественной интеллигенции Центрального Черноземья

Author(s): Violetta Kuzmina / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2015

Keywords: writers; artists; playwrights; art intelligentsia; socio-cultural symbols; Soviet era;

The article shows various directions and forms of activities of the art intelligentsia of the Central Chernozem region aimed at the formation and relaying socio-cultural symbols of the Soviet era. The author attempts to prove that intelligentsia formed a new type of the Soviet personality that was capable of self-sacrifice for the sake of collective and state interests.

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Intelligentsia, science fiction and social forecasts in the Soviet society of 1960-s — 1980-s

Интеллигенция, фантастика и социальные прогнозы в советском обществе 1960—80-х годов

Author(s): Vladimir Vyacheslavovich Komissarov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2015

Keywords: Soviet intelligentsia; science fiction; fiction; Soviet society; social forecasts;

The article investigates typical features of the Soviet society problems reflection in science fiction; it analyzes the works of the leading authors of the genre. The focuse is on such aspects as scientific and social forecasts in works of fiction. Noted are the features of science fiction as a specific way of reality reconsideration.

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World outlook searches of the provincial teacher's intelligentsia at the end of 1980-s — the middle of the 1990-s

Мировоззренческие поиски провинциальной учительской интеллигенции в конце 1980-х — середине 1990-х годов

Author(s): Olga V. Pigoreva / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2015

Keywords: teacher's intelligentsia; province; world outlook searches; new educational space; religion; study of local lore; school;

The article analyzes the process of outlook change of the provincial teacher's intelligentsia in the end of the 1980-s — the middle of the 1990-s. These people faced the necessity of personal search for guidelines to create an adequate academic process in the conditions of existing ideological mix in the USSR and Russia, crisis of school teaching, refusal of communist ideals, depoliticization of school.

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INTERPRETATION OF THE NAME OF ARISTOTLE IN ANALYTICAL PHILOSOPHY

ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИЯ ИМЕНИ АРИСТОТЕЛЬ В АНАЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ФИЛОСОФИИ

Author(s): Elizaveta Speshilova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2016

Keywords: proper name; Aristotle; analytic philosophy; the theory of descriptions; the theory of direct reference;

The article discusses the problem of reference of proper names on the example of name Aristotle. I analyze the controversy between the theory of descriptions and the theory of direct reference and note that the theory of descriptions faces some difficulties, while the historical explanation theory (as a variant of the theory of direct reference) proposed by K. Donnellan successfully solves the problem.

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Specificity of the Russian religious consciousness in intelligentsia’s introspection at the beginning of the 20th century

Специфика русского религиозного сознания в рефлексии интеллигенции начала ХХ века

Author(s): Farida Tagirovna Akhunzyanova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2015

Keywords: Russian intelligentsia; Russian cultural and historical type; metaphysical spiritual bases; basic foundations of the Russian culture; west and east beginnings; rationalistic and Christian tradition;

The article discusses the wide range of questions, connected with specificity of religious consciousness of Russian intelligentsia in the beginning of the 20th century. Russian religious consciousness reflects both western and eastern beginnings; Russian culture also incorporates rationalistic and Christian traditions. Revealed is the ambiguity of intellectuals' perception of progressive development ideals.

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Jurgen Habermas: reverses of self-actualization of an independent intellectual

Юрген Хабермас в контексте моделей социально-политической самореализации западных интеллектуалов

Author(s): Vasily Lvovich Chernoperov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2015

Keywords: western intellectuals; Jurgen Habermas; social actualization; alternatives of political involvement;

The article deals with the issue of German professor Jurgen Habermas’ social self-actualization in the context of outlined by the scholar three alternatives of European intellectuals political involvement: «powerless people», «independent experts», «outsiders-nonconformists».

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SOME OBSERVATIONS ON SYMBOLISM IN THE WRITINGS OF CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA

О НЕКОТОРЫХ ОСОБЕННОСТЯХ СИМВОЛИЗМА В СОЧИНЕНИЯХ КЛИМЕНТА АЛЕКСАНДРИЙСКОГО

Author(s): Dmitry Kurdybaylo,Ivan Gerasimov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2016

Keywords: symbol; allegory; hermeneutics; Bible exegetics; philosophy of language; semiotics; ancient philosophy; the School of Alexandria; Ante-Nicene theology;

The use of term σύμβολον in Clement’s writings is problematic because of differences between common doctrine of symbol and symbolism expressed by Clement almost theoretically, and particular examples of symbolism and allegoric exegesis, where Clement’s wording and underlying conceptions are strongly dependent on the relevant contexts. In order to bring the most instances of σύμβολον in a system we propose some classifications. Firstly, according to their function, we distinguish ‘protective,’ ‘anagogic,’ and ‘manifestative’ symbols; secondly, according to the contexts in which they predominantly appear, such as the Pythagorean tradition, Greek Mysteries, Egyptian religion and hieroglyphic script, and extracts from the Greek grammarians; finally, in the context of Biblical exegesis, where one can distinguish instances of typology, morally instructive allegory and symbolism per se. In the latter case the nature of symbol is constituted by Divine Logos who “signifies the invisible link between earth and heaven.” Such a reading clarifies the ontological importance of symbolism for Clement’s metaphysics and philosophy, and helps to explain some difficulties in Clement’s writings actual for Western theology.

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POWERLESS DOCTRINE. AN ARGUMENT ABOUT V. SOLOVYOV’S LAW PHILOSOPHY

БЕСПРАВНОЕ УЧЕНИЕ. РАССУЖДЕНИЕ О ФИЛОСОФИИ ПРАВА В. С. СОЛОВЬЕВА

Author(s): Sergey Shevtsov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2016

Keywords: law; person; Orthodoxy; The Kingdom Of God; feeling of law; power; intuition; experience; system; Sophia;

The article considers the existing issues of Vladimir Solovyov’s law philosophy. The author uses a recent monograph by Y. Pribytkova on the same subject as a starting point. In this monograph its author attempts to show the historical and philosophical aspects of the doctrine of this great Russian philosopher, while her denial of the basic Solovyov’s arguments significantly lessen the value of the overall inference. The present writer suggests an alternative approach: instead of picking out individual points of the doctrine or keeping it as a whole, I prefer to start from the current legal issues and isolate those elements of Vladimir Solovyov’s doctrines that could become the foundation on a modern philosophy of law. The author concludes that such elements are of high importance for both law and the connection between law and personality.

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THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EXPERIMENT AS THE BASIS FOR GALEN'S ARGUMENTS IN POLEMICS WITH OPPONENTS (BASED ON HIS DE PLACITIS HIPPOCRATIS ET PLATONIS, BOOK II)

ФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТ КАК ОСНОВА АРГУМЕНТОВ ГАЛЕНА В ПОЛЕМИКЕ С ОППОНЕНТАМИ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ВТОРОЙ КНИГИ «ОБ УЧЕНИЯХ ГИППОКРАТА И ПЛАТОНА»)

Author(s): Dmitry Balalykin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2016

Keywords: Galen; history of medicine; Stoics; empiricist doctors;

An analysis of the second book of the treatise De placitis Hippocratis et Platonis shows that Galen consistently builds his argument in a polemic with his opponents, empiricist doctors, on the basis of data obtained as a result of systematic anatomical dissections that can be considered the basis of “experiment” in ancient medicine. Galen's unique thinking manifests itself primarily in his synthetic approach to the formation of the theory of medical knowledge: he borrows the techniques necessary for carrying out tasks from different systems of natural philosophy, constantly rechecking their correctness on the help of extensive “experimental” data, such as the results of autopsies as well as anatomical and clinical observations. According to the author, his extensive polemic with the Stoics has an exclusively applied nature, as their philosophical views formed the basis of the empiricist natural philosophy. In the article, I raise the question of the relation between early Stoic ideas about the methods of knowledge with empiricist doctors' medical practice and their views on general pathology.

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PARMENIDES’ PREMISES IN PROTAGORAS’ HOMO MENSURA

ПАРМЕНИДОВСКИЕ ПРЕДПОСЫЛКИ В HOMO MENSURA ПРОТАГОРА

Author(s): Igor Berestov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2016

Keywords: Gorgias; On Non-Being; Theaetetus; relativism about truth; intentional act; intentional object; intentional identity; mental holism; fine-grained beliefs; narrow content;

We show that Protagoras could prove his homo mensura thesis by means of two statements ascending to Parmenides. The first statement asserts that any complex (or whole) intentional object can be grasped only “all at once”, and not part by part. The second statement asserts that any intentional act is identical to its content. We can deduce from these two statements that any different intentional acts are always directed to different intentional objects. This is even more radical thesis than “relativism about truth”, which is traditionally ascribed to Protagoras: any proposition is true iff it belongs to the subject’s system of beliefs. In conclusion, we show that not only the homo mensura thesis can be interpreted as a consequence of the above provisions of Parmenides, but certain Gorgias’ statements can also be considered in a similar way.

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PTOLEMY’S MAP AND ANCIENT PERIPLOI

КАРТА ПТОЛЕМЕЯ И АНТИЧНЫЕ ПЕРИПЛЫ

Author(s): Dmitry A. Shcheglov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2016

Keywords: ancient geography; ancient cartography; ancient periploi; Claudius Ptolemy; Timosthenes; Eratosthenes; Artemidorus of Ephesus; Marcus Terentius Varro; Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa; Isidore of Charax; Plin

Ptolemy’s map is for the first time compared with the data on the length of the coastlines transmitted by ancient periploi. As a result, many close coincidences are traced between them, showing that Ptolemy’s map was much more heavily based on these or similar periploi than it has been assumed until now. Additionally, the influence of Ptolemy’s underestimated value for the circumference of the Earth on his map is revealed. Namely, two interrelated distortions are observed to result from this error. First, coasts oriented meridionally were compressed in comparison with the distances recorded in periploi. Second, this compression was compensated by proportional stretching of adjacent coasts oriented latitudinally. In particular, these findings suggest a simple explanation for the strange shape of the Caspian Sea on Ptolemy’s map.

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DEVELOPMENT OF PTOLEMY’S GEOCARTOGRAPHIC IDEAS IN MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC GEOGRAPHY

РАЗВИТИЕ ГЕОКАРТОГРАФИЧЕСКИХ ИДЕЙ ПТОЛЕМЕЯ В СРЕДНЕВЕКОВОЙ ИСЛАМСКОЙ ГЕОГРАФИИ

Author(s): Irina Genadijevna Konovalova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2016

Keywords: geography; cartography; tradition; Ptolemy; medieval Islamic geocartography;

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of perception and the development of scientific ideas in a particular society. This problem is considered on the example of geocartographical ideas of Ptolemy, formed in the late Hellenistic period, in the Middle Ages experienced a rebirth in the context of a completely different cultural traditions, namely in the Islamic society, and then in the early Modern period continued to develop in different historical conditions — in Europe. The article shows that in the Islamic world two directions of the perception of Ptolemaic ideas have been formed. The first one can be called a proper continuity, which provided the development of scientific ideas as such; the results achieved by the scientists of the Caliphate in this direction have become known to the world science and subsequently received further development in the works of European cartographers. At the same time the development of another direction, that adapted the Ptolemaic ideas to the needs of the educated classes of the Islamic society, can be traced; results of these activities, which facilitated the absorption of scientific tradition in terms of the Islamic culture, has not gone beyond the Islamic cultural circle.

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THEOPHRASTUS ON THE FIRST PRINCIPLES

ТЕОФРАСТ. О ПЕРВЫХ НАЧАЛАХ

Author(s): Eugene Afonasin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2016

Keywords: metaphysics; its foundation and ancient critics; the history of exact and natural sciences; empirical method;

Cicero (De natura deorum 1.13.35), Clement of Alexandria (Protrepticus 5.58) as well as Proclus (In Timaeus 35А) inform us that Theophrastus [372–287 BCE] inclined to identify the god and the sky (the stars are animated therefore divine). In the article we will see that, indeed, the student of Aristotle frequently professes ideas that would surprise the philosopher of Stagira. For instance, he frequently insists that the kosmos is a living and ordered universe (the whole), and its innate movement is something which cannot be explained with the help of hand-made teleological constructions, such as the first mover. The analysis of the Metaphysics is supplemented in the paper by observations based on Theophrastus’ (Syriac) Meteorology and a selection of the fragments of his lost scientific works. The Metaphysics is translated into Russian for the first time. The reader is also adviced to consult Aristotelian Movement of Animals, a Russian translation of which immediately follows this publication.

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ARISTOTLE ON THE MOVEMENT OF ANIMALS

АРИСТОТЕЛЬ О ДВИЖЕНИИ ЖИВОТНЫХ

Author(s): Eugene Afonasin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2016

Keywords: metaphysics; the history of exact and natural sciences; empirical method; the first mover; the mechanics of movement;

An annotated translation of Aristotle’s short treatise De motu animalium is designed to supplement a discussion of Theophrastus’ Metaphysics, Meteorology and a selection of the fragments of his lost scientific works, eps. Theophrastus’ critique of Aristotelian teleology and the idea of the first mover (published in this issue of the journal). The treatise is translated into Russian for the first time.

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The role and value of the spiritual intelligentsia in the administration of justice in Ancient Russia

Роль и значение духовной интеллигенции при отправлении правосудия в Древней Руси

Author(s): Ilya D. Nazarov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2015

Keywords: spiritual intelligentsia; justice; jurisdiction; reception;

The article shows the contribution of the spiritual intelligentsia to the formation and development of justice on the territory of Ancient Russia. The analysis of legal sources indicates considerable influence of Byzantium on the formation of regulatory base and justice of Russia. Raised are the questions of judicial powers of the Old Russian episcopate in relation to judicial disputes of laymen and clergy. The empirical material is presented by quotes from the legal documents of Byzantium and Ancient Russia confirming theoretical views of the author.

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A COMMENTED TRANSLATION FROM THE GREEK INTO RUSSIAN

ТРАКТАТ «О ДОБРОДЕТЕЛЯХ И ПОРОКАХ» (ПЕРЕВОД И КОММЕНТАРИЙ)

Author(s): Alexander Sanzhenakov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2016

Keywords: Aristotle; eclectics; ancient ethics; virtue; vice; translations;

This paper is divided into three sections: an introduction, a translation of Pseudo-Aristotelian treatise “On Virtues and Vices” (De virtutibus et vitiis), and a commentary to this text. In the introduction, the author briefly describes textual tradition, critical editions and available translations of the treatise in European languages. The major issue, discussed in the introduction, concerns the question of authenticity and authorship of the treatise. Arguments by E. Zeller, C. Schuchhardt, F. Susemihl, E. Schmidt, who seriously questioned the authenticity of the text, are contrasted with the opinion of P. Simpson, who insisted on its authenticity. The author of the present work is inclined to think that the treatise is a later composition. Respective arguments are presented in length in the commentary, where the author attempts to place the treatise in the context of the ethical works of the Corpus Aristotelicum, on the one hand, and this of the later Hellenistic developments, on the other.

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THE WAY MATHEMATICS WAS PRESENTED IN THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD

ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЕ МАТЕМАТИКИ В ЭЛЛИНИСТИЧЕСКИЙ ПЕРИОД

Author(s): Vitaly Tselishchev / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2016

Keywords: Hellenistic mathematics; scientific style; style of literature; narrative strategy; carnivalesque profusion of detail; mosaic form; Hellenistic poetry;

A review of Netz, Reviel. Ludic Proof: Greek Mathematics and the Alexandrian Aesthetic. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. 255 pp. This book represents a new departure in science studies: an analysis of a scientific style of writing, situating it within the context of the contemporary style of literature. Its philosophical significance is that it provides a novel way of making sense of the notion of a scientific style. For the first time, the Hellenistic mathematical corpus - one of the most substantial extant for the period - is placed centre-stage in the discussion of Hellenistic culture as a whole. Professor Netz argues that Hellenistic mathematical writings adopt a narrative strategy based on surprise, a compositional form based on a mosaic of apparently unrelated elements, and a carnivalesque profusion of detail. He further investigates how such stylistic preferences derive from, and throw light on, the style of Hellenistic poetry. This important book will be welcomed by all scholars of Hellenistic civilization as well as historians of ancient science and Western mathematics.

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