Publisher: ISPMN Institutul pentru Studierea Problemelor Minorităţilor Naţionale

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Hungarian youth in Transylvania 2008. Sociological survey on the social status and expectations of young Hungarian people in Transylvania. Comparative dimensions

Erdélyi magyar fiatalok 2008. Közvélemény-kutatás az erdélyi magyar fiatalok társadalmi helyzetéről és elvárásairól. Összehasonlító gyorsjelentés

Author(s): Tamás Kiss,Gergő Barna,Zsuzsa Sólyom / Language(s): Romanian,Hungarian

Keywords: Hungarians in Transylvania; Social status; Young people; Family and gender roles; media and computer usage; inter-ethnic relations;

„Csak abban a statisztikában hiszek, amit én hamisítottam” – így hangzik Winston Churchill egyik hires nyilatkozata. Sajnos Romániában nem ritka a közvélemény-kutatások közötti „háború”, ahol nem az a lényeg, hogy milyen eredményeket mutatnak az elemzések, hanem, hogy melyik intézménynek, pártnak, politikusnak nagyobb a támogatása, kit kell legitimálni. Az Országos I_úsági Hatóság rendszeresen végez vagy végeztet kutatásokat, hiszen meggyozodésünk, hogy pártszínezettol függetlenül minden kormány i úságpolitikájának az így szerzett eredményeken kell alapulnia. A romániai magyar atalok körében végzett kutatás az elso ilyen jellegu felmérés, amelyet román költségvetési nanszírozással készítettek. Az adatokat elemezve, összehasonlítva, számomra a legfontosabb következtetés, hogy mind a román, mind a magyar ataloknak pozitív a jövoképe. Nem önmagukban az egyes mutatók biztatóak, hanem a tendenciák. A zetéssel, munkahellyel, közérzettel, kivándorlással, oktatással, általános jóléttel kapcsolatos adatok az elmúlt években folyamatosan pozitív irányba mozdultak el. Ez a politikum számára mindenképpen reménykelto, de nem azt kell jelentenie, hogy elértünk egy folyamat végére. Tovább kell dolgozni a atalok számára biztosítandó lehetoségek bovítésén, és be kell vonni a atalok önszervezodéseit, hogy ezekbol a lehetoségekbol közösen eredményeket lehessen elérni.

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The Future of the Romani Language

Viitorul limbii romani: către o politică a pluralismului lingvistic

Author(s): Yaron Matras / Language(s): Romanian

Keywords: Romani language; Use of Romani in education and media; linguistic pluralism; ethnic minority studies;

The past decade has seen the emergence of linguistic pluralism in the use of Romani in institutions such as media and education: language codification is primarily regional, targeting a regional audience. Regional initiatives are autonomous and implement their own solutions. At the same time, an international network of Romani language codification activities is emerging - through meetings, correspondence, exchange of publications, and via the internet. The question facing agencies engaged in language policy is how to pursue networking and international collaboration, while taking into account the de-centralised achievements of the past decade. The practical way forward is to adopt linguistic pluralism as a policy: to support regional initiative and creativity, while also strengthening international networking efforts and exchange. Collective ownership of language will thus encompass a web of language varieties, and not just one single form of the language. Such a policy fits the specific Romani situation of a trans-national minority with dispersed, regional centres of cultural and public life. It is also suitable for the young generation of language users, who are accustomed to trial & error, individual creativity and flexibility in their use of written language in new communication technologies such as text-messages, internet chat-rooms and email.

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The use of the Hungarian language in the local public administration and in the decentralized institutions from Harghita county

Közigazgatási nyelvhasználat Hargita megyében az önkormányzati és a központi kormányzat megyeszintu intézményeiben

Author(s): István Horváth,Ilka Veress,Katalin Vitos / Language(s): Romanian,Hungarian

Keywords: Hungarian language; decentralized institutions; Local public administration; Hargita county;

Raportul de fata analizeaza si eviden_iaza în ce masura, institutiile deconcentrate si cele aflate în subordinea administratiei locale respecta prevederile legaleti asigura preconditiile necesare pentru exercitarea drepturilor lingvistice ale minoritatilor. În acelasi timp, este analizata si maniera în care maghiarii din judetul Harghita îsi exercita acest drept, adica în ce masura comunica acestia în limba materna cu ocazia diverselor contacte pe care le au la nivel administrativ. Analiza se bazeaza pe date ce provin din mai multe surse: o parte dintre ele rezulta din anchetele sociologice întreprinse de catre Institutul pentru Studierea Problemelor Minoritatilor Nationale, iar altele (cum ar fi cele referitoare la institutiile care reprezinta puterea centrala la nivel judetean) au fost colectate în mod special pentru aceasta cercetare efectuata la cererea Consiliului Judetean Harghita.

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„No discrimination!” Just unequal access… Barriers in the use of health-care services among the Romanian Roma

„Nu se face discriminare!” ...doar accesul este inegal. Dificultăţi în utilizarea serviciilor de sănătate de către populaţia romă din România

Author(s): Livia Popescu,Cristina Raț,Adina Rebeleanu / Language(s): English,Romanian

Keywords: Health-care services; Romanian Roma; Discrimination; Health status; Public health care;

The paper investigates the barriers in the access to health-care services embedded in the configuration of welfare rights and the insurance-based health care system, comparing the situation of Romanians, Hungarians and Roma in the North-West Development Region of Romania. It argues that the inconsistencies of welfare regulations allow the perpetuation of the structural disadvantage of the Roma, despite of the government's declared commitment to fight Roma discrimination and promote social inclusion, as stated in the national strategies of 2002 and 2006, and reaffirmed through the participation in the Decade of Roma Inclusion 2005-2015.

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Minorities in Romania: Demographic Dynamics and Identity

Minorităţi din România: dinamici demografice şi identitare

Author(s): Tamás Kiss,Ilka Veress / Language(s): Romanian

Keywords: Romania; Minorities; Ethno-demographic research; Ethnic identities;

The study proposes to draw out the etno-demographic portray of national minorities from Romania. The analysis has as a start point the statistic dates given by the National Institute of Statistics with wich ISPMN concluded a unitive protocol. The dates used for the elaboration of this study can be grouped in two categories: 1. Census dates and 2. dates which come from the population dynamics. As concerning the analysed minorities, it started from the structure of parliamentary representation of the minorities from Romania.

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Social Cohesion and Interethnic Climate in Romania, October-November 2008

Coeziunea socială şi climat interetnic în România, octombrie–noiembrie 2008

Author(s): Zsuzsa Sólyom / Language(s): Romanian

Keywords: Inter-ethnic climate in Romania; Hungarians; legislation on national minorities; Roma population; National identities;

The Romanian Institute for Research on National Minorities carried out a representative survey on the interethnic climate in Romania in collaboration with the Research Center for Interethnic Relations. The research methodology was prepared by taking into account previous quantitative research on the topic. Carried between 24 October - 7 November 2008, the survey included two parallel samples: a national sample consisting of 1189 persons from all regions of Romania (Moldova, Muntenia, Oltenia, Dobrogea, Transylvania, Crisana-Maramureş, Banat, Bucharest) and a subsample of 534 persons who declared themselves as Hungarians (from Transylvania, Crisana-Maramureş and Banat); the enlarged sample of Hungarians (included in both samples) comprised 612 persons in total.

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Artistic Education or a Tradition of art conservation? Situation of the Romanian folk dance lessons in Romania

Művészeti szakoktatás avagy műkedvelő hagyományőrzés? Helyzetkép a romániai magyar iskolai néptáncoktatásról

Author(s): Csongor Könczei / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: Art education; Romanian folk dance; Conservation of art;

The present study asks in its title, which attempts to outline the current situation of the Hungarian folk dance teaching in Romania and to assess the practice and opportunities created by the natural (or in some places propagated) demand. In fact, it is actually trying to map a "curriculum" that is formally non-existent in the Romanian educational system, which is based on the needs of the invited or self-proclaimed dance instructors and co-leaders, but the study also seeks the basic question of whether it is possible and if so, then what methods to teach segments of traditional folk culture, namely, whether it is possible to instruct the "folk dance" in an artificial environment instinctively?

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The cultural Reproduction Strategies of the Armenian Minority in Romania

Strategiile de reproducere culturală ale minorităţii armene din România

Author(s): Ilka Veress / Language(s): Romanian

Keywords: Armenian minority in Romania; Armenian culture; Christianity; Ethnic status;

The general objective of the present study has been to identify the internal structure of the ethnic group of Armenians which, in spite of their unitary ethnic status, are constituted by two compact blocks and by several subgroups. These subgroups create an internal field where the actors fight for the right to the legitimate representation of the minority, which coincides also with having the resources necessary for the community's cultural reproduction. The main objective has been to identify these actors and describe the discourse of legimitacy by presenting its the main topics as well.

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The Institutional System of Ethnic Minorities in Romania

Sistemul instituţional al minorităţilor etnice din România

Author(s): Dénes Kiss / Language(s): Romanian

Keywords: Minority Institutional system; Romanian minorities; Minority institutional sphere;

Having the objective to draw a minority institutional model, the present study analyzes the ethnic minority organizations from Romania in a comparative perspective. At the same the study intends to increase knowledge about, and to facilitate access to these minority institutions. The study contains three chapters: the first lays down the theoretical basis for drawing the institutional model; the second chapter presents the features of the minority institutional sphere; while the last chapter details the institutional system of each minority included in the analysis.

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The surviving Jewish inhabitants of Cluj, Carei and Oradea. The survey of the World Jewish Congress in 1946

Kolozsvár, Nagykároly és Nagyvárad zsidó túlélői. A Zsidó Világkongresszus 1946-os észak-erdélyi felmérése

Author(s): Attila Gidó,Zsuzsa Sólyom / Language(s): English,Hungarian

Keywords: World Jewish Congress; 1946; Holocaust period; Jewish survivors;

The Romanian Section of the World Jewish Congress (henceforth: WJC) conducted a national survey among the Jewish survivors of the Holocaust in 1946. The objective of the survey was to assess the human and material losses and record the grievances suffered by the surviving Jewish population. In addition to this the statistical data gathered was intended to serve as a basis during the negotiations of the Peace conference ending World War II and for compensation claim. This study analyses the survey and its results regarding three towns from Northern Transylvania (Cluj, Carei and Oradea) which belonged to Hungary during the Holocaust period.

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"We are Gypsies, not Roma!" Ethnic Identity Constructions and Ethnic Stereotypes – an example from a Gypsy Community in Central Romania

"We are Gypsies, not Roma!" Ethnic Identity Constructions and Ethnic Stereotypes – an example from a Gypsy Community in Central Romania

Author(s): Elena Marin / Language(s): English

Keywords: ethnicity; ethnic identity; ethnic stereotypes; Gypsies; Gadje;

The author of this paper proposes to open a discussion about the terms 'Gypsy' and 'Roma'. The analysis follows the idea that the terms as they are mostly used today in several fields, have a simplifying and homogenizing tendency. Based on a two-month research in a Gypsy community in the Brasov area the author argues that the use of the terms in everyday life varies greatly and their meaning depends on the person and on the situation. The definitions offered by the interviewees rarely correspond to the use of the terms in political and official discourses. Interviews with Gadje and Gypsies evealed the fact that there is a great complexity behind these terms. The paper demonstrates the role of stereotypes and prejudices in defining ethnicity and the everyday strategies of fighting against these stereotypes are also presented.

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Hungarian non-profit organizations in Romania - 2009 - 2010. Presentation of the database of organizations and sociological analysis of the non-profit sector

Romániai magyar nonprofit szervezetek – 2009 - 2010. A szervezetek adatbázisának bemutatása és a nonprofit szektor szociológiai elemzése

Author(s): Dénes Kiss / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: Hungarian non-profit organizations in Romania; budget resources; foreign donations;

Jelen dolgozatban a romániai magyar civil szervezetek – avagay romániai magyar nonprofit szektor– szociológiai szempontú elemzésére teszünk kísérletet. A dolgozatban két célt követtünk. Egyrésztmegpróbáltunk képet alkotni a szóban forgó szervezeti szféra nagyságáról és területi megoszlásáról, aszervezetek tevékenységek szerinti megoszlásáról, anyagi, humán és infrastrukturális erőforrásokkal valóellátottságáról. Másrészt a romániai magyar nonprofit szektor sajátosságait úgy próbáltuk kimutatni,hogy elhelyeztük azt az európai országok nonprofit szektorainak palettáján. Fő következtetésünk az, hogy az elemzett nonprofit szektor méretében kisebb, mint az a romániai magyar népesség nagyságaalapján indokolt volna; a szektor elsősorban kulturális-közművelődési jellegű feladatok ellátását végzi, miközben fizetett munkaerőt inkább a jóval kisebb számú szolgáltató szervezetekben tud alkalmazni; működésében pedig elsősorban a román és a magyar költségvetési forrásokra, valamint külföldiadományokra támaszkodik.

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A Mapping of the "popular" Concepts of National Ownership in the Member States of the European Union

O cartografiere a concepţiilor „populare” despre apartenenţa naţională în statele membre ale Uniunii Europene

Author(s): Andreea Lazăr / Language(s): Romanian

Keywords: nationality; social representations; European Union; European Values Study;

This paper aims to empirically grasp the "lay" models of national belonging in the European Union member states using data from the last wave of the European Values Study (2008). In the attempt to go beyond most conventional studies which incorporate ready-made analytical categories from the field of nationalism studies and which test popular representations against one or another of the dominant (ethnic versus civic) national models, our study proposes a typology of the ways in which the "nations" define themselves through the evaluation of several criteria drawing the boundaries between nationals and non-nationals. We thus produce a map of the social representations of national identities in the European Union and present the main lines of cohesion and division that organize this configuration.

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School Market and the Educational Institutions in Transylvania, Partium and Banat between 1919 and 1948

School Market and the Educational Institutions in Transylvania, Partium and Banat between 1919 and 1948

Author(s): Attila Gidó / Language(s): English

Keywords: ethnic and social relations; social structures; professional elites; Educational system; Transylvanian education; 1918-1948;

This paper proposes to offer the statistical presentation of the transylvanian educational system and culture-generating institutions between 1918 and 1948, relying primarily on the hitherto published statistical summaries, censuses, annals, and studies, without carrying out any fundamental research or analysis. The paper fits into the first phase of a larger European comparative research project supported by the European Research Council. The documentation needed for the detailed analyses in the second phase is collected by other colleagues working on this research. Hopefully, their findings will be published in the near future.

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Romania and Moldova, Migration mid-19th Century to Present, with Special Focus on Minorities Migration

Migraţia din România şi Republica Moldova de la mijlocul secolului XIX până în prezent, cu accent pe migraţia minorităţilor

Author(s): István Horváth / Language(s): English,Romanian

Keywords: Migration studies; Romania-Moldova; 19th-century - present days; Ethnic minorities; Mass migrations;

The purpose of the article is to review those main migratory fluxes from the present-day territories of Romania and Republic of Moldova which occurred in the modern period. The first version of the article was written for a universal encyclopedia of international migration history; as such, although they might sound redundant for the Romanian readers, using certain phrases was necessary for a wider audience that knows little about the region. The length at which the main migrational flows have been dealt with takes into account neither the number of migrants nor the demographic or other consequences (thus migration from recent decades is only summarily treated). Rather, the author offers a review of the circumstances which have caused the migratory flows and presents the most important estimates on the demographic effects of each major migratory stream. Sketching these constitutes a starting point for the migration history of the region but it shouldn't be considered as an in-depth analysis.

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What to give in return? Suspicion in a Roma shantytown from Romania

What to give in return? Suspicion in a Roma shantytown from Romania

Author(s): Zsuzsa Plainer / Language(s): English

Keywords: suspicion; fieldwork; Roma; Eastern Europe; ghetto;

Contrary to the Mead controversy where suspicion in fieldwork has been attributed to lack of competence or failure, the present paper considers suspicion as important ethnographic data. Through re-telling the difficulties of a research carried out among the Roma residents of a Romanian shantytown, I try to reveal all the mechanisms that are responsible for both creating suspicion and detaching the researcher from her/his informants. Embedded in Eastern-European social and political changes, mistrust in this field goes back to an initial territorial stigma attached to the locals. My research site, "the Green block of flats" has become a ghetto due to massive unemployment and differences in living conditions, where isolation from the outer world has been enforced by misunderstandings with local institutions. Being "used" by NGOs and subjected to unfulfilled treatment under the label of "helping the Roma", shantytown residents could but reject the newcomer researcher who seemed to be one of "them".

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Minority - Social Structure - Bilingualism

Kisebbség – társadalomszerkezet – kétnyelvűség

Author(s): Angella Sorbán / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: Hungarian Minority; Bilingualism; Social structure; Romania;

This study addresses the social structure of the Hungarian minority in Romania from the point of view of minority bilingualism and of language use practices. It summarizes the main characteristics of the minority social structure in the context of the recent past as well as the expected trends in the forecasts. Based on the data of an empirical research conducted by the Institute for the Study of National Minority Problems in 2008, it analyzes the linguistic competences of the different occupational categories in relation to the study language with different interpretations of the affirmation and the language of the communication at the place. Given that the situation of the Hungarians on the labor market is influenced not only by language skills in the state language but also by other factors (structural, cultural, symbolic) it can be concluded that the minority social structure can be rectified by education and by the accumulation of social and cultural capital in the education process. The knowledge of the language of the state is undoubtedly a specific genre of cultural capital, in minority environments this is very important, but it is only one of these genres. Therefore, the work puts the well-known Hungarian cliché - "The child to study in the Romanian language in order to be able to say better" - in a critical and at the same time more nuanced view, in relation to everyday views.

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Population Census 2011. Transylvanian Hungarian Population in the first decade of the 21st Century. Demographic and Statistical analysis

Népszámlálás 2011. Erdélyi magyar népesedés a XXI. század első évtizedében. Demográfiai és statisztikai elemzés

Author(s): Tamás Kiss,Gergő Barna / Language(s): Hungarian

Keywords: Transylvanian Hungarian Population; Demography; ethnic minorities; population change; ethnic composition; migrations,

The study is divided into two parts. The first part presents the results of the census in 2011 and the changes occurred between 2002 and 2011 in the case of ethnic minorities. The main objective of this part is to describe the evolution of Hungarians by region, type of settlement and spatial ethnic structure both in terms of absolute numbers and percentages. We sought to identify contextual factors that determine the evolution of Hungarians (in absolute numbers and percentage) without resorting to demographic analysis. Demographic analysis is presented in the second part of the study. Research done after the census in 2002 highlights a consolidated model, which can describe the demographic processes of ethnic minorities. Besides natural growth and net migration, the model also takes into account the phenomenon of assimilation and looks at changes in identification occurred from one census to the next.

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Control of the Local Press in the early Ceausescu System. General Description and Minority Issues

Controlul presei locale orădene în primii ani ai sistemului ceauşist. Descriere generală şi aspecte minoritare

Author(s): Zsuzsa Plainer / Language(s): Romanian

Keywords: Media; Local Press; early Ceausescu System; GDPP; censorship; minorities;

Controlling daily newspapers in the first years of Ceaușescu's rule is a subject for this paper. Through describing the GDPP (The General Directorate for Press and Printing, DGPT), institution of censorship in the 1960ies and 1970ies, important techniques of control and its systemic fragility are revealed. Ethnicizing censorship, presenting its minority aspects is the second aim in this study: comparing a control of the two (Romanian and Hungarian) daily newspapers in Oradea, similarities and differences in majority and minority censoring are to be highlighted.

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The Migration of Croats in Romania. Between Ethnic Migration and Labor Migration

Migraţia croaţilor din România. Între migraţie etnică şi migraţie de muncă

Author(s): Remus Gabriel Anghel / Language(s): Romanian

Keywords: Migration of Croats from Romania; Ethnic and labor migration; Minorities;

The paper addresses the relationship between migration and ethnicity in a case of ethnic minorities' migration, unfolding the role of migrant networks and of ethnicity in initiating and developing international labor migration. The analysis is carried out with ethnic Croats from Romania, a small ethnic group whose members first migrated to Serbia, then to Croatia and later to Austria. In these phases of migration, three uses of ethnicity unfolded: ethnicity as access to language, providing easier access to job openings and social ties to locals; ethnicity as legal status enabling access to citizenship, rights and opportunities; and ethnicity as a form of transnational solidarity to co-ethnic minorities, providing access to supplementary forms of social trust enabled by minority organizations. In this context, migrant networks functioned as provider of opportunities in a context where ethnicity was a structuring factor of this migration. In the case under study, two cumulating social resources - social capital and migrants' ethnicity - granted the easiness and success of migration, as well as the economic prosperity of migrants' households.

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