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The Regional Dimension of Society, Ethnocultural Diversity and Administrative-Territorial Organization in Romania

Dimensiunea regională a societăţii, diversitatea etnoculturală şi organizarea administrativ-teritorială în România

Author(s): József Benedek,Ibolya Török,Csongor Máthé / Language(s): Romanian

Keywords: Ethnocultural Diversity; Administrative-Territorial Organization; Romania; Economic homogenity; transport;

Public debates on the regional dimension of societal organization are plagued by a series of stereotypes originating in the lack of adequate knowledge about this phenomenon. Precisely because of this, the aim of this study is to present in a systematic and analytic manner the theoretical concepts, working methods and their possibilities of application in solving some technical aspects related to the efficient management of territory and the related issue of great actual relevance in Romania, the organization of development regions. We do not intend to elaborate an optimal solution to the problem, as we believe that no such recipe exists; conversely, we wish to contribute to the debate by sketching a number of scientifically grounded alternative proposals, the effective realization of which depends on the actual political context. While the material may seem too technical and difficult to digest without a solid background in the field, the specialized language was needed in order to meet certain requirements of scientific analysis.

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The Hungarians from Transylvania in the Hungarian and Romanian political space

Maghiarii din Transilvania în spaţiul politic maghiar şi românesc

Author(s): Tamás Kiss,Gergő Barna / Language(s): Romanian

Keywords: Hungarians from Transylvania; Hungarian and Romanian political space; citizenship; Hungarian parliamentary elections; European Union;

Between 18 May and 8 June, 2013 the authors have collected data from a representative sample of 1,232 Hungarians from Transylvania with the purpose to examine the political behavior of the aforementioned community within the political spaces of both Hungary and Romania. While closely related to a research project (entitled 'Ethnic parties, voting behavior') carried out within the Romanian Institute for Research on National Minorities, the present research has extended its focus to Transylvanian Hungarians'voting behavior outside Romania. This change of perspective has been necessary because on 26 May 2010 the Hungarian Parliament adopted the amendment to the 1993 Law on Hungarian citizenship by introducing the simplified naturalization procedure, thus enabling Hungarians from the neighboring countries of Hungary to obtain Hungarian citizenship without residency. Moreover, the new Hungarian election law adopted in November 2011 allows Hungarian citizens without residency in Hungary to vote in the Hungarian Parliamentary elections (on candidates from national party lists). As a consequence, the political, or voting behavior of Hungarians from Transylvania needs to be analyzed by taking into account this perspective as well.

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Asymmetric Regionalism and Public Administration

Regionalism asimetric şi administraţie publică

Author(s): Miklós Bakk / Language(s): Romanian

Keywords: Public administration; Assymetric regionalism; Evolution of state organization; Constitution;

After 1990, the concepts of regional reform that emerged in the Central and Eastern European countries attracted the question of whether asymmetric regionalism, characteristic of Western Europe, is also topical here. According to the classical typology of state structures there are three fundamental types: a) the federal state; b) the regional state; c) the unitary state. These structural types include those elements of asymmetrical political territorial division, which are combinations of elements of indirect and direct governance, under the conditions of the organization of the modern state. From the point of view of this study, the latter type is of the highest relevance. Regarding the regional autonomies and special administrative statutes of this category, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1) the reason for the creation of regions depends largely on a historical history, and the form of institutionalization of the public administration model of that state; 2) at the beginning of the regionalization, the constitutional starting point may be both symmetrical (Spain) and asymmetric (Italy, UK), but the subsequent evolution of regionalization inevitably results in an institutional asymmetry (at the level of the statutes). In the decades after the Second World War the number of elements of asymmetric political territorial division in the territorial and administrative systems of the EU Member States (Spain, Italy, Belgium, Great Britain) increased and most authors who analyzed the phenomenon suggest that solutions Asymmetric rather facilitates than undermines stability.

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Audit Culture and the Making of a “Gypsy School”. Financing Policies, Curricula, Testing and Educational Inequalities in a Romanian Town

Author(s): Zsuzsa Plainer / Language(s): English

Keywords: Audit culture; State-ruled education; Romania; Roma population; School elite; School history; educational inequalities;

However segregation and discrimination are very important factors that block access of Roma to quality education, there are a series of less visible phenomena also responsible for school inequalities. Aim of this paper is to understand how some of these sophisticatedly linked factors lead to the making of a "Gypsy school" in a Romanian town, a school with low educational performance and bad fame. In doing so, the notion of audit culture is introduced, understood as a set of culturally mediated norms and practices of ranking. As this approach comes into sight, one may understand how - despite the commitment shown by the Romanian policy-makers to facilitate school integration of the Roma - a series of regulations unwittingly obstruct this aim. As it is revealed below, the framing of the national financing policies may involuntarily lead to tracking the Roma children into certain schools, where - in lack of a variety of teaching materials, refined testing and a clear system of rewarding the teacher's performance - quality education becomes a hard-to-reach target. The contextuality of the bad label of a "Gypsy school" is also relevant in this research as it is either a resource, or a stigma depending of the situation.

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The changes of rural farming in a Transylvanian settlement

Schimbări în agricultura rurală într-o localitate din Transilvania

Author(s): Lehel Peti / Language(s): English,Romanian

Keywords: Rural farming; Transylvanian settlement; Pluriactivity and diversification; Agricultural activities; Small farms; Sheep farms;

The article analyzes the changes occurred in a Transylvanian village farming. First part of the paper focuses on the economic and social frameworks and context of the rural farming. The main part of the analysis based on the theoretical concepts of pluriactivity, diversification and food self-provisioning and the conceptualization of the special literature analyzes the economic strategies of a Romanian village, seeking to present a typology based on nature of economic strategies. The author argues that the main strategy is pluriactivity, however the limited forms of diversification are also present in the farming patterns of the village, which mark a shift toward a more specialized, profit-oriented farming. Near this strategies the food self-provisioning is also present, what is more there has appeared new ideologies and meanings regarding to food very well known mostly from the western countries' alternative food networks.

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Subsistence strategies in a settlement situated along the Kis-Küküllő (Târnava Mică) Rive

Strategii de subzistenţă într-o localitate de lângă Târnava Mică

Author(s): Lehel Peti / Language(s): English,Romanian

Keywords: Subsistence strategies; Economic and social changes; social stratifications; Farms; Horticultures; Day-labourers; Quasi-agricultural enterprise experiments;

The study attempts to present the economic strategies of a settlement, in which employment in state companies built upon a specific environmental resource (natural gas extraction) as well as the success of an independent enterprise has significantly transformed the livelihood strategies based on agriculture, resulting in a change in lifestyle as well. The studied settlement represents the opposite model of the villages re-peasantised after the regime change, described in the Transylvanian scholarly literature. The study analyses the economic behaviour modes, as well as the changes in the livelihood strategies observed in a settlement along the Kis-Küküllő (Târnava Mică) River, aiming to present the stratification of the rural society based on economic strategies. The author outlines the way in which in this multiethnic (inhabited by Hungarians, Romanians and Romani) small settlement, the bakery which used to function as a cooperative during socialism became a well-established company employing a significant part of the village's population, being present in important segments of the national markets, connecting the previously isolated small settlement with new regional and national networks. He also presents the significance of the natural gas extraction activities from the point of view of livelihood strategies, after which he presents the economic strategies built upon agricultural activities.

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Rroma Bibliography (Magazines and newspapers)

Bibliografie Rromă (Reviste şI ziare)

Author(s): Gheorghe Sarau / Language(s): Romanian

Keywords: Rroma bibliography; magazine and newspaper material; Romani language and literature; Roma education; 1987-2014;

The Rroma bibliography brings together magazines and newspapers that appeared in Romania and in various countries, especially after 1989, which were in the author's personal collection and were donated to the Institute for Studying the Problems of National Minorities in Romania. A similar collection, containing books, brochures and a small number of magazines and newspapers, was donated by the author in May 2015 to the Central University Library in Bucharest, the titles being inserted into a valuable guiding instrument (v. Gheorghe Sarau, Rroma bibliography (books, brochures, magazines, newspapers), Bucharest: University Publishing House, Bucharest, 2016), which helps librarians, researchers and the public interested in the Roma field, but also in support of Roma students from different specialties, or nerroms working with and for the Roma, both in the country and abroad. The journals and newspapers in the present bibliography fall within the scope of the Roma on Romani language and literature, history, anthropology, theater, music, sociology, politics, human rights, children's rights, Roma education, architecture and community development etc. between 1987 and 2014, and some in 1984-1986, 1978-1981 and 1970-1974. Although the collections of magazines and newspapers listed here do not fully cover the years of their appearance, they are still important milestones in the information and research activity in the field of Roma.

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Minorities in Romania. 2011 Census - Demographic Processes

Minorităţi din România. Recensământ 2011 - procese demografice

Author(s): Tamás Kiss,Ilka Veress / Language(s): Romanian

Keywords: Minorities; Romania; Ethno-Demographic process; population dynamics;

The study proposes to draw out the ethno-demographic portray of national minorities from Romania. The analysis has as a start point the statistic dates given by the National Institute of Statistics with which ISPMN concluded a unitive protocol. The dates used for the elaboration of this study can be grouped in two categories: 1. Census dates (between 1930 and 2011) and 2. dates which come from the population dynamics (1994-2011). As concerning the analyzed minorities, it started from the structure of parliamentary representation of the minorities from Romania.

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Publisher: ISPMN Institutul pentru Studierea Problemelor Minorităţilor Naţionale

Dimensiunea regională a societăţii, diversitatea etnoculturală şi organizarea administrativ-teritorială în România

Maghiarii din Transilvania în spaţiul politic maghiar şi românesc

Regionalism asimetric şi administraţie publică

Audit Culture and the Making of a “Gypsy School”. Financing Policies, Curricula, Testing and Educational Inequalities in a Romanian Town

Schimbări în agricultura rurală într-o localitate din Transilvania

Strategii de subzistenţă într-o localitate de lângă Târnava Mică

Bibliografie Rromă (Reviste şI ziare)

Minorităţi din România. Recensământ 2011 - procese demografice