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The brief and general description of the issues in the article confirms that the real and the virtual knowledge of the cultural-historical heritage of Bulgaria is successfully presented to users at the National history museum and the Shumen regional history museum.
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The article is dedicated to the religious policy of the Roman emperors inthe early 4th century and the legal texts issued in that connection. My main task, running outof any excessive ambition, is to reconsider again the events and texts in order to demonstratehow they fully fi t to the logic of the contemporary politics and to the mentality of the age, distancing them from any legends, created in later centuries. The legal texts, known as theEdict of Galerius and Edict of Milan, are presented in their full and discussed. Accordingly, theproblems of the religious identity are involved, making some mandatory elucidation of howreligion was accepted and what was to be Christian at that time. Concerning the much debated ‘Edict of Milan’, what we have as a text, at least in the version of Lactantius, is a, quite probably,mandatum of Licinius promulgated in June 313 in Nicomedia and directed openly against the restoration of persecutions by Maximinus Daia. The other text, translated from Latin into Greekand given to us by Eusebius, is a variant of that text with the role of Constantine stressed, but without any other clues to confi rm an overall legal text edited in Milan in the early 313. Finally, the role of Constantine was observed, including the ‘white’ and ‘black’ legends created later. The article is dedicated to the religious policy of the Roman emperors in the early 4th century and the legal texts issued in that connection. My main task, running out of any excessive ambition, is to reconsider again the events and texts in order to demonstrate how they fully fi t to the logic of the contemporary politics and to the mentality of the age, distancing them from any legends, created in later centuries. The legal texts, known as theEdict of Galerius and Edict of Milan, are presented in their full and discussed. Accordingly, theproblems of the religious identity are involved, making some mandatory elucidation of howreligion was accepted and what was to be Christian at that time. Concerning the much debated ‘Edict of Milan’, what we have as a text, at least in the version of Lactantius, is a, quite probably, mandatum of Licinius promulgated in June 313 in Nicomedia and directed openly against the restoration of persecutions by Maximinus Daia. The other text, translated from Latin into Greek and given to us by Eusebius, is a variant of that text with the role of Constantine stressed, but without any other clues to confirm an overall legal text edited in Milan in the early 313. Finally, the role of Constantine was observed, including the ‘white’ and ‘black’ legends created later.The article is dedicated to the religious policy of the Roman emperors in the early 4th century and the legal texts issued in that connection. My main task, running out of any excessive ambition, is to reconsider again the events and texts in order to demonstrate how they fully fi t to the logic of the contemporary politics and to the mentality of the age, distancing them from any legends, created in later centuries. The legal texts, known as the Edict of Galerius and Edict of Milan, are presented in their full and discussed. Accordingly, the problems of the religious identity are involved, making some mandatory elucidation of how religion was accepted and what was to be Christian at that time. Concerning the much debated ‘Edict of Milan’, what we have as a text, at least in the version of Lactantius, is a, quite probably, mandatum of Licinius promulgated in June 313 in Nicomedia and directed openly against the restoration of persecutions by Maximinus Daia. The other text, translated from Latin into Greek and given to us by Eusebius, is a variant of that text with the role of Constantine stressed, but without any other clues to confirm an overall legal text edited in Milan in the early 313. Finally, the role of Constantine was observed, including the ‘white’ and ‘black’ legends created later.
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The paper deals with several mosaic techniques used in Roman and Late Antique mosaic art in Bulgaria. Each technique is presented with short historical background and its development stages illustrated by famous examples of the Greek and Roman world aswell as the ones from Bulgarian provinces of the Roman empire. The main aim of the paper is tocontribute to unifi cation of the specifi c terminology used in scientific researches of mosaic art in Bulgaria according to the established scientific practices in this field.
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The present paper deals with the bath gymnasion (probably the known from inscriptions Severan gymnasion) with theatron in front of it, a piazza and an equestrian statue, all located near the Southwestern gate of Augusta Traiana-Beroe. Since long time the function and the date of every part of the complex has become the subject of discussion. The piazza was identified by its researchers as the forum of the city. But in the opinion of the author,it should be rather the agora, not the forum, located most probably not here, but almost in the Northern centre of the city, because it was Greek-speaking and organized similarly to the other Greek cities in the Balkans and Asia Minor. The first building period with three phases of the thermen-gymnasion is related to the time of the Severan dynasty. This theatre-like place was functioning simultaneously to the still not found theatre (or theatre-amphitheatre) of Augusta Traiana. The complex at the Southwestern Gate has several main functions: as a place of training in sports and for humanitarian and artistic education; as thermen for hygienic and recreational purposes; and finally as a place for demonstrations of the skills of the young men,probably in connection with the veneration of the imperial and other local cults. The visitors of the thermen and the city elite as spectators were watching from the auditorium the athletic games, the theatre-like performances and possibly other competitions. In the second period, beginning after the recovering from the Goths’ devastations in the middle of the 3rd century and ending in 351, the piazza has changed its function and has become the arena of gladiatorial combats, some venationes and bestiaria, with a special railing, separating the decumanus and the traffic from the combats. In the third period, removing of the railing and erecting of an equestrian statue, probably of Constantius II, this put to an end the gladiatorial games in the piazza and generally of paganism in the city. The piazza with the statue has become one of the several centers of the imperial cult in Beroe in Late Antiquity. The whole area was Christianized, including thetransformation of the bath’s vestibule into an Early Christian basilica and bishop residence.
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The article represents for the first time the whole numismatic material(coins and seals), found occasionally and mostly during the regular archaeological research of the complex of the so-called Forum of Augusta Traiana - Beroe, situated immediately next to the Southwestern gate of the ancient city. Chronologically the coins are related to four groups: pre-Roman, Roman, Early Byzantine and medieval ones. The earliest two coins, of Philip II Macedonian and Seuthes III, are not connected with any archaeological structures. Such early coins have been discovered too in the other parts of the city, but the earlier layers are also missing there. The Roman and the Early Byzantine coins from the complex illustrate the coin circulation, which is similar to the one known in the other parts of the city. Two coins unearthed during the drilling under the bronze equestrian statue of an emperor in this piazza are of great interest. They belong to Constantine I and Constantius II and provide the terminus post quem for the erection of the statue of emperor from the Constantinian dynasty.The coin circulation in Beroe has ceased after 615 linked with the invasions of the Avars and it was restored only in the beginning of the 10th century. In the late period houses have been built in the same area, which according to the numismatic material covers the period between the 10th – 13th centuries. The numismatic data also reflect the crossing of the Third Crusade in the Balkans, lead by Frederick I in the years 1189-1191, these events fixed by a coin of Bella III (1172-1196). The plumb seal of Nikephoros of Kontostephani, the son-in-law of Alexios III Comnenos (1195-1203), reveals the presence in Beroe of a representative of this family. This is a proof that during the period of the Comnenos dynasty the rulers themselves or their relatives have sojourned in Beroe.
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This paper studies the architectonic decoration in the Ionian order of Augusta Traiana-Beroe (mainly bases, columns, capitals, frieze-architraves, cornice etc.). They were applied in different types of architecture – public, cult, residential. Four building periods can be followed in their application. The earliest one is the period of Trajan-Hadrian; the second period belongs to Marcus Aurelius-Commodus; the third one is from the end of the Antonines to the end of the Severans. The fourth period relates to the beginning of the 4th century. From the first period some bases from houses and porticoes were re-used in the Late Antique colonnades. In the second period the fortress walls were built. The Ionian order from that period demonstrates very rich pieces and supports the announcement of Marcus Aurelius as the ‘κτίστης’ of the city. The peak of the development of the city architecture and in the use of the Ionian order is the third period of the Severi, in which the samples from the time of Hadrian are repeated and further enriched, leading to the so-called ‘Hadrianic Renaissance’. Emblematic for this period is the Auditorium in front of the thermae at the Southwestern gate.The heritage of the second architectural and decorative period can be observed as well: the astragal, the Ionian kyma etc. In the fourth period earlier can be found elements used in the houses and colonnade till the 4th century. The author is looking for evidence for the local production (stone, manner of carving and treatment, motifs, technological markers). For the first time the Proconessian import is publically inaugurated in Augusta Traiana based on the type of marble, motifs, decorative scheme and technology. The materials from the city enlarge the panorama of this center of production with the interior of Thrace and especially with Augusta Traiana.
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The article presents some common features in the work of three contemporary poets in Poland and Lithuania. The concept of historical memory forms the theoretical basis of the discussion. The focus is on the artistic interpretation of the images of the past and their mediating role in the retransmission of its messages. The interest in the poetry of the European Tatars is a relatively new research problem, and for the Bulgarian reader this poetry is still unknown and not translated to date.
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The prologue to Dobri Voynikov's comedy „The Misunderstood Civilization" emphasizes the national significance of the problem of the changed values, and implies the necessity of national self-awareness. The prologue is a guideline for understanding the content of the comedy, and it is a message from the author to the reader to answer the question of what real civilization is.
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The acquaintance with the archival heritage of Boris Yotsov, one of the most prominent Bulgarian scholars in the area of humanities, is another step towards restoring the memory of his work. The study of the massive personal fund of B. Yotsov (202K) in the Archives State Agency (SOA) made it possible to systematize the available 349 documents. This adds a previously unappreciated dimension to the role of the underestimated authoritative researcher and public figure, airbrushed from history in 1945 by the Communist authorities. Under the influence of the authoritative and fascinating figure of B. Yotsov remain not only his students and friends, but also his two heirs – Bogdan and Ivan Yotsov. The inventory of the fund fails to mention an extremely interesting find from the archives of B. Yotsov – the handwritten issues of the children's newspaper “Illustrated World”.
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Are we so insatiable and greedy, that we will never be satisfied? The article presents the way in which Nedyalka Mihova`s „The Stars Come Closer“ and Dmitry Glukhovsky`s „Future“ rationalize and represent future human immortality through extreme artistic images. The study focuses on the ways in which science fiction foresees the biotechnological enhancement of the human body, manipulation of the human genome and the future tendenies of changing Homo sapiens' body and his nature.
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The theory of international relations is based on the principle that the great world politics and international security are an obligation of the big and strong countries. The erosion of the state sovereignty concerning the globalization becomes a prerequisite for the embezzlement of rights, belonging by definition to the state, by global entities who find themselves in marketering upsurge. Today, the state is not the only entity in the security policy. Each country has a given production, defence, and intellectual resource. Namely, their particular characteristics, combination and trends towards enhancement define the ability of the state to generate a controlled power enabling it to assert its place in the field of global geopolitics.
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The paper tracks the main points in the propaganda ‘travel’ (using all the meaningful workload of the word) between the People's Republic of Bulgaria and the countries decolonized in the 1960s. Two indicative cases from Africa – Guinea and Ghana are considered. Building a stereotypical image of the imperialist West was a real pledge to attract new post-colonial Pro-Soviet elites. The diplomatic visits of delegations from and to the decolonized African countries at the level of senior party-state functionaries were regularly reported in the Bulgarian press. The article also focuses on the public reaction of the party-approved anticolonial sentiment (its presence in the Bulgarian ‘national spirit’), and raises questions about the sustainability of the political occidentalist stereotypes and prejudices in the Bulgarian society. These aspects make it possible to show a more nuanced perspective of the way anti-Western propaganda is presented through words and images. Anticolonialism became part of the communist propaganda repertoire and the portrayal of the West, perceived as a threat and a primary enemy.
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This text presents some basic classifications of terminology in the field of German phraseology made by different researchers. It emphasizes the diversity of its terminology and the varying interpretation of the concepts used. An overview of different types of fixed expressions has been made. The study uses a chronological approach.
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The article poses the problem of non-compliance with sociolinguistic and pragmatic factors which affect the choice of address forms in dialogue conversations. Different scenarios are presented in which the speaker uses inappropriate address forms, which leads to failure in communication.
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The article presents officially non-existent forms of comparative and superlative degree of non-gradable adjectives. Some conclusions are drawn regarding the reasons of the emergence of these non- standard forms. In addition, some language trends and perspectives related to this linguistic phenomenon are outlined.
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The study focuses on word order particularities of the imperative utterance in Bulgarian colloquial speech. Two aspects have been dealt with in parallel: the grammatical word order and the information structure of the utterance. The linguistic material was collected in an informal, everyday setting, wherein people with secondary or higher education were having a casual conversation with their friends and relatives.
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Teaching literacy at school is largely dependent on morphology as a component of linguistics and as a subject area providing the resource needed to achieve the ultimate goal of learning. The abstract nature of the language hierarchy has always been a prerequisite for the emergence of a number of difficulties in mastering and applying knowledge about parts of speech and the skills for their analysis. School practice confirms that students have difficulties in assimilating the morphological meaning of the word and formulating concepts which affects their spelling, punctuation, and grammar skills.
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