Vojenské trestní právo a vojenské soudy v Polsku a Československu 1943–1953

Author(s): Dušan Janák / Language(s): Czech Issue: 76/2015

The study, based on the latest subject literature, compares the evolution of the military penal law and military courts in the last years of the war and the post-war period in Poland and Czechoslovakia. The current state of research on the issue is diverse in both countries in favor of the Polish science. Furthermore, the age range of the authors is much wider amongst the Polish scientists, which does not preclude the collations. In both cases, the standards of the military law were subject to the Sovietization process, which is characterized by broad repressions of a political nature. The process has begun in Poland already in 1943, in the Soviet Union, during the formation of the Polish Armed Forces (i.e. the Berling Army), which was carried out independently of the former Polish legal system. The author emphasizes in his considerations the elements of acquiring the Soviet model in Poland, which were directed against the civilian population in spite of the end of the war and the capability to interfere with the activity of the army by the civil services of the security apparatus. In the analysis of the role of the military court, the researcher highlights the importance of the Soviet judges and servicemen, who were firstly delegated to the Polish Army, and then in the role of the so-called advisors. The author’s analysis covers also the specificity of the military processes.In the case of Czechoslovakia there was a similar phenomena, however, only since the autumn of 1948. Formerly, a legal system was forced in the army, which was formed in the Habsburg times, i.e. with the liberal roots. In the Czechoslovakian judicial system, the situation of the presence of the Soviet lawyers at courts was unknown. Despite the fact, after 1948, the Soviet model was relatively quickly copied also there.

Срещи в Македонския научен институт - София

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2010

Юбилейно за Маргарита Василева

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2009

Среща с руски учени

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2005

Почина проф. Антони Гиза (ноември 2005)

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2005

Становище на Македонския научен институт — София върху Доклад №122 на „Международната група за рискови ситуации“ от 10 декември 2001 г. във връзка с кризата в Република Македония

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2002

The Macedonian Scientific Institute* (MSI) found the conclusions of the Report of the International Crisis Group, published in December 2001, highly surprising. The fact that contemporary renowned retired politicians are members of the private organization presupposes the emergence of a document of maximum competency that would offer new ideas to the international community about the future settlement of the Macedonian issue.

In memoriam проф. д.и.н. Милчо Лалков (1944-2000)

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2000

Les Portes du Temple

Author(s): Roberto Nayberg / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2014

L’accélération du temps efface les bornes qui séparaient radicalement les âges et les temps de la vie des hommes depuis des durées immémoriales. De la même façon, et selon un processus semblable, les différences entre la paix et la guerre disparaissent pour laisser la place à des périodes troubles et dangereuses, où la violence peut surgir à tout instant et frapper des êtres dont l’unique faute est de s’être trouvés présents au mauvais endroit et au mauvais moment. Il va nous falloir apprendre à vivre et à survivre à cette ère nouvelle dans l’histoire de l’humanité.

NEDOVRŠENA PROŠLOST U VRTLOZIMA BALKANIZACIJE: REFLEKSIJE „ISTOČNOG PITANJA“ U HISTORIJSKOJ PERSPEKTIVI

Author(s): Safet Bandžović / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 2/2019

The past and present are inseparable, "holding hands". Breakthrough epochs always influence re-thinking of the perpetrator. Everything that happened has more perspective. The dramatic flows of the 19th and 20th centuries in the Balkans, even in Bosnia and Herzegovina, can not be universally perceived as separate from the wider European / global context, geopolitical order, influence and consequences of extreme interest logic, deosmanization and balkanization models. Long-term processes outperform different time periods and spatial boundaries. In them appearances, mental circles and ideologies are slowly changing. This also applies to the content of the relief sections of the "Eastern Question" and its sleeves, whose controversial paradigms, along with policy and instrumentalized science, transcend the boundaries of the centuries and continents. The view that Muslims are "aliens" in Europe is part of a mentality known and under his mask. What is known to the foreign public, especially in the "Western world", is known about the "Ottoman Balkans" and Muslims, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosniaks, which presents serious doctrine, but also what produces quasi-narratives and tendentious publications has never been insignificant. Each historiography is a product of one's own time, whose interests often determine not only questions that, especially influential scientists, set a complex past, but also answers, resisting its different perceptions. Prejudices and negative stereotypes, whose powerful social crisis generators and wars, immune to counter-arguments arising from opposing experiences and knowledge, articulate and uncritically articulate into historiographical interpretations. The truth to which it strives is a "whole" is not in one place and in the historiography of one nation, it requires a multiperspectival narrative.

UTICAJ ČASOPISA PREGLED NA DRUŠTVENI I KULTURNI ŽIVOT BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE KROZ PISANJE O AGRARNOJ PROBLEMATICI 1910-1913.

Author(s): Igor Mišković / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 2/2019

Newspapers, either daily or periodic, represent a significant source of study on cultural and entertainment life in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The magazine Pregled dealed with social, economic and cultural issues of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Through our work, we follow the writings on agrarian issues of the magazine Pregled in the first period of his appearance running from 1910 until 1913. Pregled shows an agrarian issue as a crucial one and consequently apporoaches it from all sides. It follows the agrarian events in other countries of Europe, draws parallels, and eventually gives proposals for the same events in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

UTJECAJ RATA U HRVATSKOJ NA ZBIVANJA U BOSANSKOJ KRAJINI 1991. GODINE

Author(s): Jasmin Medić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 2/2019

The author analyzes the impact of war events in Croatia on national relations in the Bosnian Krajina in 1991. The Serbian autonomous region of Krajina (later the Republic of Srpska Krajina) in Croatia and the Autonomous Region of Krajina (ARK) in the northwestern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina were the first to form autonomous areas according to the ethnic principle in the process of the dissolution of Yugoslavia as formal-legal successors of the communities of municipalities. The narrow military and political cooperation, the issue of mobilizing the population of the Bosnian Krajina in the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and the problem of refugees, significantly influenced national relations in this part of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

LE ORIGINI DELLA FERROVIA TRANSBALCANICA ALLA FINE DEL XIX SECOLO NELLA DOCUMENTAZIONE ITALIANA E SERBA

Author(s): Fabrizio Rudi / Language(s): Italian Issue: 4/2019

The main purpose of this essay is to show that well before the beginning of the 20 century, in the face of the beginning of Italian colonial policy and of an ever increasing interest of Italian diplomacy towards the fate of the young Balkan state (especially the Kingdom of Serbia), during the epoch of Francesco Crispi, there existed well-proven, excellent projects of economic and financial penetration beyond the Adriatic sea, through the construction of a railroad which runned transversely the Balkans. The aim of these highly strategic projects was to subtract some important commercial positions to Austria-Hungary and Germani, which at the end of the 19 century dominated sud-Danube Europe. The basic sources for this study are inedited and edited Italian and Serbian diplomatic documents, in which are explained the potentialities and the reasons of the success and of the unsuccess of the Italian railway strategy.

Uloga hebrejskog načina razmišljanja u stvaranju povijesnoga mišljenja

Author(s): Božo Lujić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: I/2019

This article starts from the fact of today’s generally accepted cognition that in the past only two nations the Greeks and the Hebrews had a conception of history. But their conception of history was fundamentally different. The Greeks understood history cyclically, based on the natural rhythm of time as the repetition of the same, while the Hebrews developed linear perceptions of history thanks to God’s experience in historical events which were interconnected in the whole. This process of creating historical opinion was long and arduous. The process of creating historical thinking began by emphasizing the meaning of genealogy in life. In the Hebrew language, called toledot, first began in the family, then in the clan and later in wider communities.

Cântece de dragoste bilingve ale sașilor transilvăneni

Author(s): Sanda Ignat / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 33/2019

Die vorliegende Abhandlung präsentiert zwei- und dreisprachige Volkslieder der Siebenbürger Sachsen aus dem Tonbandbestand des Instituts „Folklorearchiv der Rumänischen Akademie” in Cluj-Napoca und skizziert deren Liedbiographie, indem auch Belege aus anderen deutschsprachigen Liedlandschaften herangezogen werden. Unsere Liedbeispiele stammen von Audioaufnahmen, die in den 60er-70er Jahren auf Feldforschungen in ethnisch gemischten siebenbürgischen Dörfern durchgeführt worden sind. Eine Umfrage zu diesen Liedern unter den heutigen Siebenbürger Sachsen ergänzt die Analyse mit aktuellen Informationen. Die gemischtsprachigen Volkslieder sind von der Form und Funktion her mit den Kunstmischliedern verwandt und zeichnen sich meist durch die humoristische Wirkung der Sprachmischung aus. Diese für die mehrsprachigen Gegenden charakteristische Liedgattung ist nicht nur für die Erforschung der Mehrsprachigkeit, sondern auch musikalisch interessant. In diesem Sinnekann sie im Hinblick auf die interethnischen Wechselbeziehungen in der südosteuropäischen Volksmusik, sowie für das Problem der Zirkulation der Volksgüter relevant sein.

Incursiune în istoricul ex-libris-ului: demers comparatist

Author(s): Clara Fulea-Kranyák / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 22-23/2013

Apărut ca o metodă de afirmare a proprietății asupra unei cărți sau de delimitare a unei colecții de cărți, ex-libris-ul a depășit condiția de semn al proprietății devenind o mică operă de artă. Originile sale sunt strâns legate de utilizarea semnelor heraldice, însă chiar și la începuturile sale, ex-libris-ul cuprinde uneori elemente suplimentare care exprimă aspecte mai puțin formale decât cele legate de blazon. O a doua etapă a evoluției ex-libris-ului marchează desprinderea sa de heraldică și apropierea de zona miniaturilor artistice. În această etapă, pictori și gravori cunoscuți sunt angajați pentru a crea ex-libris-uri, iar acestea cuprind o mare varietate de teme: portrete, peisaje, obiecte, animale, alegorii, nuduri, etc. Imaginile din ex-libris sunt deseori însoțite de o deviză sau de un citat considerat a fi reprezentativ. În cazul ex-libris-uri-lor care au aparținut unor personalități istorice, acest citat poate să ne releve un aspect inedit legat de viața lor privată. În articol sunt expuse câteva momente importante legate de istoria ex-libris-ului din unele țări europene și din arealul țării noastre. Spre deosebire de alte țări în care ex-libris-urile sunt folosite curent încă din secolul XVI, în țările române și Transilvania el apare mai târziu, fiind adoptat pe scară largă doar din secolul XIX. Lucrările care analizează ex-libris-urile din România sunt puține și de obicei tratează unele aspecte particulare legate de subiect – ex-libris-urile heraldice, tehnici tipografice folosite pentru realizarea gravurilor sau ex-libris­-urile dintr-o colecție muzeală sau particulară. Datorită acestui fapt, cercetarea domeniului poate scoate la iveală aspecte inedite, neexplorate încă de alți autori.

Statutul femeii în societatea islamică ideală

Author(s): Cornel Andrei Crișan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 28-29/2016

Statutul femeii în lumea islamică este, poate, cea mai prezentă tematică în dialogul comparativ dintre Occident și Orient. Făcându-se adesea o confuzie generală între un Islam practicat și Islamul ideal, femeia musulmană este considerată ca fiind deposedată de valorile și libertățile spiritului Occidental. Precum comunismul, democrația și creștinismul, atât religia, cât și sistemul politic islamic (islamismul) își au propriile lor utopii și idealuri. Idealul feminin își are propriul său rol în lupta pentru instaurarea și prezervarea sistemului ideal de mântuire, propovăduit de către textele sacre ale Islamului. Rolul pe care femeia îl are în cadrul societății islamice ideale, căsătoria, divorțul și moștenirea sunt câteva aspecte fundamentale pentru a înțelege un sistem de viață diferit față de ce cel în care trăim. Islamul nu este doar o religie spirituală, Islamul este și o religie socio-politică, care se pretinde capabilă în a acoperi fiecare aspect al vieții individului – emoțional, social, instituțional etc. Femininul ideal al societății musulmane nu este discriminat prin ceea ce se vrea a fi, idealul feminin este discriminat doar atunci când este deposedat de condiția și poziția pe care și-o vrea asumată.

Prezenţa unor recipiente de lut legate de exploatarea sării în așezări ale culturii Cucuteni de la răsărit de Carpaţi

Author(s): Vasile Diaconu / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 1/2018

The article discusses several types of clay pots, which have been linked to the exploitation of salt from saline sources and have been discovered in the settlements of the Cucuteni culture between the Carpathians and the Prut. The author presents several remains of briquettages, mostly from settlements in the sub-Carpathian area of Moldova. There are also some clay ladles, with analogies at Provadia (Bulgaria), whose functionality is alsoclosely related to the exploitation of salt. The latter were discovered only at the site of Poduri (Bacău County). The sites discussed in the text are located, in most cases, at relatively small distances from the salt springs (5-7km). For this reason, it is believed that the briquettage remains found in the settlements can be consideredevidence of salt exchange, and those sites can be categorized as centers that controled salt sources and distributed it on large spaces.The settlements where such vestiges were discovered belong mainly to the Cucuteni A and A-B phases.

Kazak, Türkmen ve Kıbrıs Türklerinin Halk İnançları ile Gelenekleri Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir İnceleme

Author(s): Mustafa Yeniasır,Burak Gökbulut,Adem Öger / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 102/2020

The phenomenon of belief has been among the most fundamental social needs of people from the oldest ages to date and played an essential role in shaping the cultures of nations throughout history. In the formation of Turkish cultural map, various religions, beliefs and belief systems have been influential. For example, in the oldest times, animatism, totemism, and later Shamanism and Sky God religion, and finally Islam, have played essential role in the shaping of culture and laid the foundations of folk beliefs. It can be said that in Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Northern Cyprus, which are determined as the study area of the research, especially animitism, totemism, Shamanism, Sky God religion and Islam served as the sources of folk beliefs. In this article, attempt was made to examine the folk beliefs of all three regions and determine them within this framework. In the determination of beliefs and customs, the literature was first searched, the data were collected by document analysis technique and mutual interviews were conducted with the source persons in verifying the data. During the interviews, it was questioned whether the beliefs found in the sources still maintain their validity and the results were stated in the study. The aim of this study is to compare the folk beliefs of Kazakh, Turkmen and Turkish Cypriots, to determine their similarities and differences and to interpret these beliefs. Based on this aim, it was determined that most of the folk beliefs and customs in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan still have a widespread effect on the community life whereas their application in the Turkish Cypriots is weakened and disappeared. As a result of the analysis, it has been seen that the beliefs are predominantly based on the old religions, belief systems and Islam, which the Turks have believed.

Recognizing Associative Values in World Heritage

Author(s): Christina Cameron / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

With the increased interest in the commemoration of sites of memory, including battlefields and sites of genocide, UNESCO’s World Heritage Centre commissioned an expert study in 2018 to clarify the way criterion (vi) is applied to recognize the associative values at nominated properties. The study was intended to facilitate knowledge-based decision-making for properties with strong associative values. This paper outlines the lack of clarity and the World Heritage Committee’s concerns about the definition and application of criterion (vi). After documenting the evolution in the wording of criterion (vi), the article explains the important contribution of the 2018 report, in particular its analysis of 240 statements of Outstanding Universal Value that have used criterion (vi). It concludes that further studies should focus on the analysis ofthe 240 World Heritage sites using precedents from previous inscriptions and case studies to theorize the six associations of criterion (vi), namely events, living traditions, ideas, beliefs, artistic works and literary works. Such research should also address methodologies for protecting and managing the attributes of associative values. These additional studies would support more consistent and knowledgeable use of criterion (vi) and thereby enhance the recognition and protection of associative values at World Heritage sites.

Typologies of pre-modern societies beyond feudalism: exploring alternative possibilities and the problem of their applicability in cases of peripheral European societies

Author(s): Nerijus Babinskas / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 2/2018

The most traditional approach of medievalists to articulate classification of pre-modern European societies is to consider whether particular pre-modern society is feudal or not. However I argue that this approach is quite complicated because of ambiguity and polysemy of the term. There are at least several Marxist and non-Marxist alternatives instead. Transcending the horizon of debates about feudalism proposes more creative possibilities and enlarges analytical capacities. Although discussion about the notorious Asiatic mode of production seems obsolete nevertheless there are other more promising and up-to-date concepts like the tributary mode of production, patrimonialism versus feudalism dichotomy or the so-called type/model of early Central European state (the system of Ius Ducale). The application of the concept of the African mode of production in the case of typology of some European pre-modern peripheral societies despite of its astonishing etymology also is plausible. Another perspective way of elaboration comparative researches of pre-modern European peripheries is combining Marxist and non-Marxist concepts (like patrimonialism and the tributary mode of production, for example). I would also like to emphasize that in some cases in order to develop adequate typological concepts the combining of evaluation of internal (evolving of socioeconomic structures) as well as estimation of external impact is inevitable.