BULGARIAN-ROMANIAN ECONOMIC RELATIONS (1944 – 1965)

Author(s): Spaska Shumanova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

Economic relations were an important part of the cooperation between Bulgaria and Romania in the era of socialism (1944 – 1989). Bulgaria and Romania signed the first stand-alone bilateral agreement to restore and develop them in 1945 without the mediation of a third party. In the latter half of the 1950s the two neighbouring countries signed the first three-year Agreement for Exchange of Goods and Payments (1954), and starting in the early 1960s their trade relations were governed by long-term ( five-year) agreements, the first one of which covered the period 1961 – 1965. The economic difficulties stemming from the monetary fluctuations in Romania, the postwar soaring of commodity prices, the failure of both countries to honour their commitments, as well as the unresolved transportation issues qualify the Bulgarian- Romanian trade relations as difficult. Priority went to petroleum products but Romania demonstrated total lack of interest in the Bulgaria agricultural products. The reasons for that were the similar economic profiles and Romania’s focus on the expansion of its domestic production.The development of the bilateral economic relations was also driven by the parallel resolution of a number of practical issues: the construction of the bridge over the Danube, the arrangements on their rail and ferry connections and the settlement of the border issues.

За българския език в Косово (фонетични особености)

Author(s): Ana Kocheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2003

СВЯТАЯ БОГОРОДИЦА В ИСКУССТВЕ ВЕЛИКОГО ПРЕСЛАВА (ІХ – Х вв.)

Author(s): Totiu Totev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 13/2013

Christianization of Bulgaria stimulated the origin and development of a new ornamental system. A great part of work of the ceramic and goldsmiths` workshops in the capital – the town of Veliki Preslav, takes the depiction of Virgin Mary. Her image is revealed by two iconographical types – Odigitria / the Royal monastery and the monastery at Pod Vilckashina locality/, and Oranta / on the Preslav treasure medallions/. We can clearly trace the high level of the Preslav art culture which was influenced both by Constantinople samples, and by early art of Syria, Palestine and Asia Minor.

Спомени на един малко известен съратник на Дамян Груев

Author(s): Todor Tarakov,Metodi Biserkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2000

Romanian Propaganda and Diplomacy in France at the End of the Great War

Author(s): Adrian Viţalaru / Language(s): English Issue: Suppl 2/2018

Propaganda was an important factor in Romanian-French relations in 1918. Taking into account Romania’s political and military situation in the latter part of the war and immediately after the end of the conflagration, one can identify three stages in the organization of Romanian propaganda and cultural diplomacy in France.

La France et la reprise du statut de pays allié par la Roumanie à la fin de la Grande Guerre

Author(s): Lucian Leuştean / Language(s): French Issue: Suppl 2/2018

Our article addresses the difficult and delicate issue of Romania’s official status within the Allied Forces at the end of the First World War.

Entre les règnes de Carol Ier et de Ferdinand : le ministre plénipotentiaire français Camille Blondel à la Cour roumaine (1907-1916)

Author(s): Adrian-Bogdan Ceobanu / Language(s): French Issue: Suppl 2/2018

Of all 8 ministers of France in Bucharest between 1880 and 1916, the name of Camille Blondel is the most known. It couldn’t be different. The French diplomat succeeded, during his mission in Bucharest, to contribute to a rapprochement between Romania and France at the beginning of XX century. In this paper, we have been looking to surprise aspects of his activity in Romanian Old Kingdom before the outbreak of First World War and after 1914. During the period of Romania’s neutrality he had intense activity until May 1916, when he was suddenly replaced. He didn’t leave Romania, preferring to stay and withdraw to Iasi along with the Romanian administration at the end of 1916.

Aspects of 1918 from the Journal of a Theologian

Author(s): Ioana Mihaela Bonda / Language(s): English Issue: Suppl 2/2018

The Great Union of 1918 has sparked over time the interest of many specialists. approached from various perspectives, the topic is always current, and new sources are added to it. In the vast process of the exhaustive reconstruction of the event, which marked the establishment of Great Romania, the memoirs and journals of the participants constitute an important historiographical source. Starting from these premises, the present paper aims to highlight the manner in which was perceived, against the backdrop of a high expectations horizon, the Union of 1918 by the Fãgãraş vicar forane, Iacob Popa (1872-1937).

The Quantitative Processing of a Qualitative Symbolic Material: The Newspaper “Românul” From Arad (1918)

Author(s): Lavinia Betea / Language(s): English Issue: Suppl 2/2018

The first issue of the political newspaper “Românul” from Arad appeared on 1/14 January 1911. The publication defined itself as an “organ of the Romanian National Party in Hungary and Transylvania” and appeared in daily format, with a literary supplement every week. At the beginning of the First World War, the newspaper, like other Transylvanian Romanian publications of the same type, was suspended (28 February/10 March 1916). It started being published again on 26 October/8 November 1918 with the purpose of preparing the unification of Transylvania with the Romanian state. The research uses the content analysis method which entails the quantitative processing of a qualitative symbolic material. The algorithm for applying the method contains the following stages: the identification of the referenced unit - in our case, ten issues of the publication from the period 11/24 November - 21 November/4 December; setting the unit of context (the first two issues of the publication from 1911, the first two issues from 1918, respectively);transposing the hypotheses into categories (classes), and these categories into directly measurable text indicators (journalistic themes and genres, keywords, etc.); recording and processing the results. Based on the results obtained, the conclusions that were formulated give a strong argument in favor of the values of the content analysis method as an instrument of study in historical events and socio-political realities.

Address and Greeting in Romanian and Spanish: A Comparative Analysis from the Perspective of Politeness

Author(s): Angelica Mihailescu / Language(s): English Issue: Suppl 2/2018

The paper proposes a comparative analysis of the forms of address and greeting as part of the verbal politeness models identified both in Spanish and Romanian, in order to determine some similarities and differences between the two cultural models. This analysis reveals the existence of a tripartite system of hierarchical politeness in the Romanian language, whilst in Spanish there is a bipartite system, oriented towards the horizontal axis of interpersonal relationships.

How to Call Down the Moon or Cultural Continuity in Southeastern Europe

Author(s): Petya Hristova / Language(s): English Issue: 7/1997

I Manoscritti di Frisinga e la tradizione Cirillo-Metodiana

Author(s): Alberto Frasson / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2015

The Freising Manuscripts are the fi rst written evidence of the Slovenian language and they were created around the year 1000 in Carantania, a cultural contest dominated by the German model. Nevertheless, one of these three manuscripts shows a different kind of infl uence: as far as the style and the content are concerned, the Second Freising Manuscript can be compared to famous ancient documents of the Eastern Christian tradition, like St Clement’s Homily. Therefore, the importance of these manuscripts is wider than just their value for the Slovenian culture: they are an attempt, made by the humble Carantanian literature to raise its language, a fi rst variety of contemporary Slovenian, to a higher level. Therefore, even in these documents, clearly unrelated to the Cyrillo-Methodian tradition, it is possible to identify an important mark of the mission.

KULTURA KAO INTERTEKST – NAPOMENE UZ PROBLEM RECEPCIJE SEMANTIČKIH MODELA

Author(s): Siniša Jelušić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 23/2018

The purpose of this paper is to describe the relations between Byzantine and Slavic medieval culture as the intretextual problem. The author suggests an interpretation of the terms commonly used in the structuralist theory: text, archytext, prototext, metatext (G. Genette). Relations between the Byzantine and Slovenian medieval culture are includes a complex of models: irreversible causality- transplantation culture relation (D.S. Lihachov), and selective reception of culture models (D. Obolensky). The methodological procedure is intended to determine the introductory basic attribute of South Slavic cultural metatext (resp. literary, artistic).

“Unmapping” The Ural Playscapes: An Analysis Of Playgrounds And Child Play Under The Post-soviet Urban Transition Of Yekaterinburg, Russia

Author(s): Aireen Grace Andal / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

This study examines playgrounds as lenses on urban transitions to explain the link between urban transformations and changes in the discourse of play and childhood. Specifically, it compares Soviet public playgrounds and post-Soviet privatized playscapes in the city of Yekaterinburg, Russia, through primary observation and secondary data analysis. Using the framework of social reproduction developed by Cindy Katz and Saskia Sassen to explain how the local forces affect cities, my analysis shows that the shift in the discourse of play and childhood in the post-Soviet period is hinged on global influences combined with local transformations, from the abandonment of Soviet ideals of communal play spaces to the embracement of today’s consumerist play places. Whereas the old Soviet playgrounds have uncertain purposes, in contemporary Yekaterinburg private playgrounds offer a narrative of play in terms of leisure, love, and convenience for parents. Children turn into consumers of private play, leaving most of the Soviet playgrounds as idle spaces in the city. This article argues that Yekaterinburg’s shift toward participating in the globalized economy combined with its transition from the Soviet ideals maintains social relations and reproduces social inequalities in childhood, as this condition favors consumerist narratives of play. I conclude that the playgrounds in Yekaterinburg are bystanders of new global ecologies whereby social, political, and economic transformations become an impetus to reproduce new ways of seeing the social importance and meaning of play and playgrounds.

Ešmun, a föníciai gyógyító-isten nyomában

Author(s): András Gér / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2010

Eshmun was the healing god of ancient Sidon, and known around Syria-Palestina. His cult spread throughout Palestina in the Old Testament times, and has two hypothetic marks in the books of Amos and Isaiah. By archeological research we can demonstrate his presence on the Holy Land. In the Achaemenid Era his cult appeared in the Aramaic language colony in Egypt and due to the cultural relationship with North Arabia, in the oasis of Tayma with the name of Ashim(a). Furthermore, the Phoenicians had got many colonies around the Mediterraneum, and the cults of the homeland influenced them. Lots of theophoric names got the element of the divine name Eshmun from the Hellenistic and Roman period. Thus, the cult or the name of the healing god of Phoenicia were known in the Roman Empire, chiefly in territory of the post-Phoenician or post-Punic colonies. Eshmun was associated in the ancient times with the fertility goddess and with the serpent. Thus, he may have been equivalent with Asclepius or the Nechushtan figure from the Old Testament.

Historyk i społeczeństwo — funkcjonowanie nauki historycznej w osiemnastowiecznej monarchii duńsko-norweskiej

Author(s): Krystyna Szelągowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2019

The eighteenth century in Denmark and Norway, the countries united under the rule of the Danish Oldenburg dynasty, brought about changes in the social functioning of history after the adaptation of modern ideas of the Republic of Letters (Respublica literaria). They included such phenomena as the emergence of early informal communities and associations, conflicts and disputes resulting from the collision of hierarchic science based on authority with trends of new humanities characterized by criticism and the desire to free scholars’ opinions from traditional and estate criteria, and cooperation and mutual assistance between historians. Changes also affected relations between Danish and Swedish historians.

Szabó Dezső magyarság- és nemzetfogalma a két háború közötti írásainak tükrében

Author(s): Dávid Kovács / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2013

The aim of the present study is to analyze the concepts of Magyardom and nation developed by Dezső Szabó in the interwar period. The novelty of this study is rooted in its approach, which is radically different from that of all previous writings on the subject. As opposed to the method of the typological approaches that inevitably brought about a certain kind of reductionalism, my technique was to reconstruct the ideas of Dezső Szabó by regarding them as a complex and dynamic system of thoughts. Another distinguishing characteristic is that when analyzing the works of the interwar period, I never indulged in neglecting the impact of Szabó’s previouswritings. Indisputably, one of the benefits of my approach is the discovery that the left-wing radicalism of Szabó’s previous writings did not cease to survive in the interwar period; what is more, it had a far-reaching influence on his definition of “nation”, too. In my study, I reveal that in the 1920’s Dezső Szabó described Magyardom as an ethnical, lingual and historical community, as opposed either to the contemporary race theories or to the concept of “political nation” elaborated by the dualist era. It is important to emphasize that at this time in Szabó’s political vocabulary the concept of “nation” as “political nation” had a negative connotation. In my writing I also show the development as a result of which Szabó’s acceptance of the “political nation” that unites Hungarian and non-Hungarian people changed drastically from the middle of the 1930’s. Finally, Dezső Szabó became one of the exponents of a concept that significantly resembled the dualist concept of “political nation”.

Komparativna filozofija evolucija jednog pristupa istoriji filozofije

Author(s): Dušan Pajin / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 15/2011

Communication between Europe and other regions in the world existed (more or less) depending on various circumstances, close to the beginning of Christianity. Import of silk, taking over certain “know-how” – like producing paper, silk, porcelain, steel, or printing), various inventions (compass, gun-powder, seismograph, etc.), or numerical systems (Arab-Indian numerals), went from East to West, between 100-1500 AD. A bit later, in colonial times the import of certain goods went on (coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, shawls, porcelain, or furniture). The next step was interest for Oriental culture, which followed Enlightenment times in Europe, and the discovery of values and ideas of the heritage of Asian cultures, gaining momentum during the 19th and 20th c. This took various forms and was developed in various fields. The first was related to language studies (in particular Sanskrit, which was considered as a proto-language of Indo-European languages). The second was comparative literature; third comparative mythology, religion, and mysticism; the fourth was comparative philosophy; the fifth, history of art, comparative aesthetics, and transcultural art philosophy; sixth was comparative psychology. “Oriental” studies meant that certain humanistic sciences took over the heritage of various culture of the East, “comparative” meant that in such cases the historian makes comparisons between western and eastern philosophies (noticing differences, similarities, or analogous ideas), while “transcultural” meant that the general standpoint went over Eurocentrism, which considered that certain cultural values, or creations, were a privilege of Europe, or European discoveries, which other cultures just had to take over in later times.

Митовите, стереотипите и мистификациите за Александар III Македонски

Author(s): Katerina Mladenovska-Ristovska / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 17/2019

Alexander III of Macedon was the greatest army commander of the world, a skilful diplomat and a statesman in the antiquity, who created a large state with a new social order of equal and united nations, with respect for all customs, religions and cultures. His country stretched from the western coast of the Balkan Peninsula, to India to the east, from the Danube and the Black Sea to the north, to Egypt and Libya to the south. He also planned new campaigns, but suddenly fell ill and died. However, with his short, but tumultuous life and work, he remained in the collective memory of all generations of different nations through centuries, from the folk tradition and folklore, to history and all areas of artistic creation. His image was mythologized since his birth. In this mythologization, a large number of themes and motives from the existing historical sources of various nations and the folk tradition and folklore, including the various legends and magical stories, are used. As in the folk creativity, also in the various versions of the Alexander Romance, as a compiled ancient and medieval biographical novel about his life and work, various stereotypes of the older folk tradition (mainly mythological episodes of the existing traditions and legends) and various historical and literary sources, in the same form, with insignificant or more developed rearrangements, are used. In the Renaissance period in Macedonia, the cult of antique past and culture was outstanding, reviving the interest for the old glory of the Macedonian Kingdom, and especially Alexander the Great, and actual mystifications about his life and work appeared. The most expressive example is the huge collection of folklore opus in Macedonia by Stephan Verković, which constantly attracts and rivals the scientific public to our contempo¬rary times.

Measuring and Shaping the Late Medieval City: Mathematical Descriptions of City Walls in Florence and Milan

Author(s): Anna Pomierny-Wąsińska / Language(s): English Issue: 3 (en)/2019

The article presents the use of mathematical tools (both calculation and geometry) in the perception of late medieval urban space. For this purpose, two descriptions of city walls of the late medieval Italian city have been compared. The first describes the city walls of Florence, and originates from Giovanni Villani’s Nuova Cronica; the second pertains to the fortifications of Milan, and originates from the much less known Cronica extravagans by Galvano Fiamma. Both authors used data from measurements and knowledge of the principles of geometry to illustrate the splendour of their respective cities and to help readers visualize them.