Virtualni Balkan: imaginarne granice, hiperrealnost i sobe za igranje

Author(s): Aleksandar Bošković / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Često se kaže da je konstrukcija etničkih ili kulturnih granica potpuno arbitrarna. Ova arbitrarnost se nikada ne dovodi u pitanje. Štaviše, savremeni antropolozi smatraju koncept »nacije« veoma sličnim konceptu »rase« – naime, radi se o pojmu koji neki ljudi zaista koriste, ali »u stvarnosti« taj pojam nema neko »objektivno« značenje. Naravno, ovo ne znači da se ljudi zaista ne ponašaju na osnovu sopstvenih pretpostavki i predrasuda, koje uključuju ideje izvedene iz koncepta »nacije«. Tako da nešto što ne postoji u »realnosti« može da proizvede vrlo ozbiljne i realne posledice.

Komunikativni pojam moći kod Hane Arent

Author(s): Jürgen Habermas / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Maks Veber je moć (Macht) definisao kao mogućnost da ponašanje drugih oblikujemo prema našoj volji. Hana Arent, međutim, moć razume kao mogućnost da se u neprisilnoj komunikaciji dođe do saglasnosti o zajedničkom usmerenju delanja. U oba slučaja moć je predstavljena kao potencija koja se aktuelizuje u delanju, ali polazne osnove su različiti modeli delanja.

Smrt autora, poèetak komunikacije

Author(s): Ivica Mlađenović / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The basic aim of this paper is to discuss some deconstructive views on the problem of communication. The death of an author is not quite Derrida’s theme, but it has an important role for explaining the field of communication. According to Derrida this kind of absence, together with absence of the receiver of message, structures every possible communication. This very structure is something that unable intention to be clear and present, both in oral and written way of exchanging messages. For the reason of discussing the problem of communication, attention will be focused on Derrida’s lecture “Signature Event Context” in which he addressed that topic in the most direct way. First, it will be examined the notions of writing and absence, and secondly, those of intention and context. It will be argued that Derrida is more interested in the new pragmatics, than in the bare criticism of some classical metaphisical views on language or recent linguistic theories.

Литературни мотиви и образи в медийния текст

Author(s): Nadya Kantareva-Baruh / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The field of communication is united, irrespective of whether the communication in its particular manifestations is aesthetic or has some other features. This results in the formation of common areas, which are of interest to the researcher of culture and literature in particular. The purpose of this study are the functional characteristics of the intertextual coherence between the new Bulgarian literature and the contemporary Bulgarian press.

Face and politeness in Irish English opinions – a study amongst Polish and Irish students

Author(s): Weronika Gąsior / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Epistemologically, an opinion is different from a fact. However, emotionally, that difference can be more blurry. In a study of exchanges of opinions among Polish and Irish English speakers those emotional attachments to opinions on the one hand, and the importance of facts on the other, become apparent. These differences can cause conflict in intercultural communication. While Poles are believed to express opinions which are “dogmatic” (Wierzbicka, 1985), English opinions tend to be stated so that they are clearly distinguishable from a statement of fact (Mullan, 2010). This study aimed, firstly, to describe the politeness characteristics of the speech act set of exchanging opinions in two linguistic groups: Polish-Irish and Irish-Irish interactions in English. Secondly, it examined issues of socio-pragmatic principles of expressing opinions in Ireland. Discourse data was gathered in six open role-plays, which were followed by focus groups exploring the issues of sociocultural constraints in expressing opinions. The results point towards a difference in cultural scripts (Wierzbicka, 1994) for opinions in the two linguistic groups; confirm previous classifications of Polish and Irish cultures as favouring positive and negative politeness respectively; and provide an insight into the affective side of exchanging opinions.

Analysis of Japanese political analytic articles: Making face salient to explain actions in political interactions

Author(s): Yasuhisa Watanabe / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In Japanese newspapers and web journal articles analysing political and international relations, the Japanese counterparts of the term “face”, for example kao, mentsu, taimen (Yabuuchi, 2004) as well as tachiba, considered as the key to describe interpersonal relationships (Haugh, 2005), are frequently used. The emic notion of Japanese face and its construals (Spencer-Oatey, 2007) are used to explain actions or the lack of actions by a politician and a government as a result of saving or claiming face. The face that each participant, be it a person or an organisation, claims is an image of itself, formed through ongoing relationships among participants and observers in the political arena. Facework among the participants unfolds in forms of decisionmaking, political power game and war. Goffman’s (1967) formulation of face and facework is still applicable in describing the face of a politician and a government in these articles.The aim of this chapter is to analyse the Japanese emic face on its own through the analysis of Japanese political analytic articles, which make direct references to emic notion of face as cultural insiders (Haugh, 2013). I will firstly demonstrate how Japanese emic face is applied to describe intra-national and international political relations in Japanese political analytic articles. I will then reaffirm the ongoing nature of face, both between participants and in public, and the role that non-participants play in maintaining one’s face.

Face and ethics in professional interpreting

Author(s): Ewa Bogdanowska-Jakubowska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Interpreting can be considered a form of intercultural communication in which at least three participants take part – primary participants (the speaker and the hearer(s)) and the interpreter. This is interpreter-mediated communication in social interaction (Jacobsen, 2009). Thus the interpreter, like any other interaction participant, has face – “an image of self delineated in terms of approved social attributes” (Goffman, 1967, p. 5). Face, which is created during social interaction, is both a property of relationships and a property of the individual, and is shaped by culture and the role he/she performs. Among the socially relevant qualities of the individual’s self-image, we can distinguish three groups of attributes: • attributes tied to moral conduct (e.g., adherence to the code of professional ethics), • attributes tied to a position in a social setting (e.g., professional competence of the interpreter), • attributes tied to interpersonal skills and facework competence (e.g., coordinating/mediating skills).To maintain face participants engage in facework (Goffman, 1967), actions which address face, involving threat and support as well as actions aimed at maintaining face.The aim of the study is to analyse the interpreter’s professional face, its ethical aspect in particular, and facework strategies employed during interpreting. The study has been carried out within the framework of the Cultural Face Model (Bogdanowska-Jakubowska, 2010).

СЪЩНОСТ И ГРАНИЦИ НА ЕЗИКА НА ПОЛИТИЧЕСКАТА КОРЕКТНОСТ И ЕЗИКА НА ОМРАЗАТА

Author(s): Andreana Eftimova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the content and language aspects of two concepts - the politically correct language and hate speech. It outlines clear parallels between the concepts - speech categories, manipulative deliberate public strategies with recurrent character, language-reform policies and more.

OSVRT NA TRANSRODNOST

Author(s): Slobodanka Dekić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Da bismo razumjeli transrodnost, potrebno je da sagledamo i definišemo pojam roda i spola iz jednog drugačijeg ugla. Većina definicija spola i roda – poput one koja postoji u „Zakonu o ravnopravnosti spolova BiH“ – rod posmatra kao društvenu kategoriju, koja podrazumijeva određene norme ponašanja i uloge karakteristične za muškarce i žene; spol je biološka kategorija sa kojom se ljudska bića rađaju, koju definišu muške i ženske spolne karakteristike i koja je nepromjenljiva. Ovo stanovište naglašava binarnost spola i roda, odnosno postojanje isključivo ženskog (F) i muškog (M) spola, odnosno ‘muškaraca’ i ‘žena’ kao dvije jedine moguće rodne kategorije.

ACTORS

Author(s): Saša Gavrić,Damir Banović,Mariña Barreiro / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina does not address the question of political parties, nor does a specific law exist regarding this matter. Therefore, political parties do not have particular authority in the constitutional system. The only legal basis so far is the state-level Law on Party Financing from 2000 and the Electoral Law of 2001. Political parties must have fifty founding members before registering as an association with the relevant municipal court. All political parties undergo a strict and complicated registration and investigation process to be able to stand for election for any political office (Art. 4.1-4.25 Election Law of Bosnia and Herzegovina). A political party needs 3000 signatures to enrol in elections for the Presidency or state-level House of Representatives.

ROMI U MEDIJIMA BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI

DO POSLA TEK NAKON FILMA

Author(s): Mladen Lakić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Kako ustavno uređenje BiH u povlašten položaj stavlja pripadnike konstitutivnih naroda, onda se često opisuje kao zemlja većina. S druge strane, oni koji su u manjini, bilo da su ustavna kategorija Ostalih ili zakonom priznate nacionalne manjine ili faktičke manjine, trpe različite vrste diskriminacije. BiH je ratifikovala niz međunarodnih ugovora kojima se regulišu prava nacionalnih manjina. Preciznije rečeno, trebalo bi da su osigurana prava nacionalnih manjina. Jedna od preporuka pomenutih ugovora jeste odgovarajući medijski tretman i uopšte pristup medijima kada je riječ o nacionalnim manjinama. Upravo medijska slika BiH pokazuje koliko je naše društvo neosjetljivo i zatvoreno za sve one koji nisu iz reda konstitutivnih naroda. Zakon o javnom radio-televizijskom servisu BiH jasno precizira u članu 8, paragrafu 2 da će „programi biti prilagođeni potrebama konstitutivnih naroda i građana BiH, uređivani i emitovani ravnopravno na tri jezika u službenoj upotrebi u BiH i dva pisma.“ ( Zakon o javnom radio-televizijskom servisu BiH, Službeni glasnik BiH,37/03). Nacionalne manjine i njihovi jezici se ne pominju.

Albanian Radio and Television – Towards Public Service Media: Expanding to Online Multimedia and Remodelling Its Relationship with Audiences

Author(s): Blerjana Bino / Language(s): English

The transformation of RTSH (Albanian Radio and Television) from a state-owned media to a public service broadcaster (PSB) has been challenging for many reasons, such as the internal organization of RTSH and the current trends of media convergence and digitalization. It is naïve at best to assume that RTSH can be detached from politics in a country like Albania, with its high level of politicization and continued confrontation between political parties. It is also not realistic to expect journalists to adhere to the normative standards of journalistic professionalism in isolation from the conditions in which they work. For RTSH to fulfil its remit of serving the public interest and to survive in a fiercely competitive media market, its transformation into a public service media (PSM) is a viable option, but it calls for remodelling its relationship with audiences and embracing the opportunities offered by media convergence in the digital area. This will enable more transparency and accountability; quality of programming; extended audiences and an increase in the overall profile and performance of RTSH.

International Assistance and Media Democratization in the Western Balkans: Lessons Learned

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): English

This policy memo summarizes the key findings from a comparative research project that explored the link between international media assistance and the democratic transformation of the media in five Western Balkan countries: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Macedonia and Serbia. Its purpose is to contribute to the understanding of factors that can influence the results of international assistance programs and conditionality mechanisms aimed at the development of sustainable and functional media institutions in countries undergoing democratization. Moreover, the research findings offer an insight into the implications of the transposition of imported institutional models into the media systems of transitional societies in the Western Balkans, and as such can inform similar media assistance programs in the future.

How to Approach Open Government Partnership Action Planning for Bosnia and Herzegovina?

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): English

On September 24, 2014, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) became the 65th member of the multilateral initiative Open Government Partnership (OGP), which aims to encourage government institutions to become more transparent and accountable to their citizens. In that sense, the Open Government Partnership aims to promote the transparency of public administration, including the public in decision-making, creating mechanisms for calling governments to account and using new information and communication technologies for improving the transparency of government and cooperation between citizens and public institutions. In order to meet these framework objectives, in accordance with the Partnership concept, governments and civil society in member countries should work together on the planning and implementation of ambitious reforms. Therefore, after a country joins the initiative, it is expected that, within a prescribed period, it will draft and submit an action plan for the implementation of reforms in the aforementioned areas to the OGP Support Unit. This refers to a two-year activity plan that defines the priorities for the country with regard to key areas of the OGP, which binds members to meet the objectives set by the Open Government Declaration. BiH is expected to submit its action plan by the end of June 2015. According to the OGP calendar, it is expected that government institutions, in cooperation with civil society, draft the action plan between January and June 2015. It should be noted that, based on experiences during the first round of action plan drafting, the obligations that countries undertook under the OGP may be grouped in seven thematic areas: 1. Public participation – including citizens in the making of public policies 2. Integrity of government – fighting corruption and strengthening democratic institutions 3. Freedom of access to information – guaranteeing public access to government data 4. Fiscal transparency – assisting citizens in monitoring the spending of public money 5. Public service provision – providing services useful to citizens 6. Extractive resources transparency – ensuring that income from extractive resources is used for public benefit 7. Openness of data – digitalization and opening government data to the public in order to ensure transparency and access to information It is especially important to stress that work on action planning implies close cooperation between relevant public institutions and civil society organizations in defining priorities and activity plans. Strengthening the dialogue and cooperation between government and civil society is considered a key step in the drafting and implementation of the action plan, which is one of the main aims of the Partnership. Therefore, under the Partnership, governments are requested to, inter alia, submit reports on the quality of the dialogue and cooperation with civil society during the development and implementation of the action plan. Moreover, cooperation between government and civil society is also evaluated within the independent reporting mechanism on the drafting and implementation of the action plan. However, a serious problem with BiH is that months after the state formally joined the OGP, nothing has essentially been done in this area, so that in April 2015, just three months before the deadline for submission of the action plan, the action plan drafting process has not begun. Bearing in mind that the action plan should be prepared and submitted by the end of June 2015, the question arises whether it is possible to start the process of action planning in the remaining three months while undertaking wide consultations in accordance with the standards and principles of the Partnership. The second question is, how to conceptualize the consultation process during the drafting of the action plan in order to include as wide a circle of interested stakeholders as possible and get the best possible proposals?

JOURNALISTS AS DEFENDANTS: SLAPP LAWSUITS AS AN OVERTURE INTO EXHAUSTION: THE CASE OF THE KRIK NEWSROOM

Author(s): Vesna Radojević / Language(s): English

Ukraine’s Wartime Information Strategy

Author(s): Anna Maria Dyner,Maria Piechowska / Language(s): English

Since the beginning of the latest hostilities with Russia, the Ukrainian authorities have been carrying out a coherent strategic communication aimed at their own citizens, Russian society, and the international community. Coherent communication builds social morale and has an impact on the policy of the countries supporting Ukraine. It is also an instrument in the fight against Russian disinformation. The importance of having effective tools of strategic communication is also growing in frontline states, such as Poland, which are exposed to disinformation and hybrid threats from Russia.

Online Warfare: Russian Policy on International Information Security

Author(s): Agnieszka Legucka / Language(s): English

Russia in April this year updated its policy on international information security (IIS). Compared to the previous version of the document from 2013, Russia points to the possibility of an interstate conflict as a result of activities in cyberspace. Russia also promotes the concept of “sovereign internet” and aims to increase its influence in the field of global regulations concerning the development of the network. The publication of the document confirms the priority for information security in the national security strategy and in the foreign policy of the Russian Federation.

Russian and Belarusian Disinformation and Propaganda in the Context of the Polish-Belarusian Border Crisis

Author(s): Filip Bryjka,Agnieszka Legucka / Language(s): English

Russia and Belarus are consistent in their narrative regarding the recent border crisis. They accuse EU and NATO members, mainly Poland and Lithuania, of failing to respect international law and lacking humanity. This is aimed at discrediting Euro-Atlantic structures and weakening Polish and Lithuanian influence on NATO and EU eastern policy. The Belarusian-Russian propaganda particularly invokes charges of hypocrisy and “double standards” on the part of the EU, which challenges the management and resolution of the border crisis.

Closely-watched Freedom of Speech: The Media in Hungary

Author(s): Veronika Jóźwiak / Language(s): English

On 24 July, the editors of Index.hu, the leading Hungarian news site, announced the end of its functioning. This significantly limits access to non-governmental information sources in Hungary. Index.hu could be directly influenced by the authorities through economic instruments. As a result of changes in the Hungarian media market after 2010, the mass media do not provide a large variety of content to a wide audience, and do not fulfil their function of overseeing the authorities, which lowers the democratic standards in this country.

Analiza potreba mladih

Author(s): Amra Omerbašić-Pihljak,Ivana Krstanović / Language(s): Bosnian

Analiza potreba mladih je dio implementacije projekta „Inicijativa za kreativni dijalog i edukaciju“ koji provodi TPO Fondacija. Cilj projekta je osnaživanje mladih i žena u lokalnim zajednicama, te njihovo učenje i usavršavanje tema o liderstvu, miru i ljudskim pravima kako bi se mogli zalagati za bolju socijalnu uključenost i ravnopravnost spolova. Učešće mladih u javnom životu predstavlja jedno od ključnih pitanja na kojem se radi u različitim institucijama i organizacijama na nivou Evrope. Posljednjih godina u Evropi su posebno intenzivirane aktivnosti u vezi s aktivnim građanstvom mladih upravo zato što mladi predstavljaju vrlo važan društveni kapital i resurs koji nije dovoljno aktiviran i uključen u planiranje i implementaciju važnih programa u toj oblasti kako na lokalnom tako i na globalnom nivou. U Bosni i Hercegovini se također već dugi niz godina odvija čitav niz programa za mlade u okviru različitih nevladinih organizacija, ali i dalje veliki broj mladih koji završavaju univerzitetsko obrazovanje nema priliku steći dodatna znanja i vještine potrebne na ekonomskom tržištu koje se velikom brzinom mijenja i postavlja nove zahtjeve pred mlade ljude. U nastojanju da prati potrebe zajednice, ali i pojedinaca, TPO Fondacija osigurava odgovarajuće edukativne materijale i treninge koji mogu pomoći mladim ženama i muškarcima da se što aktivnije uključe u društveno-politički rad u svojim lokalnim zajednicama, a i šire. Cilj analize potreba mladih je ispitivanje stavova, mišljenja i potreba mladih u vezi s liderstvom, komunikacijom, zapošljavanjem i radom, položajem mladih u društvu te drugim pitanjima, kako bi se stvorila osnova za izradu edukativnih materijala za mlade. Svrha izrade edukativnih materijala je poticanje mladih na aktivnije učešće u javnom životu zajednica i poboljšanje kvalitete njihovog života, kao i pružanje podrške mladima u razvoju njihovog znanja, vještina i stavova kako bi se mogli prilagoditi zahtjevima tržišta rada koji se neprestano mijenjaju te tako iskoristiti mogućnosti za zapošljavanje. U provedbi ovog ispitivanja su nam pomogle Lejla Mušić, docentica na Fakultetu političkih nauka Univerziteta u Sarajevu, docentica Merima Osmankadić i asistentica Amina Isanović Hadžiomerović s Filozofskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu te Bojana Tomašević i drugi članovi Vijeća mladih općine Novo Sarajevo. Koristimo ovu priliku da im se zahvalimo na podršci i izdvojenom vremenu. Za ispitivanje stavova i potreba mladih, korištene su kvantitativna i kvalitativna istraživačka metoda. Uz upitnik, obavljeni su i grupni razgovori s mladima koji su popunili upitnik da se pobliže ispita kako razumiju određena pitanja, te da im se da mogućnost da iskažu svoje nedoumice i potrebe. Upitnik sadrži 17 pitanja kombiniranog tipa (otvorena i zatvorena pitanja). Prvi dio upitnika odnosio se na strukturiranje uzorka, pri čemu se vodilo računa o starosnoj strukturi ispitanika/ca, spolnoj strukturi, te o tome koja godina studija su ispitanici/ce odnosno da li su završili fakultet i koji. Razgovori s mladima su provedeni u grupama, neposredno nakon popunjavanja upitnika. Analiza je provedena u periodu od januara do marta 2014. godine. Svaki dio ove publikacije sačinjava tekstualni, tabelarni i grafički prikaz rezultata.