Leadership in International Populism: How Viktor Orbán´s Hungary Shows the Way

Author(s): Igor Macedo Piovezan,Martijn Mos / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

Although a burgeoning literature explores the international dimensions of populism, we still know little about how populist leaders gain international popularity. This paper describes how Viktor Orban, the Prime Minister of Hungary, has emerged as the role model of international right-wing ´ populism. It demonstrates that Orban actively supplied himself as an example that like-minded ´ politicians should follow. We draw on the concept of legitimation strategies to illustrate why Orban´ markets himself as the leader of an international movement against liberal ideologues (Wajner, 2022). At the same time, populists in many countries have searched abroad for a successful model to follow. Orban´ ’s anti-migration policies and his defense of conservative family values constitute chapters of an illiberal playbook that right-wing populists are eager to implement. We use the concept of authoritarian learning to develop this demand-side perspective (Hall and Ambrosio, 2017). Empirically, we demonstrate our argument through an analysis of speeches delivered at a leading gathering of right-wing populists and moral conservatives: the Hungarian editions of the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) that took place in Budapest in 2022 and 2023.

Die Einstellungen des Alters und des Alterns in den deutschen Werbespots

Author(s): Miruna Ivanov / Language(s): German Issue: 6/2024

Depending on the cultural context, age characteristics or specific portrayals of age are presented differently in television advertisements. Advertising agencies often attempt to convey certain cultural images, family values and principles or even illustrate humorous age stereotypes, which can be identified for example in the two analyzed commercials from Bluna and Teekanne, in order to attract the interest and attention of the audience. Since childhood, each person has certain image ideas that have a great influence on them from literature, society, the media, but especially from television. These influence our perception of the natural process of aging, either positively or negatively. However, such age stereotypes are also culture-dependent, because in Asian cultures the portrayal of old age is perceived differently, in the sense of wisdom, spiritual experience, long longevity, and from a state of healthy well-being. In contrast, in European cultures, perceptions of old age differ significantly, with a greater association with severe physical conditions or mental illnesses.

Autobiografie młodych? Między prawem do opowieści a politykami autobiograficznymi dorosłych

Author(s): Marta Rakoczy,Marcin Gołąb / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2024

A growing number of social initiatives is feeding off the ideas of emancipatory and critical pedagogies and is looking for tools to obtain and include the sometimes essentialized voice of the child. But the still dominant definitions of autobiography, referring to the concepts of non-fiction literature and personal documentary literature, place great emphasis on forms that, due to the necessity of using more or less advanced literacy, exclude children or make their autobiographical attempts doomed to the charge of infantilism. Autobiography understood as a technique of the self, according to the dominant narratives, requires genre and narrative, writing proficiency and the ability to rationalize one’s memories. And as such, it is one of the many politics of writing, sanctioned through specific genres and power relations. In the introductory article to the issue, we draw on the framing of critical childhood studies formulated by Spyros Spyrou. We reflect on the various politics of presenting the autobiographical voice of the child and ask and conditions for reaching the child’s experience. We also outline the basic methodological assumptions for interpreting children’s autobiographies and show their social, political and historical conditions.

Sytuacje graniczne. Wątki autobiograficzne we wczesnej twórczości Szczepana Twardocha

Author(s): Piotr Wojtaszek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2024

Szczepan Twardoch was inspired by the term “limit situations” created by Karl Jaspers to develop a method of turning elements of his own biography into literary material. The article presents evidence that the writer uses it consciously. Then, the works in which it was used are listed and what events in the writer’s life were reflected in his novels and short stories are discussed.

Izabela Czartoryska i jej (fikcyjne) toruńskie peregrynacje

Author(s): Joanna Miętki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2024

The topic of the article is Krzysztof P. Czyżewski’s book – Izabela. Świat w płomieniach [Izabela. The World in Flames]. The author tries to show how the writer used the figures of memory (protagonist’s name and fictional breastpin) to create a historical novel with literary regionalism themes. The object of reflection is the main character’s creation and its influence on the perception of an Enlightenment Era and regionalist motives. Considerations are summed up by referring to cultural memory theory.

MEDIJI KAO GENERATORI NOVE EKOLOŠKE PARADI

Author(s): Emin Mesić,Zlatko Mecan,Semir Krnjić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 29/2024

Due to the brutal exploitation of natural resources, man found himself on the verge of his own survival. Lately, the media have been increasingly emphasizing in their reports that the only alternative to this is a reasonable civilizational step towards sustainability in all spheres of human existence. This implies radical changes in the way raw materials are managed, produced, distributed and disposed of. The synonym of modern ecological culture is the circular economy, which is an explicit response to the insatiable materialistic greed of modern humanity. The press, radio and television, as well as online media actively monitor and support the implementation and realization of the concept of circular economy in the Western Balkan countries that accepted the so-called "Green Agenda" in 2020 in Sofia, and committed to "reduce the negative impact of the use of fossil fuels", thus making their own contribution to Europe becoming the first "climate-neutral" continent by 2050. The current results of our and many other surveys show a significant increase in media coverage of environmental problems of society, i.e. a stronger interest of journalists in the degradation and devastation of the natural environment in the context of climate change and other environmental problems.

THE DIGITALIZATION PROCESS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN EUROPEAN UNION: ADVANCES AND PERSPECTIVES

Author(s): Bogdan Florin Filip / Language(s): English Issue: 29/2023

On the background of the fast development of the information and communication technology and of the significant impact of this process on the entire society, but also as result of the issues raised especially recently by the effects of the COVID 19 pandemic governments from all over the world have acknowledged the necessity of developing a new kind of public administration able to offer digital public services. Therefore, also European Commission has set as a primary objective for this decade the digitalization of the public administration in all EU countries, encouraging and financially sustaining accelerating the digitalization process in this area. In this regard, the present paper aims to identify the most representative advances obtained in EU countries till now regarding digitalization process of public administration in EU and to comment on the perspectives of this process for the upcoming years, by analysing specific indicators that measure the needed elements for ensuring a performant digital public administration.

Pisanje šolskih kronik včeraj, danes in jutri

Author(s): Matic Intihar / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2-3/2024

School chronicles are a valuable source of information for the study of the history of education. They are particularly important for understanding events in areas where there is a lack of other sources at certain times in history. The keeping of chronicles in general flourished especially in the Middle Ages, but the first school chronicles in Slovenia can be traced back to the end of the 18th century. They were the result of the efforts of teachers and others who were somehow connected with individual schools or the places where they were located. The introduction of primary education at the national level in the Habsburg Monarchy under the leadership of Empress Maria Theresa had a decisive influence on the gradual standardisation of all related activities. The adoption of the Third Austrian Primary School Act in 1869 also made it compulsory for the first time for all primary schools to keep a school chronicle. In the decades and centuries that followed, the form of school chronicles and the instructions for writing them varied, but their content always depended on the commitment of the writer and the historical context in which each chronicle was produced.

CYBERATTACKS AND THE EROSION OF STATE SOVEREIGNTY

Author(s): Ana-Maria Costea,Mihail Caradaică / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2024

This paper will tackle the issue of cyberattacks and the Erosion of State Sovereignty as cyberattacks have become a significant challenge to state sovereignty in the 21st century, threatening traditional concept of territorial control as well as the modern reliance on digital infrastructure. As technology evolved, cyberattacks developed the ability to bypass national borders and undermine state authority, creating a significant impact on how sovereignty is understood and protected. Considering the theoretical contribution of Carl von Clausewitz on new forms of warfare and Joseph Nye Jr.'s on cyber deterrence, the aim of this paper is to analyze examples such as WannaCry, Stuxnet, SolarWinds, and Heartbleed and to reveal the extent to which cyber operations can erode state sovereignty and challenge international norms.

CYBER BEZBJEDNOST- IZAZOVI U RADU STRUKTURA ZA SPROVOĐENJE I ZAŠTITU ZAKONA SA ASPEKTA VISOKOTEHNOLOŠKOG-SAJBER KRIMINALITETA ZA OBLAST: INTERNET

Author(s): Vlado Jovanić,Boris Tušinski / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 29/2024

The globalization of society has inevitably led to the networking and connection of all subjects of international relations in the system of communication and information exchange at all levels. Through ICT (information communication technology), every individual (natural person) and collectivity (legal entity, state) have become active participants and users of some social network, some application or business platform. This process of connecting via the Internet also led to certain abuses (the emergence of new forms of criminal acts) that resulted in material or other types of damage to both the individual and the collective or the social community as a whole. On the other hand, the need to protect the individual, the collective, or the social community and to provide them with a safe environment for life and work, posed new challenges to the legislator and the organizational structures that, under their supervision, deal with the implementation and protection of laws, rights and the safety of citizens. and social communities. In order for competent entities to successfully confront new challenges, it is necessary to follow new trends in threats, as well as to be trained and equipped in a timely manner and to remain in the continuity of trends. In order for this process to be sustainable, it is necessary to recognize the main challenges in the use of ICT that make it difficult for the aforementioned entities to work through new forms of criminal acts.

SAJBER BEZBEDNOST – NOVI IZAZOVI U KONTEKSTU SAVREMENIH SUKOBA

Author(s): Filip Petrovski,Atanas Kozarev / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 29/2024

The cybersecurity landscape faces unprecedented challenges, amplified by advanced technologies and modern geopolitical conflicts like the war in Ukraine. Cyber operations have become integral to warfare, targeting critical infrastructure, spreading misinformation, and destabilizing communication networks. This conflict has revealed the growing role of state-sponsored attacks, including ransomware and Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs), blurring the lines between cyber and kinetic operations. Emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), quantum computing, and the Internet of Things (IoT), have introduced new vulnerabilities and escalated the complexity of cyber threats. The paper also addresses the legal and ethical dilemmas of cyber warfare, emphasizing the need for international collaboration and robust policy frameworks. By examining the Ukrainian conflict, this study highlights cybersecurity's strategic importance in modern conflicts and advocates for innovative, multidisciplinary solutions to enhance global resilience in an increasingly digital battlefield.

MEDIJSKA PISMENOST I LAŽNE VIJESTI KAO POMAGALO ZA KRAĐU PODATAKA

Author(s): Nehad Gaši,Zlatko Mecan / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 29/2024

In the digital age, fake news is increasingly becoming a tool for data theft and cyber attack, which highlights the need to develop media literacy. This paper explores the connection between media literacy and fake news, and how a lack of critical thinking about media content can threaten users' privacy and security. Fake news is often used for phishing attacks, spreading false promotions and manipulating sensitive information, putting users at risk of digital fraud. Media literacy, which includes identifying credible sources, content analysis, and digital security education, is key to protecting against these threats. The paper concludes that strengthening media literacy is necessary to reduce the risk of data theft, while the collective responsibility of individuals, institutions and media platforms plays a key role in creating a secure digital environment.

Можем ли да се научим да мислим правилно? Коментар върху „наръчник за критическо мислене“ (2024) на Росен Люцканов

Author(s): Madelaine Angelova-Elchinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2025

The aim of this paper is to answer the question: „If to think rationally is to think right, then can we learn how to think rationally?“. I attempt to find an answer by providing a commentary on Rosen Lukyanov’s recent book – „A Handbook of Critical Thinking“ (2024). My central claim is that Lukyanov’s exposition clearly shows that thinking right is a matter of skill which can be exercised, educated, and expertized (EEE) and that it is subjected to rigorous logical rules, epistemic norms and pragmatic norms. In my analysis, I will presume that Lukyanov’s understanding of critical thinking allows us to use the conceptual apparatus of social epistemology and to examine critical thinking as closely related to peer disagreement. At the end of my paper, I propose some critical comments on the examined concept of critical thinking that concern the role of perceptual knowledge, the right order of reasons in an argument, and the wisdom of crowds.

Narracje rodziców w przestrzeni mediów społecznościowych

Author(s): Anna Błasiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

Nowe media są dzisiaj źródłem innowacyjnych rozwiązań przede wszystkim w obszarze komunikacji, a przez to wpływają na świadomość, sposób myślenia i zachowania oraz codzienne życie współczesnego człowieka. Ukształtował się typ cywilizacji medialnej, która implikuje szereg nieznanych dotąd sytuacji - szans i zagrożeń, stanowiących wyzwania pedagogiczne. Do tego obszaru nowych kategorii wpisuje się zjawisko określone mianem sharentingu. Polega ono na upowszechniania przez współczesnych rodziców informacji, zdjęć i filmów dotyczących swoich dzieci w mediach społecznościowych. Ten rodzaj aktywności rodzicielskiej, stanowiący swoistą formę narracji, skłania do podejmowania naukowej refleksji nad jej znaczeniem i sensem, przyczynami i konsekwencjami dla biografii rodziców i dziecka teraz i w przyszłości. W celu dokonania rozstrzygnięć w tym obszarze na potrzeby niniejszego artykułu zastosowano metodę analizy i syntezy literatury.

Crisis and Passio: Encyclopedists and the Creation of an Encyclopedic Work

Author(s): Łukasz Wróbel / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

In the article I discuss that in encyclopedic works, from the Roman beginnings of encyclopedic discourse, there are noticeable textual traces that refer to the experiences and affective conditions of their empirical authors, and that the zoe of the empirical encyclopedist sometimes shines through from behind the bios theoretikos of the encyclopedic self. Moreover, the author’s decision to create an encyclopedic work is sometimes caused by a real or discursively assumed catastrophe as its justification.

When Reality Breaks into Parts, Islands, Pieces: Yevgenia Beloruset’s War Diary

Author(s): Aleksandra Bednarowska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This article focuses on Yevgenia Belorusets’s War Diary, which she kept during the first 47 days of the Russian invasion on Ukraine in 2022. The diarist, a Ukrainian photographer, writer, and artist describes how the war affects every aspect of her life. She uses various strategies to distance herself from traumatic events happening all around her – events that evoke a range of emotions. This distancing is necessary to narrate her experience and appeal to international readers, as she strongly believes that her voice must be heard. In this article, I present the author, examine her diary as a text intended for publication, and consider how trauma shapes its content and structure

The Poetics of Crisis in Life-Writing Experiments: A Conversation

Author(s): Wojciech Drąg,Honorata Sroka / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

THE INFLUENCE OF THE MEDIA ON CIVILIAN PERCEPTIONS OF THE ACTORS INVOLVED IN ARMED CONFLICT

Author(s): Dumitru Budacu / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2023

Throughout history, mankind has faced various conflicts motivated by territoriality, natural resources, religion, geostrategic position, the desire to dominate and/or subdue the other, etc. The Carpathian-Danubian-Pontic space was no exception, so I would like to bring to attention the battles fought by Burebista, Decebal, Gelu, Menumorut, Ștefan cel Mare, Vlad Țepes, Mihai Viteazul, and the list could go on until The Events of December 1989. Nicolae lorga said that ″a people that does not know its past is condemned to repeat it″. The benefits brought to Romanians by Romania's accession to the E.U. (2007) and the N.A.T.O. (2004), as well as the Romanian people's confidence that a crisis situation could not happen again in our lands, led to the most diverse reactions when The Events in Ukraine escalated (2022) and I would mention with your permission only a few of them, as they were highlighted in the Romanian media: Passport queues [1] to be able to flee the war to another safer area; polls showing that Romanians are no longer willing to defend their state borders in case of conflict [2]; different reactions for Ukrainian [3] and Syrian [4] refugees, etc. An independent analyst of the above mentioned situations would say that it is natural for people to react and that this reaction cannot be unanimous, because we as individuals are also different. The question then naturally arises Why for them ONE is THE GOOD, and for the OTHERS the same people are THE BAD. Are perceptions influenced by a lack of knowledge of history, traditions, culture, values, etc.? Or is it all the result of media and social media activity? Another question that might arise is where do they get their information? Do they have correspondents in the conflict zone? Are they familiar with the reality of the conflict zone? Or does the media pick up a story from a trust and by the snowball method roll it up and each of those who pick up the story personalize it as their own? Is there a possibility that the media in a conflict situation will change its discourse according to certain interests, the involvement of certain actors in the daily life of the media? It is worth examining the situation and why the media are making value judgments and not presenting the situation impartially. Or is there a possibility that the media are paving the way for the power in each state to direct resources according to interests that are not always the most honest? We can remember an area of conflict where opinions are different at a somewhat limited interval. I would draw attention to the Events in Ukraine or as it is known Euromaidan (2013 - 2014) or Events in Ukraine (2022) or Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Euromaidan counted in the protest of citizens following the Ukrainian government's decision to suspend the process of preparation to sign the Association Agreement with the European Union as well as the Free Trade Agreement with the European Union. Started by students, the protests were joined by opposition parties as well as various pro-European groups. As a result of the growing number of protesters on 30 November 2013, the government decided to suppress the movement by using special forces (Berkut or Golden Eagle), and a large number of people were injured, while others took refuge in Michael's Monastery in St Michael's Square. The action to suppress the movement had the opposite effect making the movement even more known among Ukrainians and worldwide, but the events of 30 November 2013 were also a point of change in the direction of the protests turning from pro-European protests to the much increased antigovernment ones. The events in Ukraine in 2022 consist of the invasion of Ukraine, after the Russian president had previously created the administrative regions of Donetsk and Luhansk as independent entities and sent military troops to these areas. These events have led to the escalation of fuel and energy prices, affected the mobility of people and goods, and why not everyday life, with the end result that most families have seen their money become more expensive. Each time these events have divided the population, led to the impoverishment of a large mass of the population and those who have suffered from them are children, women, and the elderly. In order not to fail into the propaganda of either side of the conflict and to analyse the situation objectively, we must bear in mind that propaganda exists in both democracy and dictatorship. It is worth remembering the situation in which the US administration delivered the war in Iraq to the population, the Nazi regime using propaganda to gain the confidence of the population in the correctness of the ideology promoted. Nowadays propaganda is often camouflaged and promoted through the media and social media. Conflicts in the media sell and make ratings, which can be an excuse for those who resort to rallying to one side or the other because in the end, they will only gain. Like it or not, war propaganda has the same goals every time. First and foremost it will seek to generate a sense of fear, with the aim that once people are frightened of losing their life savings or the risk of losing their lives, they will more readily support armed action. Another part of propaganda is censorship, which can be of three types: direct, indirect, and self-censorship. Linguistic distortion is a third type of propaganda and with the help of bad words clear images of the adversary are built up, and with the help of good words people's positive feelings are appealed to. The fourth form of propaganda is the management of feelings through which emotions are controlled and favourable emotions for the party concerned are formed. Lying and deception are also a part of propaganda which uses a mixture of truth, more precisely half-truths and lies, in order to influence the population, and thus it is done repeatedly in order to gain as many followers as possible. Military entertainment as part of propaganda aims to gain as many followers as possible by delivering war films, serials, documentaries to the population, and this can be gained most successfully by delivering war video games to people of all ages. Populism, as part of propaganda, is political behaviour aimed at winning the sympathy of the population. Not least aestheticization is the part of propaganda, whereby the ugly side of an armed/military conflict is presented as much more beautiful and appealing than it really is. I conclude by recalling what the American sociologist Walter Lippmann said “propaganda is that branch of the lie which often deceives friends and never enemies".

THE CRISIS AS A MANIFESTATION OF ORGANIZATIONAL TRANSFORMATION

Author(s): Iuliana Apetri / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2023

A crisis can be perceived as a bifacial manifestation of change: on the one hand, it signals an incapacity of management of the resources in a constant flow, under the acute influence of a series of negative (either endogenous or exogenous) factors, and, on the other hand, it may be used as an instrument which determines an organisation to adapt to the influences that affect its state of balance. In order to cope with the crisis, the organisation must use a very wide range of resources which require a higher flexibility and a different perception of things. Our current approach focuses on three elements which are substantially active in the field of public relations: the context, the content, and the behavior of the consumer. These aspects define the state of crisis as a transformational phenomenon that can help an organisation to maintain, to rebuild, and to intensify its stability, and ultimately to evolve. Regardless of the triggering factor, the crisis requires an attitude of repositioning towards the new reality which the organisation has to face.

A PERSPECTIVE ON JUSTIFYING THE UKRAINE–RUSSIA WAR. ELEMENTS OF PROPAGANDA

Author(s): Gabriela-Cătălina Danciu / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2023

This article represents a deep dive research into communication aspects that induce the justification and maintenance of the war in Ukraine (2022) using propaganda elements. We are witnessing an ongoing conflict, and we don’t know how it will end, what the international implications will be, how the behaviors of the great powers will change, or what the small countries will do. I focused my research of this article on two relevant events. The first event is external and has a diplomatic nature (the Munich International Security Conference), and the second one is internal and concerns the legal nature of the phenomenon (the Ukrainian regulations on the Law of Minorities). I examined these two events through communication channels and message transmission perspectives. I put together arguments on how the belligerent states (Russia and Ukraine) are both focused on a permanent win.