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EMPIRIZMO DOGMŲ KRITIKA: UŽMOJAI IR RIBOS

Author(s): Mindaugas Japertas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 72/2007

The article looks into the recent history of the repudiation of the so-called dogmas of traditional empiricism, starting with “Two Dogmas of Empiricism”, a celebrated paper by Willard V. O. Quine. Quine initiated, but was not to bring to an end, the whole enterprise of debunking and rejecting the untenable dogmas. A few decades later, Donald Davidson found the dualism of the conceptual scheme and empirical content at work in Quine’s own philosophy and labelled it “the third, and perhaps the last,” dogma of empiricism. It was not the last, however. John McDowell, the author of Mind and World, criticized Davidson for succumbing to the dualism of reason and nature, a “dogma” which he claims to be the real source of the familiar dualisms of modern philosophy (surely including the empiricist tradition).

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Ibn Sina: Opći pregled

Author(s): Seyyed Hossein Nasr / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 21/2020

In this paper, which is not cluttered up with numerous footnotes, the author briefly presents the life and work of Ibn Sina (Avicenna) – one of the key figures in Islamic philosophy. At the beginning, main life facts of Ibn Sina and his main works are noted. After that, the author discusses the philosophical point of view of this intellectual who belongs to the very top of peripatetic philosophy. Then he analyses Ibn Sina’s views pertaining to logics, language, metaphysics, cosmology, psychology, natural philosophy, medicine and pharmacology. In the end, the author briefly presents the impact which Ibn Sina made on both the East and West.

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Hacı Hasanzâde’nin Mukaddimât-ı Erbaa Hâşiyesi nin Tahkiki

Author(s): Mustafa Bilal ÖZTÜRK / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2021

There is no common working style followed in the preparation of the editorial critiques of the ĥāshiya. The overwhelming majority of the ĥāshiya works written on at least one text and commentary (sharḥ), were produced in the Ottoman science-culture basin and period. Ĥāshiya style of writing is an area neglected by the academic community until recently. A claimant is obliged to prove his claim by scientific, legal and moral principles. However, studies that prove or at least support the said judgment have not been completed. The final objective decision should be postponed to the research of manuscripts. Otherwise, the judgment will not go beyond the pre-judgment. The article is intended to give momentum to academic studies on the sharḥ-ĥāshiya writing style. Muqaddimāt al-Arba‘a is a text in which Ṣadr al-Sharī‛ah [die. 747/1346], considered one of the pioneers of the contractor Māturīdī school, analyzes human verbs. Since its establishment, the Māturīdī school has remained sensitive to human freedom and human-centred moral principles. According to the claim, thanks to the four premises, the ontological status of the will has attained a structure that can exist or disappear in terms of expression. The understanding of free God and free man depends on the acceptance of the will in this structure. Otherwise, man and God will not be considered free. The representative of the Ashʿarī thought system Taftazānī [die. 792/1390], critically commented on the text. According to him, the conclusion of the four premises in terms of Ash‘arī doctrine consists of a door creak and a fly hum. There is also Ḥāccī Hasanzāda’s [die. 911/1505-1506] among the scholars who wrote on the order of Fatih Sultan Meḥmed, who wondered the basis of the thought and scientific tension.

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Wittgenstein and the Pseudo-Problem of Evil

Author(s): Zoheir Bagheri Noaparast / Language(s): English Issue: 55/2021

Theists believe that our world was created by an omnipotent, omniscient, and omnibenevolent God. If God with such traits creates a world, we would expect that the world to have certain features. Such features should be compatible with God’s traits. We do not expect a God who is omnipotent and omniscient to create a poorly-designed world. If we believe that our world is created by God with the aforementioned traits and yet our world is poorly designed, we would either abandon our belief that our world was created by God or we would preserve our belief. If we wish to preserve our belief we would either revise the traits we attribute to him, or we would find a way to justify the co-existence of God with such traits as the creator and a poorly-designed world. In the history of philosophy one feature of our world has been subject to a great many debates, namely ‘evil’. By evil we have all the pain and sufferings that sentient beings go through. God is said to be omnibenevolent, as a result he would not want us to go through pain and suffering. He is also omniscient and omnipotent and therefore he has the knowledge and power to do so. Yet we are facing pain and suffering in this world. For the theists reconciling the existing evil in this world with God is a great challenge and atheists try to argue from evil and prove the non-existence of God. The debate between theists and atheists surrounding the problem of evil presupposes a certain conception of God. The presupposition is that God is a person who possesses a mind, will power and has a moral character. For Wittgenstein attributing personhood to God is a confusion. As a result, for Wittgenstein there can be no ‘problem of evil’ and the debates between the theists and atheists is not engaging with a real problem but a pseudo-problem. The problem of evil does not need a solution and smart arguments and counter-arguments, rather it needs therapy.

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Consciousness Endomitosis: A Cyclic Cosmological Theory

Author(s): Rafael Pulido-Moyano / Language(s): English Issue: 27/2021

A cyclic cosmological theory called “Consciousness Endomitosis Theory” (CET) is proposed. Whatever is taken as being real, any particle, any structure in the universe, any object, or any type of interaction, all of them are derivative from consciousness, and are described as modulations of consciousness. In CET, consciousness is assumed to be the field from which all other fields described by general relativity and quantum mechanics emerge and into which all of them coalesce. Other cosmological cyclic models can be partly embedded within CET or can be shown to be compatible with it, including some apparently distant models like Steinhardt and Turok’s two-brane cyclic model, as well as other models much closer to CET principles, like Amoroso’s Noetic Field Theory (2000, 2003, 2006) and Di Biase’s Quantum Holographic Informational Model (2019). In CET, consciousness is metaphorically compared to a spherical cell in which an iterative endomitotic process takes place, a process that flows into the “Big Bang.” Once the evolution of visible universe is completed, “Big Crunch” triggers endomitosis reversal. Time, space, energy, mass and the four fundamental interactions are reinterpreted in the light of this cosmic dynamics of consciousness.

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Philosophical Ideas in the Missionary Work of John Eliot

Author(s): Sergii Rudenko,Yaroslav Sobolievskyi / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze the intellectual heritage of John Eliot’s missionary activity in order to identify his philosophical ideas. This thinker’s biography and works are well studied by the scientific community, but little attention has been paid to his philosophical ideas. However, it is known that John Eliot was educated at Jesus College, Cambridge, and then became a famous Puritan missionary, preacher, and lexicographer. He was also known as the “Apostle of the Indians.” We used historical– philosophical reconstruction and historical–comparative methods to analyze the early American philosopher’s political and religious works. As a result, we undertook to describe the main works of John Eliot and prove the existence of one of the first examples of the historical acquaintance of representatives of an indigenous population of North America with European philosophy, especially Aristotelianism. Evidence of teaching logic and metaphysics, as well as attempts to translate philosophical concepts and terms from English into the languages of an indigenous population of North America has been discovered.

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O IBN TEJMIJI I NJEGOVOM RACIONALNOM PRISTUPU TEOLOŠKO-FILOZOFSKIM PROBLEMIMA

Author(s): Hasan Džilo / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 85/2021

The article analyses Ibn Taymiyyah’s logical and theological concepts which have philosophical aspects because they rely upon rational arguments which are free from any other external influence. Ibn Taymiyyah follows his own philosophical predisposition (fitrah), which he personally considered to be much more capable to relate about the truth than any other philosopher. His criticism is directed against theologians, philosophers and Sufis who were under the influence of Greek philosophers. The pivotal issue in all his theological-philosophical discourse is the transcendence of God and the relation between God and his attributes. He believes that God’s essence is one, and His attributes are plural. We cannot speak of God but only about His attributes and about His names that are mentioned in the Qur’an which are derived from the empirical world as a requirement of human mind. Thus, the discourse about God’s attributes includes the discourse about His essence.

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maligna w naczyniu, czyli globalne teorie spiskowe a sceptycyzm

Author(s): Szymon Makuła / Language(s): Polish Issue: 56/2021

The paper presents a comparison of a particular type of conspiracy theory, the socalled global malevolent conspiracy theory, with Hilary Putnam’s famous thought experiment concerning brains in a vat. The belief in a malevolent conspiracy places one in a position similar to a person pondering whether she is a brain in a vat. This problem results from conspiratio maligna’s unrestricted ability to influence, control, or even create every aspect of our social, political, and economic life. The unlimited power of such a mysterious organization is the reason why its victims cannot trust anyone, including their government, scientists, or even other conspiracy theorists. Every man, woman, and institution is suspected of being bribed, controlled, or intimidated by conspiracy. There is only one possible solution to this situation, and it is to remain skeptical about everything. Unfortunately, this leads to absurd consequences, as the thesis about conspiratio maligna itself is unspeakable.

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Tinnitus. Analiza wybranych modeli fantomowego dźwięku

Author(s): Małgorzata Wrzosek / Language(s): English Issue: 56/2021

Tinnitus (“ringing in the ears”) is sometimes described as a phantom sound. The phenomenon consists of the perception of a sound of various quality (ringing, hissing, buzzing or a permanent tone) that has no external source and is believed to be the consequence of the nervous system activity. Millions of people perceive tinnitus, but only some to a debilitating degree. In its chronic form it is often linked to hearing problems, lowered satisfaction with life and depression. Recent approach suggests that tinnitus (perception of a sound) should be differentiate from the tinnitus disorder (perception of tinnitus accompanied by suffering). The aim of this paper is to present a reader with the most prominent models that could be categorized into two categories – models of tinnitus and models of tinnitus disorder. Their aim is to explain the evolution and maintenance of tinnitus perception from different perspectives (physiology, neuroscience, cognitive science and psychology).

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The Accursed Economy of Literature

Author(s): Michał Sowiński / Language(s): English Issue: 2 (18)/2021

In this article, the author explains the connection between literaturę and economy on a philosophical level, especially in case of logic of exchange and concept of mimesis in novels. Basic tools for his arguments are derived from Georges Bataille’s concept of Accursed Economy (from the essay “The Accursed Share”). The French philosopher argues that in our everyday reality we use logic imposed on us by capitalism, which means that the value of everything is measured by its utility and, at the same time, values of all things can easily be accumulated. Because of that blind belief something important is omitted – surplus, a particle which does not fit into the global system of exchange. In the author’s opinion this phenomenon (and all its consequences) can be used to interpret the novel Bartleby, the Scrivener by Herman Melville, showing the main character’s activities (or their lack) in different contexts. This interpretation also proves the usefulness of applying some tools and terms from the language of economics into literary studies.

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Veganism 2.0: Gastromania, nutrition, and digital communication

Author(s): Simona Stano / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The vegan population has risen significantly over the past decade, and is expected to continue increasing. Social media are believed to have played a major role in such a rise. According to a Google study (2018), veganism started to spread markedly in 2012, the same year that Instagram became popular, and has then grown in correlation with the expansion of the social network (with over 88 million #vegan posts out of a billion monthly active users and more than 500 million people using the platform daily today). Since 2016 conversations around veganism have increased also on Twitter, reaching nearly 20 million Tweets in 2018 and registering a further growth of 70% in 2019. Moreover, the number of Google searches for veganism has spiked from a popularity rating of just 17 out of 100 in 2008 to 88 in 2018. Functioning both as platforms for sharing and commenting on information and as effective channels for proselytizing, these and other social media have evidently extended the boundaries of the vegan movement, making it become one of the biggest contemporary food trends. This paper aims at identifying and describing the main cultural transformations and forms of life promoted by “veganism 2.0”, based on a semiotic approach particularly attentive to the analysis of the narrative level and the patemic dimension. To this purpose, the intersections between the so-called “gastromania” and other trends characterising contemporary foodspheres, such as “gastro-anomy” and the “ideology of nutritionism” are taken into account, paying particular attention to the gastronomic discourse in present-day digital mediascapes and the complex dynamics characterising them.

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#Foodporn: fetishized sharing of food and its images

Author(s): Francesco Piluso / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Once translated into images, food acquires a broader meaning. Food is no longer merely something to eat, but to show, share and look at. The increasing amount of images and pictures of dishes on our social networks, associated with hashtags such as #foodporn, expresses this renewed social, communicative and provocative function of food. However, the exhibition of these images is quite ambivalent when it comes to establishing determined patterns of visual and social relationships with and between users. The aim of this article is to analyze and attempt to provide mediation to this ambivalence. The pornographic exposition of food images no longer presupposes a transitive form of consumption by the user, but becomes pure and self-reflexing spectacle. The images are obscene (Baudrillard [1981] 1994) and characterized by an excess of transparency on their object which abolishes any form of seduction (Baudrillard [1979] 1990). Barthes ([1980] 1981) defines this kind of image as unary. Pornographic images are an emblematic example. In terms of their self-evident objectivity, these pictures lack any punctum, any piercing sign of a relationship with or openness to the observer (see Eco 1962; 1979). Nevertheless, behind their apparent transparency, the images are always products of specific perspective cuts, and still able to convey mystery, meaning and involvement. The unary image of food is a further fragment in a series of multiple perspectives on the same object. Such potentiality is actualized in our (social) media culture in which sharing and continuous remediation of images and pictures of food constitute a complex storytelling of the object. This, in turn, fosters further participation by the users. The ambivalence between the indifference of the pornographic image and the involvement in the serialization of the detail is synthetized by the notion of fetishism (Baudrillard [1972] 2019). The social (and) media scenery seems to exemplify and radicalize a sort of commodity fetishism, in which social relationships between users are shaped and mediated by (social) media relationships between images of food.

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Gastromaniac. How (food) influensers create trust

Author(s): Kristian Bankov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

In the first part of the paper, I shall offer a brief overview of a hypothesis developed in another publication, which explores the relationship between the primordial feeling of trust that each person’s face elicits to varying degrees and how this represents a type of capital for influencers. In the second part of the paper, I shall develop this model using theoretical know-how from the field of brand management, where a beneficial link between the influencer communication model and that of legendary brands emerges. Thus, for an influencer to build invaluable trust capital with his/her followers in the first place, he/she must start from the position of some passion or sacred beliefs which give authenticity to the core expertise underlying the influence being exerted. In this model, the communicative performance of the influencer and the quality of his/her narrative take centre stage. Credibility depends on the synchrony between these elements and the extent to which the constructed public influencer’s character is true to itself in its various manifestations. An explicitly or implicitly defined lifestyle is always present in the system. It provides concreteness and makes it easier for followers to compare and imitate.

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Semiotics of digital cacogastromania

Author(s): Gabriele Marino / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Cucinaremale (“badcooking” or “cookingbadly”) is an Italian Facebook group created in 2014 which now (February 2020) counts more than 126,000 members. It was conceived to let members post their everyday culinary disasters and amusingly show solidarity with each other, while struggling in a cruel world where — as the official description suggests — everybody seems to have become a professional cook, capable of distinguishing even the different types of salt on the market: “Enough with this craze for cooking: hurray for pre-cooked food!”. The article proposes an analysis of the culinary ideologies at stake and a typology of the textual practices carried out by the cattivicuochi (“badcooks”). cucinaremale provides a true manifesto against the global food craze better known as gastromania — a true cacogastromania (“bad gastromania” or “mania for the bad food”).

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Semiotics, blogs and gastromania

Author(s): Francesco Mangiapane / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The current culinary megatrend owes much to Internet socialization practices. Discussions online began very early (the boards of Chowhound, for example, have already been operating since 1997), which says a lot about how much the “great conversation” of online communities is linked to gastronomic discourse. This paper propose a semiotic assessment of such a connection.

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Gastromania on Italian TV

Author(s): Alice Giannitrapani / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

By turning on the TV, at any time of the day or night, one can come across programs in which food is the undisputed protagonist. Actually, the presence of food on TV is not a contemporary phenomenon, but it goes back to the origins of television. Over time, the way of narrating food has been transformed, as well as the role attributed to it and the values (gastronomic and social) associated to it. In this paper, after having traced a historical overview of Italian food television programming, we focus on the analysis of four recent programs. The objective is to understand how settings, rhythmic and temporal scansion, and the distribution of roles among the various actors involved configure narratives with well-structured mechanisms and convey different ways of understanding cooking, the role of the chef, and the relationship with the audience at home.

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Imagination and evolution of taste

Author(s): Reni Yankova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Taste is a complex biological, cultural and even psychological phenomenon. We can trace both significant differences and significant similarities in taste quite easily, if we observe human communities in different regions, countries and continents. For example, it is no surprise that most of us share a passion for sweet taste and might dislike bitter or sour. At different ages, people appreciate a variety of foods and drinks and preferences usually change due to physical and social exposure to a given diet. One thing that remains clear is that our taste constantly evolves, notwithstanding whether we discuss taste as a personal system of preferences or if we analyze it as a social convention of favoured sensory experiences. The evolution of taste is a multidirectional process and its roots can be traced back to biology, geography, cultural and social studies, religion, etc. However, in the current paper we will focus on a less examined perspective which seems to offer a fruitful research direction. How does thinking and creativity influence the evolution of taste? How important is our imagination in the taste formation process? Are we able to create an unprecedented dish or we are obliged to follow certain rules and predispositions in our creative culinary experiments? In order to answer these questions, we will start by looking at imagination itself. We will trace this idea back to Aristotle and Kant to define the essence of this controversial philosophical concept and to specify its function in reasoning. Then we will analyze certain aspects of creativity in taste, in order to observe the evolution of certain culinary tendencies. Last but not least we will focus on the influence of social media and the digital communication. Does digital living today improve the culinary imagination or not? Is the culinary evolution in the XXI century triggered by the social media and ease of access to information online?

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When food mobilizes emotions: reaching foreign and domestic audiences

Author(s): Loukia Kostopoulou / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

This paper aims to explore food films and their symbolism. Food is a way of creating national identities, and enhancing the sense of belonging. It also evokes the concept of ‘nostalgia’ and has the capacity to mobilize strong emotions (Mintz 1996). The semiotic analysis of food underlines how the biosphere and the semiosphere intersect in various instances of human life (Danesi 2004). In cultural settings, food symbolizes substance and conveys different meanings. This research material will focus on the analysis of images (food, culinary preparations and different eating events) as portrayed in Tassos Boulmetis’s 2003 film Πολίτικη Κουζίνα/ A Touch of Spice, and the domestic and international trailers of the film. The analysis will be based on Lotman’s notion of the semiosphere.

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Virtual tryvertising. Marketing strategies for empowered customers

Author(s): Federico Biggio / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The aim of this study is to look at the experiential marketing strategy of virtual tryvertising, by analysing a specific case study: the augmented reality application Ikea Place. It provides customers with a set of tools to prefigure a virtual representation of a piece of a furniture within a physical space, in order to appraise its fitness in a prior time to its actual purchase, and hence to provide a benefit for him/her. The semiotic analysis will be carried out by taking into account the use practices prescribed by the application and the promotional discourses of the company. In particular it will look at two advertising videos which accompanied the launch of the application in 2013 and 2017. It will also consider the added value and the experiential gain for users that the adoption of this type of technology entails, in order to understand AR media not only as a mere strategy for commercial purposes, but as a tool for empowering the users’ appraising skills traditionally used in the context of a dressing room of a physical store.

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Prawda, Jej aspekty ontologiczne i idea intelektu nieskończonego w Badaniach logicznych Edmunda Husserla

Author(s): Rafał Lewandowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2021

This article aims to analyze the theory of truth contained in Edmund Husserl’s Logical Investigations. In my analysis, I start from a detailed description of conditions of the possibility of truth based on Husserl’s alethiology. I show that his theory assumes correlation, the parallelism between subjective and objective conditions of the possibility of cognition as a condition of truth. Based on this, I explain Husserl’s interpretation of the correspondence definition of truth found in Logical Investigations. I also provide arguments that this interpretation presupposes the ontological definition of truth and the idea of the infinite intellect as the ideal of a direct and exhaustive presentation of the object of cognition. Nonetheless, my conclusions don’t provide a complete interpretation of Husserl’s alethiology because I refrain from drawing metaphysical consequences from it. That is to say, I neither answer the question about realism/idealism in Logical Investigations nor the question of whether the idea of the infinite intellect should be understood in some metaphysical way (e.g. theistic one) or only as a regulative idea in the Kantian sense.

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