Još o neopozitivizmu kod nas
article from iussue 1/1938 of the journal »ŽIVOT. ČASOPIS ZAPOPULARIZACIJU NAUKE«, there pp. 37 to 51
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article from iussue 1/1938 of the journal »ŽIVOT. ČASOPIS ZAPOPULARIZACIJU NAUKE«, there pp. 37 to 51
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The article is part of a series of observations related to the problem of the identity construction of the Easteauropean emigrants/immigrants “in the West” (Europe andUSA) before and after the “democratic changes”. Here, the author examines the first case (the second one is published in the second volume of the thematic issue “The Road”) which is based on materials from Estonia. The article shows the specifics of the Estonian labour mobility to Scandinavia in the context of the identification “main stays” developed by the Estonian society and related to the so-called popular religion and the neo-paganism which form a “working” national narrative.The article is based on the fieldwork of the author, published sources and Internet materials.
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The publication deals with ontological, ethical and axiological issues. The author presents a philosophical position which he describes as transcendental rationalism. The book concludes a four-volume publishing cycle, which collected texts containing often controversial views and opinions of the Author – a Polish philosopher, logician, and founder of the ontology of the situation.
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This book is not a textbook on statistical methods. Its aim is to sensitize statistical users to the limitations of the methods used. Limitations resulting directly from axioms, e.g. the theory of statistical hypothesis testing, or limitations that are a consequence of imperfections in the used statistical software. The use of advanced software by people who do not know the basics of statistics will lead to often irrational decisions. In this book, I also present in a critical manner the issues of the assessment of the effect size and the observed power of statistical tests (observed power of applied tests). In the last chapter, I sketch different approaches to testing hypotheses than the Neyman-Pearson theory, Bayesian methods and maximum likelihood methods. // Książka ta nie jest typowym podręcznikiem metod statystycznych, w którym omawia się podsta-wowe albo zaawansowane metody statystyczne wykorzystywane do opraco-wywania wyników badań ilościowych w naukach społecznych, medycznych itp. Zwracam w niej uwagę przede wszystkim na problemy wynikające z niespełniania przez materiał empiryczny teoretycznych założeń leżących u podstaw używanych metod, na pewnego typu „uzależnienie” – w sensie skazania się na zaimplementowane tam testy statystyczne – od używanego oprogramowania. Obszerny rozdział poświęcam też krytycznej ocenie zagadnienia wielkości efektu i obserwowalnej mocy testu. Te dwie ostatnie kwestie są o tyle niebezpieczne, że bywają instytucjonalnie wymuszane na autorach artykułów. Publikacja ta będzie więc mniej przydatna dla studentów rozpoczynających naukę statystyki, natomiast powinna być czytana przez badaczy stosujących metody statystyczne do opracowywania wyników swoich badań. Chciałbym mieć nadzieję, że moje rozważania uświadomią im, jak łatwo można zastosować nieprawidłowe rozwiązanie, budując na nim cały gmach interpretacji merytorycznych w oczywisty sposób nieprawdziwych.
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The following collective monograph presents the summarized theoretical achievements of a study of a team of young scientists and postdoctoral fellows on a project on the topic: “I have no one to turn to! - Socioanalytical dimensions of vulnerability” (funded by NF “Scientific Research”, contract № ДМ 20/4, 20.12.2017). The team comprises 11 young scientists, PhD students and postdoctoral fellows from the departments of “Sociology and Human Sciences” and “Philosophy” at the Faculty of Philosophy and History at Plovdiv University “Paisii Hilendarski”.The research presented in this monography is structured in a way that demonstrates the effectiveness of the analytic interplay between data obtained through empirical research and attempts to develop socioanalytical identifiers of social vulnerability, as well as those for synthesizing methodological approaches for the analysis of various forms of social suffering. The productive meeting between them is reflected in the Socioanalytical Protocol Project as developed by the team members.The first two introductory texts has focus, on the one hand, on outlining the contexts in which the work on the project “I have no one to turn to! - socioanalytical dimensions of vulnerability” is carried out, following the key semantic problems: 1. The practice of understanding in socioanalytical conversations; 2. Analytical techniques for microscopic practico-logical data analysis; 3. Socioanalytical interpretation of the data relevant to the socioanalysis from the practical logic of the persons studied; 4. Reflexivity and self-reflexivity of the methodology and of the socioanalyst. These two texts also summarize the problems the team is facing. On the other hand, particular attention is paid to the methodology used in the Socioanalytical Protocol Project, which is developed as the main methodological instrument for the work on the empirical studies.The main thematic presentation related to the work on the empirical studies is presented in the section Socioanalytical Dimensions of Vulnerability, which consists of 9 texts developed through research work with this methodological tool. Each text is accompanied by an “Excerpt from the Project for Socioanalytical Protocol” on the relevant research case, which gives the reader a chance to become acquainted with the integral part of the research process and the intermediate analytical moves that led to the analyzes, reflections and results presented in each article.
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The author explains the construct of meta-collage by discussing the hybrid concept of metaphor and ways of metaphorical thinking in philosophy, science and ideology. A multi-themed description of various metaphors performing the function of mental models reveals their similarity to a sheet of glass. We look through it, discovering the world, but we do not know if it is transparent or just translucent, scratched or maybe covered with textural marks and colours superimposed on what we are trying to discern beyond it. Metaphors create cognitive categories that are a source of interpretation for incoming data. Their double role puts us against the question about the truth of cognition based on this mechanism and the scope of cognitive uncertainty where the mind can be led astray. The author gives many examples of reaching such limits of cognition and tries to explore issues related to the role of this mechanism in thinking, also of the scientific kind, as well as to its impact on cognition and its assessment. The book will not only help the reader find their way around metacollage: by dint of stimulating ratiocination, it can also contribute to improving the cognitive process and to increasing the chances for a better interpretation of the changing reality.
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The presented volume is a reissue of the collection of lecture transcripts on mathematical logic and methodology of exact sciences by Stanisław Jaśkowski (1906-1965), an outstanding Polish logician and mathematician, representative of the Lwów-Warsaw School, the creator of natural deduction systems and paraconsistent logics.The transcripts collection was published in 1947 to meet the needs of students of mathematics at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, with which Jaśkowski was professionally connected for the last twenty years of his life.The book is the author’s original, extraordinarily modern approach to the subject, significantly different from other textbooks. This was the first work in which logic was consistently presented in the form of a natural deduction system, which later became a standard in logic-related didactics. Given that Jaśkowski developed first systems of this type in the 1930s, we are dealing with an extremely important historical testimony of their first use in teaching.Thanks to the outstanding educational value of this transcript collection, it still remains a very interesting reference for specialists, while students can continue relying on it as a useful textbook on logic – all despite the passing of over seventy years since the first edition.
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The monograph contains the most important elements of the Zermelo-Fraenkel axiomatic set theory with the axiom of choice: axiomatics, definitions of basic concepts, theories of binary relations, partial ordering, equivalence, functions, ordinal numbers and cardinal numbers.It was created on the basis of lectures conducted over many years by the author for philosophy students at the University of Łódź. Therefore, it does not require a thorough mathematical background; it is enough to have some logical "skills" in theorem proving, or, indeed, a knowledge of such logical constants as Boolean functions and quantifiers. It can be used not only by mathematicians and mathematics students, but also by humanists wishing to consolidate their knowledge of sets, often used in various formalization procedures. The more so because some topics have a philosophical character, including discussions about the axiom of regularity and the concept of founding a set, equivalence relation, ordinal number or axiom of choice.
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The book “We followed the same or similar lines of thought.” The subject of logical correspondence between Gottlob Frege, Giuseppe Peano, David Hilbert, and Bertrand Russell consists of four chapters, Preface and Conclusion, Bibliography, Appendix (all the discovered letters of Frege set in a chronological order), and subject and name indices.Chapter one, entitled “Introductory Issues,” discusses Frege’s fundamental philosophical-semantic assumptions: his logicism (inspired by Leibniz’s idea of algebra based on logic), differentiation of sense from reference [Bedeutung] of the linguistic expressions, adequate and disjunctive division of the universum into functions (whose particular type are concepts) and function’s arguments, that is, objects. Apart from that, the chapter also discusses Frege, Peano, and Russell’s foundation for logical notation.Chapters two, three, and four have been devoted to Frege’s correspondence with Peano, Hilbert, and Russell respectively. Each of those chapters has the same structure: a general introduction to a given correspondence, a presentation of the correspondents’ familiarity with each other’s texts, as well as their citings, an enumeration of the extant letters, and a catalogue of the investigated subjects. After that, themes pertinent to a particular correspondence have been discussed in further sections of those chapters. The chapters end with a calendar of Frege’s cooperation with a given correspondent.Chapter two, “Correspondence with Giuseppe Peano,” provides an analysis of the Frege and Peano’s discussion of their logical symbolisms and a number of assumed primitive (i.e., undefinable) terms (signs or symbols). Further, it contains Frege’s and Peano’s records (and understanding) of quantifiers, as well as the related difference between universal and existential sentences. Also, a comparison of records of particular logical formulas from the logic of Frege with the logical formulas of Peano have been provided in this chapter. A concluding theme is the discussion over certain definitions of mathematical operations and conditions that proper definitions should comply with.Chapter three, “Correspondence with David Hilbert,” comprises an account of an epistolary discussion of Frege with Hilbert, which concerns Hilbert’s book Grundlagen der Geometrie and symbolismin mathematics. It contains a controversy over the concept of geometry (geometry based on spatial intuition or an abstract systemwith no interpretation), the structure of its system, the understanding of an axiom and its role in the system of geometry (the axiom is always a truefundamental fact of intuition or a definition of primitive concepts), consistency and independence of axioms, different understanding of the phrase es gibt (there is) and expectations as to the logical symbolism.Chapter four, “Correspondence with Bertrand Russell,” delineates Frege’s correspondence with Russell. It ismost voluminous, most interesting, and substantially most difficult part of Frege’s collected letters. In his first letter to Frege, Russell – referring to Frege’s first book Begriffsschrift – formulated the difficulty that led to antinomy. In a reply, Frege related the difficulty to Grundgesetze der Arithmetik and discovered the possibility of constructing the antimony in his own system of logic, which was to enable to define basic terms of the arithmetic of natural numbers and thus lay grounds for arithmetic based on logic. What is more, other formulations of the antimony put forth by Russell and Frege, the controversy over understanding of the class, a search for fundamental form of a function, and a profound understanding of its domain, various forms of eliminating the antimony in Frege’s system, as well as Frege’s arguments for the necessity to apply the differentiation of sense formreference in linguistic expressions.In the Appendix, the reader will find a chronological list of all the hitherto discovered scientific letters by Frege.Primary sources contain only basic works by Frege, Peano, Hilbert, and Russell, while literature on the subject – other sources that appeared in the footnotes. From all the extensive literary output of Frege as well as a comparison with the abovementioned, I limitmyself to only those references that I consider crucial.
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The article discusses the origin and meaning of the notion and the term leonine partnership, as well as the problems associated with the distribution of profits and losses between the partners in the consensual contract for partnership in Roman law. The fragment from the Digests of Justinian where actually is the unique mention of the expression societas leonina and this form of partnership is defined by the Romal classical jurist Cassius is subjected to a legal-dogmatic and linguistic analysis. The fable of Phaedrus for the partnership between a lion, a goat, a cow and a patient sheep which is considered to be the original source, used for forming the concept of the leonine partnership in Roman legal thought is completely analysed and interpreted. The author paid special attention to the magna questio (the great discussion) among Roman jurisprudence, dating from the period of the end of the Roman Republic with some projections and in the classical period in connection with the distribution of profits and losses in the consensual contract of partnership as a result of the partnership`s activity. And on the other hand the article examines the problem about the existence of privileges or restrictions for certain partners regarding the profits and analysis of the two leading opinions on the subject through the exegesis of a fragment of the Institutions of Gaius.
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The monograph proposes viewing classification as not only a cognitive process that organizes knowledge, but also one that promotes the dynamic development of science: initiating new directions, concepts, branches of science, trends, sub-disciplines, etc. In structured knowledge it is easier to detect places yet unmarked in science. Thus the object of the presented research is the significance of ordering the scientific knowledge in the form of classification in the field of social sciences, in the discipline of pedagogy. Methodological resources of hermeneutics proved to be useful in analysis and interpretation of scientific source texts and official documents. The structure of the monograph consists of the table of contents, introduction, four chapters, conclusion, bibliography, list of diagrams and tables, personal index, summary and note about the authors.
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This volume (the fourth in the series) is dedicated to two mathematicians: Wojciech Kucharz, who celebrates 70th anniversary in 2022 and Tadeusz Winiarski who celebrated the 80th anniversary in 2020. These people were closely associated with our conferences Analytic and Algebraic Geometry. The first one is an active participant of the conferences since 2009 and the second one is a leading figure of the conferences almost from the beginning (1983). Thanks to their mathematical vigor and stimulation the conferences become more interesting and fruitful.
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We give a new, elementary proof of the Zariski multiplicity conjecturein μ-constant families of non-degenerate singularities.
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In this note we extend, to arbitrary characteristic, Lê's formula (Calculation of Milnor number of isolated singularity of complete intersection. Funct. Anal. Appl. 8, 127-131 (1974))
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In this note we prove several results linking Lefschetz numbers with asymptotic behaviour of the orbit in flows. With the aid of the Lefschetz fixed point theorem and the presence of a non-trivial limit set we prove the existence of asymptotically non-periodic orbits.
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The book "Introduction to Logic: Classical Propositional Logic" is the first part of an introduction to logic which is intended primarily for students in humanities and related subjects. The book presents not only the main information about propositional logic, whereas an accent is put on the notion of entailment. The reader is gradually introduced to techniques enabling investigation of semantic properties of formulas and methods of formal demonstration as well as their applications in the field of natural language. The book involves a number of practical examples; a great portion of them practise constructing negations and equivalents and checking arguments.
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The book “Epistemic Logic: An Introduction for Students of Humanities” is intended to anyone who wants to learn about epistemic logic (i.e., logic dealing with formal analysis of notions of knowledge and belief) and problems that this quickly growing discipline on the thresholds of philosophy, logic and computer science brings along. Main focus will be on the so called Standard Epistemic Logic (SEL), whose foundations were laid down by finish logician and philosopher Jaakko Hintikka in his pioneering book “Knowledge and Belief: An Introduction to the Logic of the Two Notions” (1962).
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In response to the COVID-19 outbreak in the beginning of 2020, Chinese local governments created a software extension on existing mobile applications to monitor citizens’ movement and collect their health data. Very quickly China’s health code became a key resource for the country’s governments to track and contain COVID-19 cases using time, location, and personal interactions. China’s health code system represents an unprecedented form of “biological” governance, which demonstrates and supports the transformation empowered by digital technologies, enhancing the access to healthcare and fusing together mass surveillance and fundamental public service provision. Digital contact tracing has attracted enormous interest among academics and legislators since the outbreak of COVID-19, which resulted in several policy papers and research works, discussing issues, such as the effectiveness and accuracy of virus detection, as well concerns in regard to discrimination and data privacy. However, most of the articles refers to technologies and its implications in the West, and less to the peculiarities and problems related to the use of Chinese health code. Present research analysis the issues related to difficulties to achieve a balance between China’s “zero-COVID policy” and freedom of movement, as well those regarding multiple health code’s proliferation, health code abuses and misuses by officials who do not want to miss any cases for fear of outbreak or being fired. Since China’s health code system is still far from being centralized and uniform across the country, the mutual recognition system has resulted in considerable problems for those who find themselves in high-risk areas.
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The paper examines the folklore understanding of weather conditions, archaic conceptualization of cataclysms and contemporary newspaper/internet articles on similar topics in a comparative context. It turns out that modern civilization inherits part of the rhetorical repository and imaginary of traditional cultures when it comes to meteorological phenomena, employing them in a new context in the already recognized global “discourse of fear/intimidation” (F. Furedi, D. Altheide, P. Cap). At the same time, this rhetorical identification is seductive insofar as all its parameters (the planet has warmed since pre-industrial times, glaciers are melting, sea levels have risen, a large percentage of forests emitting oxygen have been cut down, the ozone layer and ecosystem-regulating animal species vanish, humanity has increased enormously) speak that on a global level something dramatic is happening and that we are not just witnessing another of the great resurrections of history and its (mis)use.
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The monograph is dedicated to exploring combinatorial point configurations derived from mapping a set of combinatorial configurations into Euclidean space. Various methods for this mapping, along with the typology and properties of the resultant configurations, are presented. In addition, the study revolves around combinatorial polytopes defined as convex hulls of combinatorial point configurations. The primary focus lies in examining multipermutation and partial multipermutation point configurations alongside their associated combinatorial polytopes known as multipermutohedra and partial multipermutohedra. Our theoretical contributions are substantiated through the proof of theorems and supporting auxiliary statements. Examples and illustrations are included to enhance the comprehension of the material.
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