Koncepcja automatyzacji Leonarda Torresa y Quevedo jako przyczynek do rozwoju computer science

Author(s): Piotr Urbańczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2015

The aim of this article is to indicate that the ideas of Leonardo Torres y Que- vedo presented in his short Essays on Automatics constitute essential link between early Babbage’s concepts of analytical engine and modern computer science. These ideas include de nition of automatics, classi cation of automa- ta, theoretical basis for robotics, electromechanical engineering, modern con- cept of chatbot, the importance of algorithm and last but not least oating point arithmetic.

Interpretations of Quine’s “Naturalized Epistemology” and the Character of “Naturalization of Law”

Author(s): Marek Jakubiec / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2015

Quine’s project of “naturalized epistemology” is usually interpreted as a re- jection of classical epistemology, which becomes merely a “chapter of psycho- logy”. It does not imply, however, a different understanding of the character of naturalization is inadequate or wrong. Susan Haack’s interpretations are brie y analyzed in the paper. Thereafter, they are harnessed as models of in- terpretation of the “naturalization of law”. The main aim is to point the radical reading of Quine’s project (the replacement model) is not the only acceptable one. Consequently, there are at least three models of the “naturalization of law” that are analogical to the “naturalization of epistemology”. The author details their character.

Is normal science good science?

Author(s): Adrianna Kępińska / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2015

“Normal science” is a concept introduced by Thomas Kuhn in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962). In Kuhn’s view, normal science means “puzzle solving”, solving problems within the paradigm—framework most successful in solving current major scienti c problems—rather than producing major novelties. This paper examines Kuhnian and Popperian accounts of normal science and their criticisms to assess if normal science is good. The advanta- ge of normal science according to Kuhn was “psychological”: subjective satis- faction from successful “puzzle solving”. Popper argues for an “intellectual” science, one that consistently refutes conjectures (hypotheses) and offers new ideas rather than focus on personal advantages. His account is criticized as too impersonal and idealistic. Feyerabend’s perspective seems more balanced; he argues for a community that would introduce new ideas, defend old ones, and enable scientists to develop in line with their subjective preferences. The paper concludes that normal science has no one clear-cut set of criteria encompassing its meaning and enabling clear assessment.

Księdza profesora Kazimierza Waisa propozycja zharmonizowania nauki i wiary w kwestii pochodzenia człowieka

Author(s): Lucja Farnik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 11/2012

This paper is aimed to present Kazimierz Wais’ considerations on the concept of the origin of man. Kazimierz Wais (1865-1934) was a Polish philosopher and theologian, a professor at the Uni- versity of L’viv. In his publications, Wais criticized the purely naturalistic theory of the origin of man and presented a posi- tive theory not inconsistent with the Biblical description; he also commented on the issue of the origin of human soul. His views were strongly affected by neo-Thomistic philosophy. The paper shows Wais’ attempts to prove the harmony of science and faith regarding the origin of man. His reflections are presented and critically commented.

Histoire de la notion de „Theos” dans la theologie naturelle d’Aristote et dans la tradition judeo-hretienne

Author(s): Roman Piwowarczyk / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2003

The word God is present in every language of the world. However, its etymology and its meaning are not always the same; it is often different in the language of philosophers, and others in the language of a given religion. In this article, the author wishes to develop this problem, taking as its reference points two important aspects in the history of religion and philosophy: Christian religion and the philosophical thought of Aristotle. What is the history of God's word for Christians, what are the similarities and differences between them in Greek philosophers? After discussing these issues, the author also presents a brief historical outline of natural theology, which also owes its scientific base to Aristotle.

Kategoria „wolności od” i „wolności do” w interpretacji wolności religijnej. Konfrontacja ujęć E. Fromma i I. Berlina z Deklaracją Dignitatis humanae

Author(s): Adam Wątróbski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2003

Celem niniejszego przedłożenia jest próba rekonstrukcji rozumienia terminów „wolności pozytywnej” („wolności do”) i „wolności negatywnej” („wolności od”) w myśli Ericha Fromma oraz rozważaniach Isaiaha Berlina (tj. zestawienie formalnych aspektów ujęć tych terminów). Kolejnym krokiem będzie próba odniesienia tych pojęć do zagadnienia wolności religijnej, które stało się przedmiotem wypowiedzi Soboru Watykańskiego II w Deklaracji Dignitatis humanae.

Poglądy filozoficzne biskupa Michała Klepacza

Author(s): Szczepan Ślaga / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/1993

This year we are celebrating the 100th anniversary of the birth of Bishop Michel Klepacz (1893-1967), great thinker and great humanist. This is an opportunity to rethink his activities and his works. He was born in Warsaw. He studied at the Diocesan Seminary in Kielce. Then he continued his studies at the Ecclesiastical Academy in Petersburg and at the Catholic University of Lublin. From 1919 he taught theology and philosophy at the Kielce Seminary. At the same time he was in charge of pastoral work, especially in Catholic youth associations. He also gave lectures on the radio. In 1932 he defended his doctoral thesis. In 1937 he became professor of Christian philosophy at Stefan Batory University in Vilnius. During the war he was imprisoned by the Gestapo and remained more than two years in the concentration camps. He was sentenced to forced labor as well. After the liberation, he worked in Vilnius and Białystok. From 1947, for 20 years, he was pastor of the diocese of Łódź. The most important writings (in Polish) of M. Klepacz: The idea of God in the philosophy of history of Auguste Cieszkowski on the basis of the thought of that time, Kielce 1933; Currents of organization and educational ideals in contemporary Polish teaching, Katowice 1937; The vital values of religion, Kielce 1936; The ideals of the Middle Ages and present times, Kielce 1936; Karol Hubert Rostworowski, Wilno 1938; St. Thomas at the historical base of human thought, Kraków 1948. The present article is devoted to the reflection on the philosophical thought of Bishop Klepacz. In the first part of his essay after presenting life and scientific activity, the author analyzes opinions on the philosophy of history of Bishop Klepacz, particularly the idea of God in the philosophy of history of Auguste Cieszkowski. According to the bishop, this idea is incompatible with orthodox Catholic doctrine. In the second part of his essay devoted to the philosophical thought of the bishop K. Klepacz, the author analyzes his methodological, cosmological and biophilosophical views. According to Klepacz, the natural sciences using a method of observation and measurements are completely empiriological because they do not go outside the category of the phenomenon. Bishop Klepacz shows that at the base of each science, we accept three methaphysical principles: a. the unity and universality of human intelligence (reason); b. the capacity of the adequate knowledge of reality; c. the existence of order in the world. The scientific knowledge which today boasts of great successes, at the same time shows a certain limit which comes from empirical methods; it has a hypothetical and approximate character (only gives the possibility of approaching reality). Hence the need to use philosophy and faith to have an adequate view of the world as a principle of just conduct and the meaning and purpose of human life. Then the author reflects on cosmological and biophilosophical opinions. From the analysis of the successes of physics, astronomy and biology Bishop Klepacz draws the conclusion that the natural sciences do not give the possibility of the materialistic, deterministic and naturalistic interpretation of reality. On the contrary, they serve the progress and the good of man, they show that the spiritual principle exists in the world and finally, that God is Creator and the first Cause of all. Especially, this is evident in the case of the mystery of life and the arrangement of life on earth. In his conclusions, the author emphasizes the character of the whole philosophical thought of Mgr Klepacz, and particularly the method, in which the very important role belongs to the results of the natural sciences. Klepacz's anthropological views, especially those concerning the existence of the immaterial and immortal soul of man and also that of free will need special deepening.

ПИСЬМА ПИФАГОРЕЙСКИХ ЖЕНЩИН В ИСТОРИЧЕСКОМ И ФИЛОСОФСКОМ КОНТЕКСТЕ

Author(s): Anna Afonasina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2017

The letters of the Pythagorean women, designed to support the Pythagorean ideal of education in the context of the revived interest to Pythagoreanism around the first cent. CE and considered until the 19th century as the authentic ones, are examined in this article in the context of the rhetorical schools of Early Roman period. Putting these letters in the context of pastoral ones, we can also suggest that the Pythagorean letters were written with an ideological aim, as a counterbalance to the strengthening Christianity. I discuss the testimonies about Theano in their chronological order and question one of the conventional dating of the letters, attributed to her name. The second part from the letter Theano to Eubule is published in my translation, for the first time in the Russian language. Overall, this article is conceived as an introduction to a forthcoming commented translation of the letters of the Pythagorean women.

Проблеми християнської гносеології в "науці про душу" Петра Авсенєва

Author(s): Igor Pecheranskyi / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2011

The article deals with the epistemological views of Petro Semenovych Avsenev (1810-1852), a representative of Kyiv academic philosophy, in the light of his psychological experiments. The attention is payed to the fact that in the basis of the scientist’s anthropological and cognitive-theoretic studies lies a complex set of ideas of German idealism, Christianized Platonism and Orthodox-dogmatic teachings about the soul.

Michelio Foucault istoriosofija kaip kritinis projektas

Author(s): Kęstutis Šapoka / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 12/2017

The article discusses the specific notion of philosophical historicism of Michel Foucault. The interaction between historiography and historiosophy is based on the paradoxical dualism of historicism versus transcendentalism in the philosophical system or “archeology of thinking” of Foucault. In the paper, the main historiographical and philosophical influences on Foucault’s philosophical historiosophy are gradually exposed. It could be agreed that Foucault’s historiosophy or archeology was influenced by the French Historical Method known as The Annales Paradigm, by some concepts of the philosophy of science and philosophical anthropology of Gaston Bachelard, Georges Canguilhem, and Georges Bataille, and also by some phenomenologists such as Edmund Husserrl. The philosophical interpretation and especially critical interpellation of the course of history and historical events could be assimilated to Foucault’s archeological method. Moreover, Foucault’s philosophical historiosophy could be perceived not only as pure philosophical theorization, but rather as “a critical theorizing practice” capable to denounce those clichés of historical narratives which are generally considered as “natural historical processes” or so called “historical transcendentalism.” In conclusion, one can say that, in Foucault’s archaeology or historiosophy, several types of regimes of methodological thinking could be spelled out, balancing between neo-Kantian anthropology and neo-Hegelian historical transcendentalism while attempting to contradict these modes of thinking at the same time.

Osobe koje nedostaju. Kritika društvenih nauka

Author(s): Mary Douglas,Steven Ney / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 57.3/2000

Antropolozi posmatraju one ljude na zemaljskoj kugli koji nemaju krevete, ormare, kuće i većinu uobičajenih sredstava za fizičku udobnost, ali koje ne treba bezrezervno smatrati siromašnima i koji sami sebe često ne vide kao takve. Predstavnici društvenih nauka opisuju siromaštvo kao materijalni nedostatak, kao suprotnost posedovanju dobara. Po definiciji, siromašna je ona osoba koja ne raspolaže materijalnim sredstvima. Iz toga sledi da bi davanjem tih sredstava - pod uslovom da je to moguće - siromaštvo bilo pobeđeno i da bi zavladalo blagostanje. Materijalistička predrasuda deo je istorijskog nasleđa, staro shvatanje da je politika dužna da obezbedi građanima krov nad glavom, ostavu s hranom i krevet za počinak. [...]

İbn Sînâ ve Tûsî’ye Göre Tanrı’nın Bilgisi

Author(s): Murat Demirkol / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 32/2016

The knowledge of God has been taken into account by the Muslim philosophers not as a theory of knowledge but as a subject within the framework of metaphysics. Though there is no title specifically dedicated under epistemology in Islamic philosophy, man’s knowing and perception (idrak) has been analysed within the framework of both logic and soul (nafs) theories. Sensual conception has been taken into account under the former drive of two fundamental motives, namely carnal perception and actuation, whereas producing new knowledge and certainty based on premises has been studied under logic. The power of abstract knowledge is studied both in the theory of nafs in that it reaches the universal knowledge by abstracting the images derived from internal and external senses, and also analysed under metaphysics since it processes information through a active intellect and transfer of knowledge. In this article, while we analyse the knowledge of God via the works of Avicenna and Nasir al-din al-Tusi, we also take into account the comparison between the universal and self-knowledge of God and human’s universal and particular knowledge in this study, too. Thus, we partially touched upon the knowledge theories of both philosophers. The quest for conceiving the Knowledge of God requires considering the character of human’s knowledge and reasoning and putting forward the differences via comparison. In this study, the fact that how God knows himself (dhat) and others’ and how this knowledge is realised whether it is delineated (irtiṣām) in his dhat through intelligible images or in the form of unification of intelligibles with his dhat, it will be analysed through the ideas of two philosophers.

Yapisal İşlevselcilik Açisindan Folklorda Değişme ve İşlevsel Zorunluluklar Modeli

Author(s): Mehmet Ali Yolcu,Mehmet Aça / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 92/2017

Structural functionality is based on the positivist philosophy tradition which is represented by scientists such as Comte, Pareto, Durkheim, Spencer, Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown among others, in terms of its origins. According to this theoretical approach, social unity, balance and harmony are shaped by the functional relationships between the whole system and its components. The importance of structural functionality in culture and folklore studies comes from it lends itself to shedding an objective light on the social whole, understanding change and transformation of structures, and thus determines functions of each sub-part within the social system. According to Parsons’s sociologic analysis method, one of the most important characters of structural functionality, every action system has four basic functional imperatives. The system itself and its sub-components are obliged to perform these functional imperatives. These functional imperatives are adaptation, goal attainment, integration and latency and pattern maintenance. Any malfunction that occurs in one or more of these imperatives will stimulate change of the structure. In other words, if the functionality has decreased or disappeared in institutions, i.e. in sub-parts of the system, then one of four results will happen: 1. A total variation in the structure. 2. A partial variation in the structure. 3. Destruction of the structure. 4. The Substitution of another structure for the said structure. As well as this formulation being a basic hypothesis of our article, it is in fact also a reflection of the contribution which we wanted to make to structural-functional analysis relating to “change”. Examples, which we gave generally from ritual-based folklore frameworks upon the relationship between change and functional imperatives model, can be enriched with those in other areas.

Han Yonğ Un(한용운)’un Şiirlerinde “Sevgiliyâr(Nim-님)” Kavrami Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Author(s): Hatice Köroğlu Türközü / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 92/2017

Han Yon-un, who lived between 1879 and 1944, was a Japanese imperialism period poet, a Buddhist monk and a nationalist activist. When we look at the poet's poems in general, it is different from the poets of the period. According to the philosophy of Buddhism, with the information provided by Han Yong as a monk, the society must first be freed before it can reach Nirvana. Han, himself, will be enlightened after the society in which he lives in has gotten liberty. So, from a different point of view, the main theme of his poems is Buddhism and Freedom. The concept of “lover (nim-님)” in his poems differs from that of the period’s poets. For example, Gim So Vol (1902-1934), one of the poets of the same period, also, wrote poems based on the concept of the lover. However, while the love that Han has left will surely return to him someday, Gim's dear never returns in his poems. In all Han's poems, spirituality and hope are dominant. When his poems are read in a simple way, it is possible to see the disappearance of something important and the suffering of the desperate hope of regaining it. If we read through the poems more deeply, we can perceive that they reach a superior level, by deeply understanding the state of the nation, by combining deep religious experience and a clear artistic feeling. This is why his poems can be seen as love songs by young people, greetings by religious people, and can be read by nationalists as a password that translates fervent emotions into national independence. In this study, we tried to examine the concept of "lover" which Han used as an image through several poems.

Carlo Cassola’nin Yalnizliği ve “Il Taglio Del Bosco”

Author(s): Bülent Ayyildiz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 92/2017

Il taglio del bosco, published in 1950, is usually defined as a novella or as a longstory. Il taglio del bosco is an early work of Carlo Cassola who is one of the most original writers of 20th Century Italian literature and his work is composed mostly of autobiographical elements. The story is based on the simple life of an ordinary forester, Guglielmo, and narrates deeply the loneliness of human kind. Carlo Cassola, focusing on the loneliness of humans by Guglielmo, presents reflections of his own emotional world by twinning his personal life with Guglielmo. The aim of this article is to examine the concept of loneliness in Carlo Cassola and its survey in Il taglio del bosco with the theoretical approach created by Italian intellectual Eugenio Borgna.

Anadolu Türk Kültürünün Tasavvufu Açıklama İşlevi: Cabbar Kulu Kitabı Örneği

Author(s): Cafer Özdemir / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 94/2018

Alevi-Bektashi Culture, as a continuum of Turkish culture, emerged as a consequence of a new composition of Islamic beliefs in Anatolia with concrete and non-concrete elements brought from Middle Asia. It is clear that Turkish Sufi Notion which was transferred to Anatolia from Ahmet Yesevi has an important role in this composition. The Alevi-Bektashi community which has concerns for keeping religious and national elements vividly alive has played a crucial role in enabling Anatolian Turkish Culture to reach to the present day. In this study, the function of Anatolian Turkish cultures in the understanding of Sufi subjects in the book of Cabbar Kulu, a written work of Alevi-Bektashi literature in 18th century, was discussed. The richness of the socio-cultural life was addressed by presenting the functional aspects of culture in an integrated way and the concerns of Alawi-Bektashi community living in rural areas for transferring belief systems to individuals were emphasized. The study also emphasized this community’s use of literature as a tool to convey their belief systems to the future and in this way their anxieties about featuring didactic aspects of art. In addition to this, it was discussed with examples that which mystic elements were tried to be grasped with which cultural elements. Since the book of Cabbar Kulu is rich in terms of cultural material, cultural elements are mentioned in the study as titles. This book, in which there exist dialogues, questions and answers among Cabbar Kulu, being the main theme, Hz. Muhammad, Hz. Ali, Selman-i Fârisî, and Haci Bektas Veli, is a great literary work in terms of fictional aspect. The fact that the vast majority of the words mentioned in the work belong to the folk Turkish in an understandable way, and the preference of a style such as the style and the deep mysticism are explained in terms of cultural reasoning requires consideration of the function of the work. It is seen that the didactic aspects of the work and the teaching anxiety of the religious-sufi subjects have been attached importance. In this context, the book of Cabbar Auli exemplifies that cultural elements can be used in a different function. The book is a work that should be emphasized in terms of showing the interaction between religion and folk culture.

Sprawozdanie z konferencji naukowej "Oko w oko z... nauronauką"

Author(s): Marlena Stradomska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 24/2017

Şerefeddin Yaltkaya’nin İsbât-I Vâcib Anlayişi

Author(s): İbrahim Bayram / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 03/2018

Şerefeddin Yaltkaya, who had acquired an important place among the Ottoman scholars of the last period, did not adopt the concept of the new ılm al-kalam, which is offered as an alternative to classical kalam, but instead advocated the social kalam approach. This idea also influenced his views on the existence of Allah, accordingly, the evidence that must be used to prove the divine existence has been confined to a relatively narrow area. With an approach that is more suited to the Salafiyya sect, the author, who, directed criticism to the science of the kalam and to its mental and philosophical evidence that is used to prove the divine existence, has argued that this work should only be handled with a Qur'an-based understanding. The author, who thinks that there is evidence of al-fitrah in this divine book besides the evidence of teleologic argument, usually concentrated his statements on these two proofs. This situation did not cause him to ignore the evidence of huduth, at least on behalf of science, he has included this evidence in his studies. However, in doing so, he often went on to explain his purpose through some simple and easy-to-understand examples, although he sometimes includes technical explanations.

Podróże dalekie i bliskie. Roz-czarowanie percepcją, wiedzą i ciałem

Author(s): Andrew Irving / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

A certain overlap between Irving’s experience and that of Louis-Ferdinand Céline as portrayed in Journey to the End of the Night – a journey from Europe to Africa, then to New York – serves as a pretext to reflect on the theme of how the body and perception are transformed over the course of a journey, be it short or long. A journey is always (also) a bodily experience, although it may be that we try to ignore this corporal aspect. Irving explores this question in relation to longterm ethnographical fieldwork. He points out that the multitude of sensations, impressions and experiences is most often suppressed in ethnographical texts for the benefit of more general descriptions of those experiences.

Ekologie roślin i wiedzy

Author(s): Małgorzata Sugiera / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2018

Taking Ursula Le Guin’s early short story ‘The Author of the Acacia Seeds and Other Extracts from the Journal of the Association of Therolinguistics’ as a point of departure, Sugiera explores Bruno Latour’s concept of circulating reference and Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing’s notion of scalability as two complementary critical perspectives on the paradigm of accumulating and ordering knowledge. This paradigm, which emerged with the scientific revolution and applies to this day, is based on a model that is fundamental for modernity, namely that of the sugar plantation in the New World. Its transposition into the experimental sciences in the second half of the seventeenth century is closely related to the appearance of new public institutions in the British Isles, namely the coffeehouses that acted as ‘penny universities’. Sugiera concludes by proposing new scientific practices inspired by trends in decolonialism, especially Eduard Kohn’s beyondthe-human anthropology.