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PHYSICAL AND METAPHYSICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE THEORY OF CONCEPT HOLES

Author(s): Adrian Lesenciuc,Cosmina-Oana Roman / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

The theory of concept-holes, proposed in 2012 as a result of polarizing the previous academicist outset in the field of linguistics (semiotics), communication sciences and cultural anthropology, assesses language (la langue) as a structure of concept-holes, culturally shaped, transmitted to all the members of the linguistic community and filled out by each of them, in the process of learning, with signified content. Outside the academicist conceptions, arisen from the previously mentioned areas of study, the theory polarizes some perspectives with metaphysical origins, resulted from the process of reflective focusing on the nature of real, beyond the physicality of the world (outside it or in its depth). The current paper aims at bringing up these ways of instituting the theory through physical approach – in the depth of substance and field, placing itself interrogatively and comparatively in relationship with an academicist model, in the proximity of metaphysics, therefore -, respectively through metaphysical approach in fact (ontological and epistemological alike).

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K problematike názorovej diferenciácie reflexií povahy historiografie

Author(s): Juraj Šuch / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2008

The author deals with the problem of different opinions regarding the nature of history. He presents an objection to the typology that distinguishes between ontological, epistemological, and linguistic paradigms. From his understanding of the nature history, and Brian Fay`s typology, he distinguishes two poles: positions of constructivism and reconstructivism. In dealing with the problem of the nature of history, he considers five constitutive factors that where formulated by Jörn Rüsen. In the view of the author of this article unclear impact of these factors is source of different opinions regarding the nature of history. According to his opinion the most relevant impact to construction of narrative history has theoretico-ideological framework.

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A Reason to Avoid the Causal Construal of Dispositional Explanations

Author(s): Lilia Gurova / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

Those who argue that dispositional explanations are genuine explanations usually construe them as causal explanations. There are several well-known arguments against the causal efficacy of dispositions, but there are as well demonstrations that on some minimal conditions, dispositions could be viewed as causally relevant to the effects which they are taken to explain. Although the latter position is generally tenable, it may be shown that in some important cases it is not a good idea to commit to a causal construal of dispositional explanations. The argument goes as follows: (1) Dispositional explanations are valued for certain specific extra-inferences which they allow us to draw; (2) The causal construal of dispositional explanations can account for some of these extra-inferences only on the assumption that the disposition is a common cause of its manifestations; (3) However, under certain circumstances, the common cause assumption is refuted on theoretical or empirical grounds; Therefore, (4) under certain circumstances, the causal construal of dispositional explanations cannot account for what these explanations are valued for. The latter conclusion is a reason to argue that in some cases at least, the causal construal of dispositional explanations should be avoided.

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Jsou nutné soudy a priori?

Author(s): Prokop Sousedík / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2012

The article shows the positions philosophers held to the relationship between a priori judgments and those judgments which are valid necessarily. Enlightenment philosophers of the 18th and 19th century, who, though often in different ways, opposed the concept of metaphysics and scholastic necessity (Hume, Kant, Mill, idealists), play the leading role. At the beginning of the 20th century analytic philosophy was born. Its first leaders inherited from their predecessors an antipathy to metaphysics, and so they had no desire to return again to the traditional concept of necessity (Wittgenstein, Carnap, Ayer). Their logic and the new characterization of the a priori paved the way for the linguistic turn. Some of their followers in the second half of the 20th century realized that the concept needed to be returned to its original meaning (Kripke). This is not a mere repetition of the Aristotelian-scholastic conception, but a new addition that rethinks the relationship between the notions of a priori and necessity.

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Opisy

Author(s): Bertrand Russell / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/1995

V predošlej kapitole sme sa zapodievali slovami všetci a niektorý, v tejto kapitole budeme uvažovať o určitom člene the v jednotnom čísle a v nasledujúcej o určitom člene the v množnom čísle.

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ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHICS AND RELIGION

Author(s): Majid Amini / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

Recently there has been a substantial and concerted effort to rehabilitate religion in the field of philosophy in general and its intersection with the subdiscipline of ethics in particular. This resurgence of interest has been, to the delight of practitioners of philosophy, very much accompanied by overgenerous funding and financial support for academic positions, fellowships, programmes and projects. This extracurricular resurrection of focus on and attention to religion in the discipline of philosophy is not only welcome to philosophers for the wider exposure of philosophy to the public domain but also for proffering new opportunities to expand the remits of research and investigation within various subdisciplines of philosophy, especially in ethics. However, against the backdrop of the persistently chequered history of the relationship between philosophy and religion, the purpose of this paper is to survey the areas of contention specifically in the field of ethics where the liaison has been, to say the least, tempestuous if not outright acrimonious and hostile. Such a survey allows a measured approach to the interaction between religion and ethics that would ultimately benefit both parties in this transaction.

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Text – poznanie – prax: Za možnosť literárnej vedy vychádzať z vedomostnej sociológie

Author(s): Claus-Michael Ort / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2024

Analyzing the meaning structure of literary texts, i.e. reconstructing their semantic inner logic and its context-sensitive interpretation, remains one of the core tasks of literary studies. When reflecting on the self-descriptions of societies, the sociology of knowledge and literature comes into play. If literary research increases knowledge of the effect and function of descriptions of society, it assumes a shared responsibility for the semantic “environmental” conditions, under which society observes itself. It is thus responsible for shaping the narrative patterns by which societies interpret themselves, i.e. collective or group semantics, as well as for associated reductions in complexity. Niklas Luhmann recommended that the sociology of knowledge should formulate such a “theory of society observing and describing itself ” (1995, 154), but the cultural studies approach to the term “knowledge” prevalent in German-language studies between 2000–2015 is not necessarily conducive to this approach. This article reflects the aspect of “knowledge” from the two sides mentioned in the title and corners it praxeologically and textualistically, i.e. in its dynamic, social micro and macro dimension (between cognitive psychology and sociology) and in its textualist dimension.

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Svetlost sveta i svetlost van sveta: Pseudo-Dionizije Areopagita i Sv. Avgustin

Author(s): Una Popović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 42/2024

This study is dedicated to examining the motif of light in the thought of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite and St. Augustine. In both cases, the motif of light is tied to the fundamental Christian problem of the ineffability of God; the two thinkers offer two very different responses to this problem. In line with his apophatic theology, Areopagite opts for an extremely unusual solution embodied in the formulation of the divine darkness, as a double negation of earthly light. In contrast, St. Augustine argues for the possibility of gradual enlightenment of the soul through knowledge leading up to discernment, but not the vision of the divine inaccessible light.

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Concepts are Containers

Author(s): Robert O’Shaughnessy,Mark Sprevak / Language(s): English Issue: 72/2024

In this paper, we propose and defend a theory of concepts. According to Machery (2009), psychologists and philosophers mean different things by ‘concept’. Psychologists mean bodies of knowledge used to categorise and infer; philosophers mean constituent of propositional thought. Machery’s conclusion would drive a wedge between contributions by psychologists and philosophers on concepts. Theories about the former would have no clear role to play in, and cast no light on, the latter, and vice versa. We argue that, on the contrary, ‘concept’ has a single core meaning: a container of stored knowledge pertaining to a single category. This single meaning satisfies both the theories of psychologists and philosophers. The divergence in use of the term ‘concept’ on which Machery focuses arises because words for containers are often used to refer to (a) what is contained by the container and (b) the label of a container. Our account explains what a concept is, and how one might be misled by Machery’s challenge.

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Brajičićev i neoskolastički »promašaj cilja« u pogledu Kanta

Author(s): Željko Pavić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/173/2024

In seinem Beitrag analysiert der Verfasser den Artikel „Kants Verfehlung des Zieles“ Rudolf Brajičićs SJ, wo man Kant vorgeworfen wird, dass er durch die Postulierung des „Unerkennbarkeit von Ding an sich“ Tür und Tor dem neuzeitlichen und besonders aufklärerischen Agnostizismus und seinem grenzlosen Vertrauen auf die Vernunft geöffnet hat. Durch die Analyse der Kant’schen Schrift Prolegomena zu einer jeden künftigen Metaphysik, die als Wissenschaft wird auftreten können“ (1783) und sich auf einen Kant-Aufsatz Alois Halders berufend versucht der Verfasser zu zeigen, dass der Glaube in seinem Gott-Verhältnis autonom und frei ist – im Unterschied zur Vernunft, die sich selbst als „Objekt“ seiner Überlegungen stellend zur diejenigen Art des „transzendentalen Solipsismus“ gelangt, die in unlösbaren Antinomien führt. Da Kant zufolge das Sein „kein reales Prädikat“ ist, kann man ihn als den Vorläufer der späteren existenzphilosophischen Kritik traditioneller Ontotheologie, von dem übrigens dieser Begriff überhaupt stammt.

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OPENNESS TO OTHER FAITHS QUESTIONED

Author(s): Marc GRENIER / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2024

In this essay, we review and critique the Moyaert-D’Costa debates as a way of answering a pivotal question still very much pertinent to contemporary biblical scholarship: to what extent, if at all, can the tensive relationship between faith identity and openness to other faiths be realized. We begin by reviewing Moyaert’s initial argument that various soteriological models within the theology of religion assume this problem can and should be solved a priori through hermeneutical openness. The model of comparative theology, on the other hand, questions this a priori assumption that hermeneutical openness is the precondition for soteriological openness. Then we present the counterarguments of D’Costa and other theologians who claim that these theological models don’t address the implicit epistemological issues involved in interreligious dialogue. Soteriological openness is not a precondition for methodological openness, and ‘openness’ itself is not a precondition for interreligious dialogue. These models assume that institutionalized interreligious dialogue is desirable without any clear, explicit biblical mandate and that it is even possible to achieve a balance between faiths in dialogue.

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The Rabin-Keisler theorem and the sizes of ultrapowers

Author(s): Radek Honzík / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Recall the Rabin-Keisler theorem which gives a lower bound κω for the size of proper elementary extensions of complete structures of size κ, provided that κ is an infinite cardinal below the first measurable cardinal. We survey – and at places clarify and extend – some facts which connect the Rabin-Keisler theorem, sizes of ultrapowers, combinatorial properties of ultrafilters, and large cardinals.

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Some notes on embeddings, projections, and Easton’s lemma

Author(s): Šárka Stejskalová / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

We survey some lesser-known facts concerning properties of embeddings and projections between forcing notions. We will also state some generalizations of Easton’s lemma. To our knowledge, many of these facts have not been published, so we include their proofs for the benefit of the reader.

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A note on generalized generalization

Author(s): Vítězslav Švejdar / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The generalization rules of sequent calculi allow, under some restrictions, to derive a formula ∃χφ or ∀χφ from a formula φχ (γ), i.e. from the formula obtained by substituting a variable γ for all free occurrences of χ in φ. We introduce modified generalization rules that make it possible to derive ∃χφ or ∀χφ from φχ (t) even in some cases where t is a complex term. These modified rules were invented in connection with attempts to prove the interpolation theorem for classical predicate logic without equality but with function symbols. This theorem seems (and remains) to be an unresolved case in the literature.

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Knowledge of God in the Philosophy of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

Author(s): Bruno Matos,Borna Behur / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The philosophy of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, shaped by the historical context of the Renaissance and an academic environment inclined toward syncretism, leaves an impression of a complex and stratified system to this day. In his philosophical approach to the knowledge of God, Pico relies on various philosophical and theological sources, thereby constructing a distinctive representation of the spiritual journey toward a mystical union with God. The authors explore his philosophical approach to the knowledge of God through three points, or degrees, by which human introspection, philosophical inquiry, and theological reflection lead toward God. After a brief overview of Pico’s thesis with respect to the capacity of knowing God, the authors go on to elaborate on the position of rationality and the capacity to abstract the attributes of God, as well as the nature of contemplation and the mystical union with God, relying on Oration on the Dignity of Man (De hominis dignitate) and On Being and Unity (De ente et uno).

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Private Language in Philosophical Investigations: The Viability of Hintikkas’ Interpretation

Author(s): Jure Zovko,Mate Penava / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

In this paper, we analyze Jaakko and Merrill Hintikka’s interpretation of Wittgenstein’s arguments against epistemic privacy. The main focus of the paper is to explore their views on this issue and examine the connections between their argumentation and that of Saul Kripke to see to what extent these views coincide. The reason for comparing the said authors is that they all oppose the received view of the argument against private language, which claims that the discussion of private language begins with PI 243. In fact, these philosophers claim that Wittgenstein already discussed the issue of the impossibility of a private language in his rule–following reflections, especially in PI 201 and 202. We will also explore some drawbacks of the interpretation of Wittgenstein offered by the Hintikkas and attempt to provide an overall perspective of the viability of their position in relation to Wittgenstein’s argument against epistemic privacy.

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Jonathan Fuqua, Robert C. Koons (eds.), Classical Theism: New Essays on the Metaphysics of God

Author(s): Ilija Teklić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Review of: Jonathan Fuqua, Robert C. Koons (eds.), Classical Theism: New Essays on the Metaphysics of God. London: Routledge, 2023, X + 344 pp.

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Matt Lutz, Spencer Case, Is Morality Real? A Debate

Author(s): Jelena Batković / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Review of: Matt Lutz, Spencer Case, Is Morality Real? A Debate. London: Routledge, 2023, First Edition 260 pp.

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Douglas Groothuis, Beyond the Wager: The Christian Brilliance of Blaise Pascal

Author(s): Hrvoje Havliček / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Review of: Douglas Groothuis, Beyond the Wager: The Christian Brilliance of Blaise Pascal. Downers Grove, InterVarsity Press, 2024, 224 pp.

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Danijel Tolvajčić, Teodicejski problem u suvremenoj filozofiji religije

Author(s): Julija Prpić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Review of: Danijel Tolvajčić, Teodicejski problem u suvremenoj filozofiji religije. Zagreb, Grafički zavod Hrvatske d.o.o., 2023, 151 pp.

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