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Refleksje nad powstaniem Völkerpsychologie w kontekście jej wpływu na psychologię, socjologię i pedagogikę

Author(s): Robert Janik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2015

The aim of the article is to show the development of Völkerpsychologie and its influence onpedagogy. Völkerpsychologie is a branch of psychology founded by Moritz Lazarus and HeymannSteinthal. They coined the term “Völkerpsychologie” (psychology of nations or national psychology)which is also known as “ethnic psychology”. This direction of psychology is connected withthe person of Wilhelm Wundt which adapted many of the ideas of Lazarus and Steinthal andshaped them into his own theory. W. Wundt and his ideas influenced many of his pupils fromcountries like Great Britain and USA.

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Wychowanie dziewcząt w XVI i XVII w.

Author(s): Barbara Wlaźlik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2008

The article deals with the education of girls in the period of Renaissance. The author introduces the opinions of some ancient philosophers on the question of educating girls. She quotes Erasmus of Rotterdam, John Louis Vives and Thomas More. Besides, she mentions the presence of the idea of educating women in the Polish philosophical thought.

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Znikający owoc. Remanenty refleksograficzne

Author(s): Andrzej Zalewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2017

Wydana w 2016 roku moja książka Dwie koncepcje refleksografii (Kraków, Scriptum) miała w założeniu być czwartą i ostatnią częścią rozwijanego od kilku albo wręcz kilkudziesięciu lat (pierwsza część ukazała się w 1994 roku, następne po roku 2007) projektu zwanego przeze mnie, poczynając od części drugiej, „refleksografią”. Sądziłem wtedy, że wszystko, co mogło, zostało już w ramach projektu powiedziane, a wszelkie niejasności muszą takimi pozostać, ponieważ nie czułem się na siłach dalej ich rozpraszać. Jednak późniejsza konieczność wygłoszenia dwóch powiązanych odczytów na temat moich poglądów do pewnego stopnia zmieniły ten stan rzeczy. Jeszcze późniejsza chęć przygotowania tych odczytów w formie pisemnej zmusiła mnie do przeorganizowania całej problematyki i spowodowała wyłonienie się kilku elementów, które dotąd w takiej postaci prezentowane nie były. Nie znaczy to, że są one absolutnymi merytorycznymi nowościami. Można je w mniej lub bardziej rozwiniętej (najczęściej jednak nierozwiniętej) formie znaleźć w częściach dotychczasowych, ale jednak wydobycie ich na nowo i ustawienie na pierwszym planie spowodowało efekt jakościowej przemiany. Kwestie dawne i już podejmowane w następstwie ich rozwinięcia zaczęły jakby świecić nowym blaskiem. Właśnie recykling treści znanych, odwołanie się do problematyki obecnej już wcześniej, a tylko zyskującej dzięki przeformułowaniu pewien nowy charakter, sprawiło, że całość obecnych rozważań zdecydowałem się określić w podtytule mianem „remanentów”.

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Philosophy as transformative practice: a proposal for a new concept of philosophy that better suits philosophy education

Author(s): Phillipp Thomas / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The source of the following considerations is the observation that academic philosophy at universities does not fit well with philosophy education processes, e.g., those at school. Both sides seem to be separate from each other. I assume that the two areas rely on two very different concepts of philosophy. To work out a concept of philosophy more appropriate to the educational context, I methodically apply the practical turn to our philosophising in very different contexts. Moreover, I elaborate that it is precisely the modern scientific paradigm that underlies philosophy as scientific practice and that the former represents a problematic constriction of philosophising in educational contexts. For where the ideal is objective scientific knowledge — from which everything subjective has been removed — there can be no deeper transformation of the subject through philosophy. My thesis is that philosophy is better suited to the educational context as transformative and not as scientific practice. As a consequence, the question arises as to whether the study of philosophy on teacher training courses needs a new impulse in the direction of philosophy as transformative practice.

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Decline of Modern and Hegel’s Interpretation of Ancient Scepticism

Author(s): Nevena Jevtić / Language(s): English Issue: 37/2022

For Hegel scepticism is one of the greatest forces in philosophical thought. He makes a sharp distinction between the scepticism of Ancient Greece, and the scepticism of modern thinkers from Descartes to (Hegel’s contemporary) Schulze. These two forms of scepticism appear to have a similar foundation, but according to Hegel, their nature is substantially different. Hegel will subsequently attempt to incorporate the fundamentals of ancient scepticism into the dialectics of consciousness, his primary subject in Phenomenology of Spirit, transforming its role in the process. Hegel reinterprets scepticism as a force of constant, self-affecting movement that is immanent to consciousness itself.

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Cybernetic Epistemology

Author(s): Juho Lindholm / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Mainstream analytic epistemology conceives knowledge as representation: as true justified (un-Gettiered) belief. Such representation is conceived as independent of practice, its justification to consist in experience, and experience as mere observation. Such notion of experience is too narrow to take the epistemic value of experimentation into account. But science is emphatically experimental. On the other hand, John Dewey defined experience as organism–environment interaction. Such interaction is bidirectional and hence experimental by nature. It involves feedback. Cybernetics studies feedback systems. Hence, cybernetic epistemology is a consequence of Dewey’s definition. Cybernetic epistemology maintains that knowledge is practice, that is, an (approximately and relatively) invariant pattern of potential organism–environment interaction, rather than something independent of practice. In this article, I will make a case for cybernetic epistemology. It seems to dispense with the representational notion of knowledge and to provide an original justification for process ontology.

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LOCKE ON RELIGIOUS TOLERATION

Author(s): EDWIN CURLEY / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

The paper analyses and criticizes Locke’s arguments for religious toleration presented in his Letter concerning Toleration. The author argues that the epistemology Locke developed in his Essay concerning Human Understanding made a more constructive contribution to the case for toleration.

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The Role of Metacognition in Strategic Learning. Critical Analysis and Exemplifications

Author(s): Monica-Iuliana Anca / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2022

Metacognition is often referred to as "thinking about thinking". It is a regulatory system that helps people understand and control their cognitive performance. Metacognition allows students to take charge of their own learning. It involves awareness of how they learn, an assessment of their learning needs, generating strategies to meet those needs, and then implementing the strategies (Hacker, 2009). Strategic learning represents that type of learning in which the learner consciously participates in the act of learning, is responsible for the learning process, and controls his efforts in the direction of building, using, and promoting particular, specific cognitive strategies, techniques, and tools, gains independence, learns how to learn independently and effectively.

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On the (Un)Stopping of Our Ears

Author(s): Lillianne John / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This paper is concerned with the problem of speaking past one another due to an asymmetry of the interlocutors' backgrounds. When individuals with different levels of relative privilege interact, the party with relative privilege may fail to engage with what is being communicated. I take up critical Gadamerian hermeneutics to ask how we, as individuals with relative privilege, can 'unstop' our ears so that the burden of explanation does not (unfairly) remain on those we hurt by our mishearing/non-hearing. I offer two methods to achieve this 'unstopping': 'critical self-knowledge' through Quassim Cassam's 'Vice Epistemology' framework and 'critical world-knowledge' through the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory (Max Horkheimer and Jürgen Habermas, specifically). I then take up contemporary critical hermeneutics (Lorenzo Simpson) to show how, through the application of the critical methods, one might be able to achieve a useful, cross-cultural dialogue. This is imperative given our inexorably multi-cultural world today.

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Dzieci romantyczne – na krawędzi życia i śmierci

Author(s): Barbara Zwolińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2023

The article is an attempt at a cross-sectional view of the principles of constructing a child hero in the literature of Polish Romanticism, with reference to characters from selected popular literature of that period. The breakthrough that took place in the way of presenting the child, its experiences and emotions, and the evaluation of childhood by the creators of Romanticism inspires us to seek answers to the questions about what values were noticed in children, what made them unique, how their relationships with adults were shaped (including with parents), with peers and siblings, which was the specificity of their sensitivity and differences in the way they perceive the world (the role of imagination and dreams) and confrontation with the experiences of existence, often traumatic, leading to suicide. The discovery of the child as an autonomous being resulted in a revolutionary approach of artists of Romanticism, making the immature beings, alongside the mad, the people and the poets, revelators of the romantic world view, including epistemology based on an extra-rational way of getting to know the world and explaining its complex mechanisms.

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Ekstremalus darbas: profesinė šizofrenija ir asmenybės psichologinio vientisumo kultūra

Author(s): Saulius Lileikis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 115/2023

Extreme work entails not only a high level of risk to a person’s health and life but also certain subcultural peculiarities, one of which is occupational schizophrenia, the absence of a holistic professional view on the environment and oneself, influenced by the cultural development of the members of the work team, particularly in the maritime industry. This article adheres to the epistemological principles of Neo-Thomistic personalism and partly to Gestalt psychology. Occupational schizophrenia devalues theory by emphasizing practice, ignores the inner world of personality and artificially separates the employee’s personal and professional values in extreme work. The article considers and positions the value of promoting the psychological integrity of personality as a whole, including all his or her ontological levels relevant to mental health and the expression of spiritual culture.

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Основаване и схематика на индукцията

Author(s): Silviya Kristeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2023

Induction is a major challenge for logical theory in its quest to build a comprehensive theory of inference. In the contest between deduction and induction for awarding and deriving the crown of the theory of reasoning, induction more often gives up first place. But here we must trust John St. Mill, who declares induction to be the fundamental and absolutely prime question of the “Science of Logic”. The article will follow the way Mill defines induction and how is the logical axiom of inductive inference formulated by him on this basis. For the general construction of induction, however, Hegel offers a structure that will take us even further in entering into the inner mechanism of induction as well as towards the schematization of the logical path to the derivation of the inductive conclusion.

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Уилям Окам за свободата, предопределението, предзнанието и бъдещи случайни събития и тяхната интерпретация при Вилхелм Готфрид Лайбниц

Author(s): Oleg Georgiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 29/2023

This paper continues an earlier debate on whether “God can know more than He knows”. In the present text I offer further comments on some key concepts that were only scarcely addressed or left without additional clarification. It is an attempt to draw attention to the issue about the relation between God’s knowledge and future contingent events, as well as some key concepts from the philosophy of Ockham and Leibniz, such as: “future contingent events”, “freedom”, “created free will” etc. The relationship between predestination and free will is also addressed in Ockham’s treatise on divine foreknowledge, providence, and future contingent events (1322-1324). Ockham’s interest in the possibility for a principled logical solution to the theological problems of predestination and God‘s foreknowledge of future contingent events is also explored. I am briefly discussing how this theme affected the philosophical debate in the following centuries, particularly Leibniz’ views on freedom, free will, predestination, and divine foreknowledge. The reason why the issues raised by Ockham were still relevant in later times is rooted in the difficulty to address them adequately. Resolv￾ing these issues gets (or ‘returns’) us back to a fascinating medieval debate, which Leibniz inherited and sustained with his comments.

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Aristotle's First Philosophy as Analytical Epistemology

Author(s): Nijaz Ibrulj / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

We analyze metaphysical foundations of the logical and epistemological construction of knowledge in Aristotle's First Philosophy. The possibility to define this construction as analytical epistemology is deduced from the fact that Aristotle used the term substance (ousía) in many equivalent expressions and different semantic roles, but with the same meaning. The basis for that is a semantic convertibility (antístrephein) of the concept of substance (or "what is", or the "essence" of being) in each of the fields of knowledge. Here we have listed the four most general aspects of the meaning of the term substance ( ousía) and expanded them to ten aspects in their specific use in the physical, logical, linguistic and ontological domains. Because of all of the above, we define Aristotle's First Philosophy (pròte philosophía) as analytical epistemology, as a system of knowledge and cognition based on a system of many senses of the term substance or conceptual conversions of the term ousía. In doing so, we observed these models of conversion of the meaning of the term substance through four predicative forms: synonymous, homonymous, paraonymous and analogical, which are based on four aspects of the concept of identity as logical sameness: that which is the same / identical (tò autón) because it belongs to the same genus (génos ), or belongs to the same / identical (tò omôion) species (eîdos), or has the same /identical (tò íson) number (aríthmos) or same/identical semantical relations (tò análogon). It can be seen that conceptual analogy (analogía) is the basis of all semantic transformations through which the concept of substance (ousía) goes in analytical epistemology.

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THE STUDY OF NOTES AND NOTEBOOKS: SOME EPISTEMOLOGICAL AND ONTOLOGICAL ISSUES

Author(s): Anton Crișan / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

The aim of the present paper is to situate the recent attempts devoted to the study of the phenomena of knowledge management in a larger epistemological context. More precisely, I intend to ascertain the entire affair from the perspective of the philosophy of the humanities. This involves understanding it as an endeavor concerned with the search for regularities. As a result, key notions figuring in the repertoire of this kind of undertaking, primarily those of notes and notebooks, are scrutinized for the purpose of revealing their theoretical function. This points towards some ontological issues, such as the idea of taking notes as cultural kinds, namely something analogous to the idea of natural kinds.

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IMAM EL-MATURIDI - TEOLOG IZ SEMERKANDA

Author(s): Rifet Šahinović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 95/2023

The author here presents the thought of Abu Mensura Al- -Maturidi (died in 944), a renowned scholar related to aqaid and the issue of epistemology. The significance of his teachings here lies in the fact that the Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina are among the custodians of this imam’s heritage. Imam Al-Maturidi lived in a turbulent age when clear answers to essential theological issues were required. Understanding of epistemology in general and religious epistemology in particular is a hallmark of this imam.

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Методологічні та епістемологічні засади систематичної теології П. Тілліха

Author(s): Hanna Jemeljanenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 5/2016

This article analyzes the methodological and teaching base epistemological basic of P. Tillich’s theology, set them in the three-volume work “Systematic Theology”. The author argues that based on the principles of logic, semantic, methodological rationality doctrine P. Tillich is hardly worth uniquely interpreted in line with the not rationalistic tradition of research by Kierkegaard, Marcel, Berdyaev, Bergson, Nietzsche and other philosophers, who complicated the frame of anti-rationalist and anti-objectivist religious and non-religious philosophical thought in XIX - XX century.

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Odnos identiteta i uloga u međunarodnim odnosima i spoljnoj politici: ontologija, epistemologija i metodologija

Author(s): Marko Kovačević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2023

The aim of this article is to enable a comprehensive insight into key theoretical debates on the relationship between identities and roles in International Relations (IR) and Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA), with a particular focus on theoretical approaches of social constructivism and foreign policy role theory. Given the lack of interest in this research approach the post-Yugoslav IR literature, I systematize ontological, epistemological and methodological dimensions of studying foreign policy and security roles of states. In this research path-breaking effort, a special emphasis is on the role of small states in world politics between structural imperatives and possibilities of agency. Role theory is reviewed in its relationship toward constructivist FPA, whereas the key notions of role theory, interpretive methodology and some examples of research on discursive construction of state identity and roles are presented. In the conclusion, I reflect on some further questions and a research agenda of identity and roles in IR.

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Triangle(s) of Being: Linguistic (Coserian) and Semiotic (Peircean) Perspectives

Author(s): Dumitru Cornel Vîlcu / Language(s): English Issue: 41/2023

This article envisages a possible tripartite division of (types of) being, in correspondence, one the one hand, to Eugenio Coseriu’s linguistic contents (significatum, designatum, sense) and on the other hand to Charles Sanders Peirce’s ‘participants’ in the process of semiosis (sign, object and interpretant). Being as eidos/ essence, corresponding to idiomatic significata, is responsible for the constitution of stabilities and/ or iterations within the otherwise perpetual flux of cogitata/ phenomena. Being as actual existence or particular, intentional object corresponds to the linguistic designata as they are produced through and by speech in the very linguistic act(s). Finally, being as ecstasis (in the Heideggerian sense of this term) or as sense represents the individual speaker’s ‘stance’ in the world, at the same time ‘opening’ it to interpretation by the others. Also, if on the levels of significata and designata language is simply/ purely logos semantikos, on the level of sense the three possible intents of the speaker (apophantikos, poetikos, pragmatikos) can be put into correspondence to the old/ traditional naming and understanding of temporal ec-stases as past, present and future respectively.

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Priroda i kultura, još jednom: šta neodarvinizam i teorija razvojnih sistema imaju da kažu?

Author(s): Aleksandra Knežević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2023

In this paper, I deal with the conceptual relationship between nature and culture in Lamarckism, Darwinism, sociobiology, neo-Darwinism, and developmental systems theory. The paper aims to show how sociobiology deviates from what is postulated about this relationship in neo-Darwinism. Namely, thanks to August Weismann’s theory of hard inheritance and Alfred Kroeber’s cultural determinism, neo-Darwinism, unlike the reductionism of sociobiology, which starts from a strong conceptual separation of nature and culture in which nature and culture are two separate causal factors equally important for explaining human behaviour and human sociability. Finally, I deal with Tim Ingold’s critique of this sharp conceptual separation, which comes from the position of developmental systems theorists in evolutionary biology.

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