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Moral Self-Realization in Kant and Spinoza

Author(s): Wojciech Kozyra / Language(s): English Issue: 102/2022

Spinoza and Kant are considered to be polar opposites with respect to ethics. The radical difference between them is supposed to consist in Spinoza’s ethical egoism, or interest-based Strebensethik, and Kant’s duty-cantered, deontological Sollensethik. I challenge this opposition and argue that both in Kant and Spinoza we deal with a notion of the self’s realization that is “interest”-based and therefore does not involve self-sacrifice. I show, on the one hand, that the streben in Spinoza’s Strebensethik consists in realising one’s essentially human interest, which resides in ethical-rational action, and, on the other hand, that sollen in Kant’s Sollensethik is in fact a streben of the Kantian “proper self” (eigentliches Selbst) after the realization of its ethical-rational interest.

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The Synergistic-Generative Knowledge of God in the I-Thou Encounter

Author(s): Paul Negruț,Ioan G. Pop / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

This paper applies the transdisciplinary methodology to theological epistemology by introducing the synergistic-generative knowledge, real, reality, perception and hidden third, in the interpersonal dialogue I-Thou. It explores the epistemic approach to Yeshua ha Mashiah as the hidden third who opens the transdisciplinary window to knowing God. The transdisciplinary epistemic window allows for a top-down and bottom-up movments to better understand the epistemic role of Jesus Christ in knowing Deus absconditus. Being simultaneous filius hominis and Filius Dei, Deus and Imago Dei, He plays the role of the hidden third between Deus and Imago Dei in the I-Thou salvific encounter.

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Immanuel Wallerstein’in Dünya-Sistemleri Analizinin Epistemolojik Yaklaşımı ve Özdüşünümü

Author(s): Şeyda GÜDEK-GÖLÇEK / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2023

Immanuel Wallerstein criticizing social science which he considers directly related to development and continuation of the modern world-system focuses his critique on the epistemological structure of social science. Wallerstein stands against the structure of modern knowledge of social science which based on epistemological polarization consisting of duality of nomothetic-idiographic and interdisciplinary division, Eurocentrism, instrumental rationality and problematical approach of TimeSpace. Considering the construction of new knowledge as the responsibility of social scientists, Wallerstein tried to develop an alternative approach or overcome the boundaries of social science with world-system analysis. When the epistemological self-reflection of world-systems analysis is made in terms of giving clues about new social science, it is seen that Wallerstein fulfilled a part of this purpose. It is possible to say that Wallerstein used two epistemologies without distinction although he has an asymmetric tendency to the nomothetic and considered social reality in its entirety without breaking up with the boundaries of disciplines. He has coerced Eurocentrism in a manner consistent with his strategy, has tried to move away from the rationality of Enlightenment with substantive rationality -he adopted- and has formed alternative TimeSpace layers. Thus, he tries to pave the way for new knowledge structures and social science. In this context, he makes theoretical and practical contributions to the sociology of social sciences. However, the importance -he attached to the size of structural TimeSpace and addressing the modern world-system with a determinist approach eliminates of the purpose of the analysis.

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ЕПИСТЕМОЛОГИЈА МАРКЕТИНГА

Author(s): Perica Macura / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 7/2007

Through genesis of marketing, which covers its pragmatic and scientific development, this paper work presents basic characteristics of position that sees marketing as pragmatic activity and position which sees marketing as a science (a scientific discipline). In order to define scientific potential of marketing, we used epistemological analyze of certain marketing conclusions and presumptions, which were, at the same time, an object of this paper work. A basic goal of this paper work is defining of development marketing potential as a science or a scientific discipline. From the epistemological analyze, which covers application of historical-critical method, analyze of a single marketing postulate, i.e. aim for gaining of profit, analyze of marketing problem’s dimension and look to the internal verification method, we noticed that marketing is more of pragmatic activity, rather than science or scientific discipline.

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World Physics in Ukraine: A Unique Experience of Consolidation of Scientists at Kharkiv Research Center of Physics (in the 1920s–1930s)

Author(s): Elena Tverytnykova,Maryna Gutnyk / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The article examines the development of physics research in Ukraine on the example of the Ukrainian Institute of Physics and Technology (UIPT). Founded on the initiative of the eminent physicist Abram Ioffe, the UIPT has gradually become one of the world’s leading research institutions. During 1928–1938, many important events took place at the institute, which became markers for the development of physics in Ukraine and the USSR as well as in the world. An experiment on the fission of atomic nucleus using artificially accelerated protons confirmed the validity of the intentions to reorient research towards nuclear physics. The involvement of foreign specialists in the work of the UIPT contributed to the informal consolidation of scientific thinking in physics. Outstanding physicists of the world such as Boris Podolskyi, Oleksandr Weisberg, Konrad Weiselberg, Friedrich Houtermans, Laszlo Tisza, Fritz Lange, Victor Weisskopf, George Placzek, Paul Dirac, Georgii Gamov, Niels Bohr, Paul Ehrenfest, and others worked here for longer or shorter periods. Niels Bohr, Ivar Waller, Milton S. Plesset, Evan J. Williams, and Leon Rosenfeld made reports at the theoretical conferences of UIPT. As a result, in the late 1920s and during the 1930s, an informal society of physicists from around the world was formed in Kharkiv. The consolidation of talented scientists has accumulated traditions, centuries of experience, and practical knowledge in the field from many scientific schools around the world.

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„Spiritul științific” și „spiritul filosofic” în viziunea lui Ion Petrovici

Author(s): Constantin Stoenescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 18/2022

The Romanian philosopher Ion Petrovici deals in his last study sent for publication during his life with the comparative analysis of “the philosophical spirit”, “the scientific spirit”, and “the theological spirit”. Censorship removed considerations on “the theological spirit”. Petrovici characterizes “the philosophical spirit” by the overall perspective it seeks and by its role in relation to scientific research. It also distinguishes between “philosophical spirit” and philosophical doctrine. Finally, the similarities and differences between “the scientific spirit” and “the philosophical spirit” are analysed.

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Barbarism – The Active Dystopia

Author(s): Jack Palmer / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2022

In this article, I argue that dystopia also has an ambivalently “active” function in Bauman’s sociology. Across his work, as a counter-image to the “active utopia” of socialism, the traces of the “active dystopia” can be tracked, defined as a pointed elucidation of the possibilities for barbarism latent within the present, the clearest expression of which is presented in Modernity and the Holocaust (1989). The article proceeds roughly in three steps. Firstly, I revisit the arguments in Bauman’s foundational cultural and critical sociology that developed alongside his revisionist reading of Marxism in the 1960s and 1970s, on epistemologies of the future, common sense and the limitations of the predictive ambitions of social science. Then, I develop a particular focus on an unpublished, though essential, typescript entitled “Is the Science of the Possible Possible?”, suggesting that it is usefully read in terms of the emphasis on possibility and potentiality in Modernity and the Holocaust. Throughout these sections, I intersperse a reading of Modernity and the Holocaust in the light of this foundational work, presenting it as an exemplary form of critical sociology as active dystopia, which elucidates the possibility for barbarism residing within modern societies. Finally, I consider how his thinking situates him in a lineage of critical thought animated by the “active dystopia”, arguing that what is often mistaken for gloominess and pessimism is, in fact, a crucial resource for sociology in its speculative imagination of possible futures.

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Non-adaequatio: negatyvioji dialektika tarp Kanto ir Hegelio

Author(s): Audrius Pocius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 103/2023

The aim of this article is to frame Adorno’s concept of ‘nonidentity’ in the context of German idealism, namely, the philosophies of Kant and Hegel. The thesis to be defended is that “Secularization of Metaphysics” entails relinquishing, as well as prolongation of the German idealist tradition. The argument is developed in the following steps: 1) the constitution of an autonomous transcendental subject is shown to be rooted in the idea of Enlightenment; 2) by reconstructing Adorno’s conception of truth as non-adaequatio, I claim that Adorno’s philosophy is conducted from the perspective of the end of philosophy; 3) the sociohistorical character of the concept of ‘nonidentity’ is discussed in relation to Adorno’s understanding of history; 4) the concept of ‘nonidentity’ is discussed as implying a continuation of the Kantian project on a metacritical level; 5) Adorno’s critique of Kant is reconstructed in the context of Hegel’s Faith and Knowledge.

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The Supremacy of IBE over Bayesian Conditionalization

Author(s): Seungbae Park / Language(s): English Issue: 103/2023

Van Fraassen does not merely perform Bayesian conditionalization on his pragmatic theory of scientific explanation; he uses inference to the best explanation (IBE) to justify it, contrary to what Prasetya thinks. Without first using IBE, we cannot carry out Bayesian conditionalization, contrary to what van Fraassen thinks. The argument from a bad lot, which van Fraassen constructs to criticize IBE, backfires on both the pragmatic theory and Bayesian conditionalization, pace van Fraassen and Prasetya.

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Educational Perspective: AI, Deep Learning, and Creativity

Author(s): Augustinas Dainys,Linas Jašinauskas / Language(s): English Issue: 103/2023

Can artificial intelligence (AI) teach and learn more creatively than humans? The article analyses deep learning theory, which follows a deterministic model of learning, since every intellectual procedure of an artificial agent is supported by concrete neural connections in an artificial neural network. Meanwhile, human creative reasoning follows a non-deterministic model. The article analyses Bayes’ theorem, in which a reasoning system makes judgments about the probability of future events based on events that have happened to it. Meillassoux’s open probability and M. A. Boden’s three types of creativity are discussed. A comparison is made between the a priori algorithm of the Turing machine and a playing child, who invents new a posteriori algorithms while playing. The Heideggerian perspective on the co-creativity of humans and thinking machines is analyzed. The authors conclude that humans have an open horizon for teaching and learning, and that makes them superior with respect to creativity in an educational perspective.

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Mirties varos teorija kaip spekuliatyviosios filosofijos modelis: Landas, Brassieras, Negarestani ir Bataille’us

Author(s): Linartas Tuomas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 103/2023

This paper deals with Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of the death drive from the perspective of speculative philosophy. For this purpose, three philosophers have been chosen: Nick Land, Ray Brassier, and Reza Negarestani. I claim that they gradually radicalised the Freudian thought: Land expanded it to capitalist economy and terrestrial geotrauma; Brassier shifted it towards a solar catastrophe and the prospect of extinction; Negarestani incorporated it into the exteriority of cosmic contingency. This way, Freud’s legacy emerges as a transcendental, epistemological and speculative instrument to tackle Meillassoux’s problem of correlation. I consider why this trajectory has ceased: I suggest a hypothesis that Bataille’s influence has not been overcome, especially in the case of Negarestani. I offer several vectors, according to which, Bataille could serve as an opportunity for openness to the Outside and a chance to continue the trajectory of the speculative death drive. I suggest that it is possible to reconsider Bataille as one of the precursors to the contemporary speculative thought.

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On Necessary Individuals and Ways (sic!) for Them to Be: Celebrating 10-Year Anniversary of Modal Logic as Metaphysics

Author(s): Pranciškus Gricius,Timothy Williamson / Language(s): English Issue: 103/2023

Timothy Williamson, the Wykeham Professor of Logic at the University of Oxford, is one of the leading figures in the contemporary analytic philosophy. His areas of research include philosophy of language, epistemology, logic, metaphysics, and metaphilosophy. Professor Williamson has authored over two hundred articles and numerous books, including such modern classics as Vagueness (Routledge 1994), Knowledge and its Limits (Oxford, 2000), The Philosophy of Philosophy (Wiley-Blackwell 2007, 2nd up-dated ed. 2021), and Modal Logic as Metaphysics (Oxford, 2013).

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Plato’s Critique of Scientific Management in Charmides

Author(s): Kenneth Knies / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

I discover resources in Plato’s Charmides for a critique of management as a form of knowledge. After interpreting in a practical register Critias’ idea of a science that would comprehend all sciences without understanding any of their objects (166c – 175a), I argue that the paradoxes with which Socrates confronts this idea can be overcome. With reference to F.W. Taylor’s Principles of Scientific Management, I show how this overcoming depends upon transforming productive activity so that it no longer requires the knowledge of products that characterizes techne. As Socrates foresaw, a science that has all ways of working as its object must have somehow expropriated work of its own proper objects.

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REBIS - THE HERMETIC ANDROGYNOUS

Author(s): Carmen Ioana Popa / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 21/2020

Through this study, we intend to make a presentation of the steps required to obtain the hermetic androgynous - the rebis. The alchemical creation presents the transmutation and the alchemist accelerates the growth of the metals in the uterus, matrix. He wants to evade from the laws of Time in order to obtain the Philosopher's Stone. Opus magnum, the transmutation of matter include several stages, matter must suffer, die and be reborn. The phases of the alchemical process include: nigredo - stage in which the prima materia is the massa confusa and the matter is decomposed (separatio); the second stage is washing – ablutio and the blackened matter is bleached, after the matter passes through rubedo, the phase of yellowing (citrinitas), later followed by albedo. Prima materia, aqua permanens and ignis noster lead to the creation of the hermetic androgynous. From the hierogamy between the Sun and the Moon arises filius philosophorum, the rebis. Mercurius includes in himself the Sun and the Moon, being depicted sitting on the chaos, and is called rebis, hermaphroditus, monstrum. The philosopher's stone appears as a result of the conjunction between Sulfur and Mercury, Salt being the astro-mental shell.

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THE TRUTH AND LAWS OF HISTORY

Author(s): Eleonora Rodica Iordache / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 21/2020

Normativity represents an epistemological reference of the science of history, defined by the existence of laws, principles, leading to the scientific truth. The present study debates upon the cognoscibility of the history’s truth, starting from the neo-classical theories – the correspondence and the coherence theory of truth. The relation between historical facts and scientifically truth relay on the following: the historical research is based on sources; the cultural paradigm and subjectivity of the researcher may influence, but they certainly do not determine the historical truth. Normativity in history is defined by the theory of the historical cycles, with reference to a metaphysical structure of history or by the theory of historical series.

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Трансценденталният вход в постглобалното

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Трансценденталният вход в постглобалното

Author(s): Valentin Kanawrow / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

The post-global is a synthetic project of being with existential vectors. It concerns the essence of human existence. It is here a priori theorized, traced transcendentally, and ontologized in the necessary unity of human experience. The post-global is a cyclical relative ontologem, a transition from a global age to an age that does not have yet a clarified being-generating essence. It represents the immanent decay of a certain age. In this case: the collapse of the ontology of the spirit. That is why ideologies are extant in it above all. The post-global is a permanent dynamic between a passing type of globalism, the current decline and an absent to-be, which, however, has an inter-epochal scale. It is marked by retrograde forces and influences. The post-global does not and cannot have its own name. Therefore, it is a gap in which only alienation reigns. Kant’s transcendental project, developed in a non-conservative formal-rational perspective, offers a possibility of an ontological balancing of the post-global in an existential horizon.

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Modernizace české filozofie na základě zvýznamnění pojmu osoby je personalismus Ferdinanda Pelikána a Karla Vorovky formou individualismu?

Author(s): Lenka Hanovská / Language(s): Czech Issue: 01/2021

This study deals with the concept of person in the works of Ferdinand Pelikán and Karel Vorovka, two major theorists of Czech philosophy in the Interwar Era. It shows that their frequent use of the term ‘person’ and their focus on individuality were directly linked to the then ongoing process of modernisation of philosophy throughout Europe. The aim of this study is to check whether Vorovka’s and Pelikán’s effort to base modern philosophy on the concept of person was due to a growing influence of individualism, that is, whether it is a form of this direction of thought. Verification of this initial hypothesis is based on analysing the reception and interpretation of the importance of the concept of person in the two authors’ texts published in the Ruch filosofický journal. The study reconstructs the concept with respect to inquiry into the sense in which a person is crucial in its singularity as an individual. The individualism that is to be evaluated is initially specified according to the T.G. Masaryk’s definition and subsequently verified using a reconstruction of the concept of person. The expressed views of person/individuality are assessed within European, Czech, and historical contexts. Interpretation of the concept of person in the philosophy of Ferdinand Pelikán and Karel Vorovka leads to a reflection upon a distinct period in the history of Czech philosophy and offers an evaluation of the presence and level of individualism in the tradition of Czech modern thought.

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MIĘDZY PRAKTYKĄ ŻYCIA A ĆWICZENIEM DUCHOWYM NOWOCZESNE HORYZONTY WOLNOŚCI OBYWATELSKIEJ

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MIĘDZY PRAKTYKĄ ŻYCIA A ĆWICZENIEM DUCHOWYM NOWOCZESNE HORYZONTY WOLNOŚCI OBYWATELSKIEJ

Author(s): Mariola Kuszyk-Bytniewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

In the third decade of the twentieth century, Max Scheler claimed that his time was the fi rst in which man became thoroughly and completely problematic to himself. A hundred years later, the same can be said of human freedom and citizenship, which have not only become problematic, but have never been understood and problematized in as many ways as they are today. The article is an analysis of the divergence in the culture of the Western world of two concepts of freedom: internal freedom associated with individual feeling and awareness of it, and political freedom, exercised through presence and action in a common public space. The paper is also an attempt to trace the consequences of the separation in question in the sphere of citizenship. Does the gap between lived freedom, lulled by its past economic and social success, and political freedom, which can be exercised in action and which now, as a result of the hasty acceptance of modernity, is susceptible to resistance to the unknown, shape attitudes towards citizenship today? These are the questions the article seeks to address. Moreover, the considerations prompt the thesis that the dominant factor depreciating the awareness of the importance of freedom in today’s world is the political culture promoting the model of citizen and citizenship based primarily on internal freedom, which Sartre called “Cartesian freedom.”

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Rozszerzone systemy poznawcze i teleepistemologia. Na kanwie lektury książki Kena Goldberga „The Robot in the Garden. Telerobotics and Telepistemology in the Age of Internet”

Author(s): Józef Dębowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2022

Most of the analysis and themes in this article were inspired by Ken Goldberg’s book The Robot in the Garden… (Ken Goldberg (ed.), Robot in the Garden. Telerobotics and Telepistemology in the Age of Internet, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 2001). This concerns in particular the various extensions of the human cognitive system, the possibility and fact of cognition at a distance, and the new philosophical subdiscipline, which is teleepistemology nowadays. The main theme, however, is older, more fundamental, and independent of Goldberg and the Telegarden experiment he describes. It is the fear of the era of universal, interactive hallucination – the fear of escape from the real world towards various virtual environments, the fear of full immersion into the world of the Matrix. It is for this reason that, for several decades, I have been looking for better and better definitions of source cognition, and the issue of the sourceness and limits of source knowledge, invariably, is in my opinion the greatest challenge of any epistemology: in every its variation and at every stage of its development.

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Hegelovo razumevanje psihologije

Author(s): Marica Rajković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 37/2022

The aim of this paper is to present the key characteristics and specifics of Hegel's understanding of psychology. The basic topic and starting point of this entire research is Hegel's concept according to which psychology should not be "a science of the soul", as it has been constituted throughout its history, but "a science of the spirit". This starting point also means a complete reversal of the meaning and goals of psychology, which instead of the emotional side should deal with spiritual phenomena and the spiritual structure of consciousness. In that way, psychological processes and the methodology of their examination get a completely different basis and structure, which could've completely changed the course of the historical development of psychology as an independent discipline. The idea that psychology is a science based on wrong foundations (and that its authentic subject should be different) should be understood not so much as an irreparable mistake, but as a possibility that both philosophy and psychology still have not lost.

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