Budowanie wspólnoty podróży na przykładzie zjawiska carpoolingu – analiza komunikatów na stronach internetowych i forach dyskusyjnych poświęconych tematyce współdzielenia przejazdów

Author(s): Beata Duda / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is devoted to the analysis of messages produced by the users of websites and message boards concerned with carpooling, i.e. sharing free places in one’s car for monetary compensation, in order to characterize and delineate the boundaries of a new travel community, which, in turn, allows to discover the characteristics of its discourse. The author presents discursively crucial characteristics of this phenomenon arising in the process of building a community that exists at the intersection between two worlds: virtual and digital. Moreover, the author points to the economic, communication and community‑forming aspects of carpooling in the context of the dominant discourses on the communication map: public and media‑oriented.

O podróżowaniu i kibicowaniu przed telewizorem, czyli kolarska podróż przez Europę

Author(s): Beata Grochala / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article touches upon the issue of sports commentary during the TV broadcast of the cycling competition Tour de France. The author focuses on those elements of the commentary which are directly related to traveling, i.e. the descriptions of landscape, landmarks, nature, which comprise a significant portion of the commentary. The commentators, then, combine sports commentary with an account of traveling across France, which, in turn, creates an uncommon, individualized broadcast, while the Tour de France commentary cannot be called a straightforward sports commentary.

Czego możemy się dowiedzieć o języku mieszkańców Czarnego Lądu na podstawie „Listów z Afryki” Henryka Sienkiewicza?

Author(s): Danuta Kowalska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is to reconstruct the image of African languages presented in „Listy z Afryki” [„Letters from Africa”] by Henryk Sienkiewicz and to analyze the language consciousness of the writer in the context of historical and comparative linguistics, which experienced a period of rapid development at the end of the 19th century. „Letters from Africa” abound in meta‑linguistic digressions regarding the roots of Swahili, language migration, mutual linguistic influences and the resulting appearance of loan words. Moreover, the book includes commentary on the topic of genealogical relationships of languages, the proto‑language and language families. Sienkiewicz, according to the commonplace 19th century beliefs regarding language, understood that language reflects the culture of a particular nation and constitutes the distinguishing element which characterizes different ethnic groups according to their nationality and occupied territory. His attention to detail and dedication to realism, then, necessitates the introduction of various foreign proper names and other words, characteristic phrases or sayings, meant to familiarize the Polish reader with the realities of Africa.

Językowe sposoby opisywania (przybliżania) obcej rzeczywistości w „Listach z podróży do Ameryki” Henryka Sienkiewicza

Author(s): Magdalena Pietrzak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

“Listy z podróży do Ameryki” [„Letters from the Journey to America”] by Henryk Sienkiewicz constitute an example of a travelogue — popular 19th century literary form — which significantly contributed to the development of the genre. The aim of the article is to analyze the tendencies in descriptions of the American reality, foreign to the average reader of „Letters”. In the course of functional and genre analysis, the author has been able to determine that „Letters” are more concerned with the aesthetic factor than the information factor, characteristic of practical genres. This aestheticization can be seen predominantly in the use of the elements of the literary style (metaphors, sensory detail, epithets, similes).

Pande(me)mia – o strategiach migracyjnych memu internetowego w ujęciu genologicznym

Author(s): Alicja Bronder / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the migration strategies of the internet meme in linguistic genre perspective. This particular genre has been growing in popularity among the Internet users, while at the same time retaining its characteristic architecture, which makes it possible to establish a fairly consistent standard. Its commonality in the cyberspace is influenced by, among others, the way it migrates and disseminates among the Internet users, illustrated through the metaphor of the virus. This viral nature of the meme, which becomes almost pandemic in media communication which reaches across cultural and spatial borders, manifests itself in the unique constellation of text‑formation elements, whose organization enhances to construct of the message and decides the genre, as well as in the particular sender‑receiver combination. The differentiation of particular genre characteristics remains key for the present analysis, as those characteristics enable the deployment of the abovementioned viral migration strategy. The research material – which comprises texts available on the most popular Polish internet websites – is analyzed through the lens of textual and linguistic genre analysis, which allows to emphasize the characteristics of the pattern, which are based on the idea of constant dynamic movement and migration.

Synteza dziejów polszczyzny a możliwości integracji badań

Author(s): Stanisław Borawski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Metoda czy metodologia? Współczesne potrzeby historii języka

Author(s): Magdalena Pastuch / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author brings up important, from her point of view, problems of the history of language as a linguistic discipline. There are as follows: time and thematic limits, the question of links between historical linguistics and other scientific disciplines (interdisciplinarity, transdisciplinarity, complementarity) and the matters regarding a possibility to apply basic linguistic paradigm in historical research. The reflexion refers also to the method and methodology which are hard to differentiate in this kind of studies.

Pytając o zmianę językową. Językoznawstwo historyczne a socjolingwistyka

Author(s): Joanna Przyklenk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Joanna Przyklenk in her article devoted to the relations between historical linguistics and sociolinguistics focuses on three main issues. Firstly, she presents several ideas that are common to both disciplines. Secondly, the strong link between historical and social attitude in linguistics is considered in the shape of historical sociolinguistics, subdiscipline whose beginnings are dated back to 1980s in the West. In the paper its roots, theoretical background and the current state of research are discussed. Thirdly, the author takes an attempt to characterize the contemporary Polish studies, trying to describe these works in the context of the foregoing periodizations of the Polish studies on language history. Detecting an inspiration in historical sociolinguistics for Polish-oriented investigation, she points out these areas of diachronic enquiry that thanks to socio-lingual view could develop historical linguistics itself.

Nowe perspektywy i zadania historii języka polskiego

Author(s): Mirosława Siuciak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Studying history of language is the oldest area of linguistics, as its beginnings can be traced back to the 19th century. Hence, it has functioned and developed under changing scientific paradigms, adopting their methods of description and ways of approaching research material. The subject of interest in the discipline is particularly broad, as it encompasses the entirety of texts and phenomena that appeared in the past. The description of linguistic phenomena in broad cultural and social context remains the main objective of historical linguistics; as a result, it benefits from the insights provided by many disciplines such as history, sociology, communication studies, cultural studies, and literary criticism. The 21st century brought new opportunities for the development of historical linguistics, which was enabled by two factors: development of digital technologies and the Internet and emergence of new research methods. The former has widened the access to historical material thanks to digital libraries and the development of electronic dictionaries which register lexical resources in different stages of language evolution. The latter has made it possible to present a new synthesis of the history of Polish from the perspective of such disciplines as historical sociolinguistics, linguistic genre studies, and communication studies.

Genologia historyczna – stan, perspektywy, konteksty

Author(s): Maria Wojtak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article presents historical genre studies as one of the sub-disciplines practiced within philology, and rooted theoretically in general genre studies, as it takes over from this source the conceptual apparatus and the agreed and/or disputable theoretical problems and the methods of their solving accessible at a given time. Being a part of genre studies, it draws inspiration from a few disciplines that have already been annexed by this discipline, i.e. from textual studies, stylistics or discourse analysis, yet extending the scope of connections with history of the language. The primary object of research of the genre studies mainstream under discussion is genres of speech analyzed from the historical perspective. Detailed issues may appear in different aspects. Researchers of historical phenomena focus especially on the following problems: 1) origin (in this case, origin of genres), 2) processes of crystallization of their patterns, 3) temporally embedded metamorphoses, 4) circumstances (including causes) of changes (especially the cultural context), 5) (evolutionary or sudden) nature of transformations. Epistemic paths may be arranged in diverse configurations. A pretty expressive issue comprises history of a particular genre of speech or a set of genres related to history of a given cultural (discursive) community.

Między stałością a zmiennością. Translokacje elementów kategorii językowych

Author(s): Aleksandra Janowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In this article the author pays particular attention to the issue of translocation of elements of linguistic category. It is about the language units, which are either the residues of an old category, or they lose the relation with the primary set despite its existence. Hence, the writer is interested in the approach to language evolution in the light of [through the prism of] processes related to ripping off the units that belong to a given category. The study over the possibility of analysed transformations, determination of necessary conditions for their coming into existence, or the analysis of the reasons for the assimilations [becoming similar] (to the basic source of translocation), and, ultimately, systematising the existing knowledge will allow to make an interesting description plane of ensuing language transformations; the plane which is more different than ever, and yet diachronic in its nature.

Intelektualizacja i jej pochodne: standaryzacja oraz grafizacja jako czynniki kształtujące polszczyznę literacką w początkach ery typograficznej

Author(s): Tomasz Lisowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The typographic era of the Polish language beginned 1521 and 1522. In 1522 „Żywot Pana Jezu Krysta” was published twice in two competitive publishing houses in Cracow. These two editions are the textual basis of the paper. The typographical technology increased the pace of intellectualization of Polish. As result of the process the pace of standardization and graphization of Polish was increased as well. Intellectualization, i.e. increase of the functional efficiency of Polish, should be regarded as the causative predominant feature of gradual transformations of the standard language of that time. Standardization and graphization of Polish should be recognized as subordinate factors towards intellectualization. In beginnings of the typographical era, both complementary effects of intellectualization entered the new phase along with the publication of the first Polish printed books which were addressed to the wide range of readers becoming a good for sale. The analysis of two editions of „Żywot Pana Jezu Krysta” shows that in 1522 there were two diverse so-called particularistic norms, i.e. the diverse catalogues of standard solutions depended on the publishing houses. The hierarchy of the factors presented in the paper should be taken into consideration when the description of transformation of the Polish language at the beginning of the typographical era is intended.

Elektroniczny korpus tekstów polskich XVII i XVIII wieku (do 1772 roku)

Author(s): Renata Bronikowska,Aldona Przyborska-Szulc / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Renata Bronikowska and Aldona Przyborska-Szulc present „The electronic corpus of 17th and 18th century Polish texts (up to 1772)” which is being created in the Institute of Polish Language, Polish Academy of Sciences. The first part of the text is devoted to the sources included in the corpus. The authors discuss the types of collected texts and metadata by which they are characterized. They also show the geographical representation of the sources. The second part describes different types of annotation and tools which support works on the corpus.

Rękopis w warsztacie historyka języka, filologa i wydawcy – reguła czy wyjątek?

Author(s): Anna Just,Monika Opalińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This paper discusses the relevance of manuscript studies in historical-linguistic and philological analyses of medieval texts. The aim is to show that in the process of textual edition many pivotal aspects of a source text may be lost, ommitted or inadequately transmitted. Examples of such editorial omissions come from Old and Middle English, and Middle High German metrical renditions of „Pater noster”. It is argued that an analysis of a medieval text must crucially involve studying its manuscript context.

O źródłach metajęzykowych w badaniach nad zwerbalizowaną świadomością językową minionych epok

Author(s): Krzysztof Maćkowiak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article characterizes documents that are useful in the reconstruction of the old language of thought. One can distinguish among them the source material (this is a legacy of the author or period, the status of linguistic awareness is extracted from it on the basis of the analysis of the specific forms of written documents) and metalanguage sources (these are texts expressing a direct attitude to the language). The body of the article fills the description of the latter sources. The author deals with two issues. Firstly, he presents a typology of metalanguage sources. Secondly, he discusses specific variables interpretation useful in the process of explication.

Słowniki jako źródło do badań historycznojęzykowych

Author(s): Jolanta Migdał,Agnieszka Piotrowska-Wojaczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

A starting point for the considerations presented in the article are the words by Stanisław Urbańczyk who in „Encyklopedia języka polskiego” („Encyclopaedia of the Polish Language”) writes that the task of historical dictionaries is “to depict Polish vocabulary of previous epochs” and “enable researchers to study the development of lexical resources of the Polish language”. The authors are convinced that those two opinions must be extended to include all and not only historical dictionaries. Each stock of words can provide material for historical linguistic studies, especially for the study into lexis, its history, formation and development. In order to corroborate the above thesis, the authors provide the selected examples of scholarly activities which are based on different dictionaries.

Rola źródeł historycznojęzykowych we współczesnych badaniach etymologicznych

Author(s): Jadwiga Waniakowa / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Thanks to the Internet and electronic media the etymologists today have easier access to historical-linguistic, dialectal and onomastic sources as well as to etymological dictionaries. They also better access to many etymological monographs and studies. Moreover, today the etymologist has no problems making use of analogous materials published in foreign languages, the obtaining of which in the past had posed a major problem. This will clearly accelerate progress in etymological research, thereby opening up new vistas for etymology.

Polskie tradycjonalizmy

Author(s): Agnieszka Piela / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The basic aim of the article lies in the presentation of selected word combinations taken from the modern Polish language (phrasemes, paroemias, juxtapositions, terms) comprising archaic language signs of various types (phonetic, word formation, inflection, lexical, semantical and syntactical archaisms). Such word combinations are called by me as traditionalisms (in opposition to word combinations which do not possess archaic language forms).

O potrzebie badań nad frazeologią historyczną

Author(s): Lidia Przymuszała / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is a synthetic overview of the current state of research in the field of historical phraseology. Its purpose is to present some trends and directions dominating in the work on the historical phraseology and indication of the most pressing research needs. The text also includes the description of selected literature about range touched in the title.

Metaforyzacja wartości w dawnej polszczyźnie – konwencjonalność ujęć na przykładzie metafory pojęcie to roślina wyrażonej leksemem kwiat (z derywatami)

Author(s): Beata Raszewska-Żurek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The object of the analysis consists in the metaphorical representation of the concepts-values of the mental sphere in the Old Polish and Middle Polish periods in the plant category. The metaphor a concept is a plant is realised by the use of various words of the lexical field of the plant; I analysed the metaphors which feature the lexeme kwiat [flower] (and its derivatives). The purpose of the article is to direct the reader’s attention to the richness of the realisation of the plant metaphor which represents values in the early ages, to the set of concepts which are thus represented, to the possible relationship of this metaphor with evaluation and a glimpse at its permanence in the Polish language. The metaphor a concept is a plant featuring the lexeme kwiat in the early Polish language was used to refer to concepts which represented various spheres of life – ethical, social, folk values, as well as anti-values, referring above all to the sphere of morality. Therefore the metaphor was used to represent concepts regardless of the evaluations which were ascribed to these concepts. With the course of the development of culture and due to the change of thinking about the world the way the lexemes used in the metaphor a concept is a plant, their frequency and the concepts themselves changed but the plant as a source domain of metaphors continues to be viable in the Polish language.