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DEMOCRATIC ELEMENTS IN TRADITIONAL YORUBA SOCIETY AS A BASIS FOR THE CULTURE OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA AND THE GLOBAL SOCIAL ORDER

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DEMOCRATIC ELEMENTS IN TRADITIONAL YORUBA SOCIETY AS A BASIS FOR THE CULTURE OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA AND THE GLOBAL SOCIAL ORDER

Author(s): Olatunji A. Oyeshile / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

The paper examines democratic concepts or elements in traditional Yoruba society and their implications for the culture of democracy in Africa and the social order at the global level. One of the major problems confronting African states is the problem of governance. Political crises have metamorphosed into problems of ethnic conflict, war, corruption, economic stagnation, social disorder and paucity of sustainable development in Africa and these crises have also resulted in global disequilibrium. This paper revisits traditional Yoruba society, with a special emphasis on the democratic elements. It adopts as its theoretical framework some aspects of the traditional Yoruba socio-ethical values to underscore the importance of democratic elements based on communal values. Such concepts as ifowosowopo (cooperation), agbajo owo (solidarity), amumora (toler-ance), and ilosiwaju (progress) are examined to point up their roles in addressing the crisis of (democratic) governance. The paper establishes that the inbuilt democratic elements, based on social ethical values, helped to sustain governance in traditional Yoruba society. It is concluded that democratic elements are much more important than democracy itself.

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Meditacija i kreativnost

Author(s): Ksenija Popadić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 11/2016

This paper is a pioneering attempt to draw attention to the connection between meditation and creativity. The author compares the creative process to the process of meditation. Meditation, just like the creative process, results in a piece of creative work, which informs us about the possibility of using meditation as a creative technique with the aim of improving our creativity. The first part of the paper defines the basic concepts: creativity and meditation. The paper goes on to inform us about the place that meditation takes in contemporary psychology. The author explains that various kinds of meditation techniques can be divided into two groups: concentration meditations and mindfulness (or vipassana) meditations. The paper gives special attention to higher states of consciousness or the so called flow that can be described as the optimal state of consciousness in which levels of cognitive functioning are at the maximum. There are also examples illustrating how the skills that help us get into the flow state are developed. The conclusion is that meditation directly increases one’s ability to assess the quality of the content one is dealing with, whether it is by observing, using or creating it. Although this area has not been the subject of scientific studies so far, based on some case studies (involving meditation masters), it can be confidently stated that there is a clear connection between meditation and creativity, meaning that people who meditate regularly are at the same time increasing their creative abilities and creative output.

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MODEL İLE ENGAGEMENT ARASINDA DİN FELSEFESİ: Abdulkerim Süruş Örneği Üzerinden Bir Tartışma

Author(s): Recep Alpyağıl / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 19/2009

In this article, it is assumed that there is a searching tendency, methodological, in the philosophy of religion; and it is more moderate way to appreciate the modern philosophical paradigms as a model -not just as an engagement. The problem is exemplified in Abdolkarim Soroush' thought that we could discuss him more objective way.

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ARİSTOTELES, STOACILAR VE İBN RÜŞD’ÜN KIYASA BAKIŞI

Author(s): İbrahim Çapak / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 19/2009

This paper examines the main ideas on syllogism in the logical systems of Aristotle, Stoics and Averroes. Aristotle, is the first philosopher who formulated a system of logic. . He influenced many philosophers in this respect in the subsequent centuries. Aristotle gives an extreme importance to establishing the proof through syllogism which consists of two propositions or premises and conclusion. Aristotle investigates categorical and component syllogistic but not conditional one. According to Aristotle, there are three forms of syllogism. Stoics examine conditional syllogism. According to the latter, conditional syllogism consists of disjunctive and hypothetical syllogisms. Averroes is the most important of the commentators of Aristotle. However, he examines categorical and conditional syllogisms, too.

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Xiao Jing 孝經 – wczesne znaczenie pojęcia xiao 孝 i tłumaczenie tekstu

Author(s): Katarzyna Pejda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2019

The paper contains translation of Confucian classical text Xiao Jing into Polish with analysis of early meaning of xiao, usually translated into English as a “filial piety.” Loving and caring for one parents while they are alive and offer sacrifices after their death is the core meaning of xiao. A person who learnt to obey and care for parents is able to extend that feeling to others outside the family. That makes xiao the root of ren — an exemplary behaviour towards all people. Hence learning how to behave in xiao way is first stage of Confucian self-developement. Traditionally ascribed to Confucius’ student Zengzi, Xiao Jing provides short but important insight into one of Confucian core ethical concepts.

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İBN SİNA SONRASI BİR KIYAS TARİHİNE DOĞRU: RESCHER’IN ARAP MODAL MANTIĞI İLE İLGİLİ ÇALIŞMALARI ÜZERİNE NOTLAR

Author(s): Tony Street,İbrahim Çapak / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 13/2006

İbn Sina (ö. 1037) İslam felsefe geleneğinde en büyük mantıkçılar arasında yer alır. O konunun bütün alanlarıyla ilgili bir çok farklı metinde önemli katkılarda bulunmuştur. Bu metinlerin çoğu özellikle el-İşârât ve’tTenbihât’ta mantıkla ilgili olan on nehic ve eş-Şifa’dan mantık kitapları, İslam ülkelerinde sonraki mantıkçıların çalışmalarında hareket noktası olmuştur.1 Kesinlikle her ortaçağ Arap mantık tarihi, İbn Sina’nın kendisinden sonra gelen ilim adamlarına etkisinin tabiatına yer vermeye büyük özen gösterir.

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KLASİK ESER [DE ANİMA] OKUYUCUSU VE ŞARİHİ OLARAK İBN RÜŞD

Author(s): Atilla Arkan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 12/2005

İbn Ruchd is one of the important readers and commentators of Aristotelian philosophical classical books. This study, firstly, aims to explain that why Aristotle’s De Anima is perceived as one of main classical book regarding psychology by Muslim philosophers. De Anima determines basic subjects and problems of psychology and builds explanatory concepts and theories within logical consistency. Beside that De Anima tries to solve the main problems of human beings such as the meaning of life, freedom, justice and happiness. Further, for Ibn Ruchd, Aristotelian philosophical literature gives the opportunity to establish an harmonious and consistent human understanding. As a part of this literature, De Anima plays an essential role in constructing the relations among God, the nature and human beings. Ibn Ruchd’s three commentaries on De Anima are different attempts and examples of understanding and commenting. Therefore, this study tries to determine the characteristics of these commentaries from the perspective of writing gender and evaluation. Finally this study tries to determine the techniques of Ibn Ruchd which he uses in his commentaries, and general principles which he considers very seriously. Considering these general principles, some of the differences between Aristotle and Ibn Ruchd may be understood very well.

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GAZÂLÎ’NİN MANTIK VE DİNİ OLMAYAN İLİMLERE BAKIŞI

Author(s): Michael E. Marmura,İbrahim Çapak / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 11/2005

Diğer şeyler arasında, Gazâlî’nin (ö.1111) dini ve entelektüel kariyeri, onun bağlı olduğu Eş’ari kelam okulu tarihinin dönüm noktasını oluşturur. Bu okul, dönemin önde gelen kelam ekolü olan Mutezile’nin bir mensubu olarak kariyerine başlayan fakat daha sonra Mutezilenin temel prensiplerine aykırı bir teoloji ortaya koyarak geliştiren Eş’ari (ö.324/935) tarafından kurulmuştur. Halefleri yoluyla Eş’arilik, yavaş yavaş hakim kelam okulu olma gücünü elde etmiştir.

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EBİ SALT DANİ’NİN MODALİTE ANLAYIŞI

Author(s): İbrahim Çapak / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 10/2004

This study explores the modal propositions and modal syllogisms of Ebi Salt Dani (d. 579/1134), a contemporary of Ghazzali. Contrary to the approaches of most of the logicians in Islam, he considers discussion of the modal syllogisms important and examines in details all kind of modal syllogisms and displayed their tables. It starts with his survey of all types of modal proposition, which can be classified in four main categories: absolute, possible, necessary, impossible. It gives Ebi Salt Dani’s definition of absolute, possible, necessary and impossible propositions

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İSLÂM DÜNYASINDAKİ İLK MANTIK ÇALIŞMALARINA GENEL BAKIŞ

Author(s): İbrahim Çapak / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 9/2004

This study examines the introduction of logic into the Islamic world and the studies of early Muslim logicians. The introduction of logic into Islamic world was very important for development of Islamic sciences. Logicians such as Huneyn b. İshak translated Aristoteles’s works (Organon) and Porpyrios’s Isagogie into Arabic. With their translation, the study of logic became popular in the Islamic world. Following these translations, Muslim philosophers such as Kindi, Ikhwan al-Safa, Farabi and Ibn Sina produced original works on logic. This study presents their approaches to logic and gives the list of their works.

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İBN HAZM GÖZÜYLE SÜNNET -el-İHKÂM ÖZELİNDE-

Author(s): Mehmet Özşenel / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 6/2002

Ibn Hazm (d. 456/1064) an erudite and exceptional Zahiri (literalist) scholar of Andalus is a prominent thinker who had an influence on the later developments of Islamic thought with his works and style. His oppinions on the prophetic tradition (sunnah and hadith) have an essential position in understanding of his methodology and system which derived from the literal interpretation of the texts. In this respect, his approaches to the prophetic traditions give us interesting clues in understanding the zahiri mentality. This article aims briefly to present the essential ideas of Ibn Hazm on the prophetic tradition, and follow the sign of zahiri mentality in these ideas with special reference to his important methodological work al-Ihkam.

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İBN RÜŞD’ÜN AKIL TEORİSİ VE ESKİ ŞARİHLER

Author(s): Arthur Hyman,Atilla Arkan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 6/2002

1981 yılında yayınlanan “Aristo’nun Akıl teorisinin Şarihi olarak İbn Rüşd”1 isimli bir makalede, belirli Aristo uzmanlarına karşı, İbn Rüşd’ün akıl tasvirinin basitçe felsefî ve kelamî fikirlerin bir karışımı olmadığını göstermeye teşebbüs ettim.

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A short summary of Ibn Gabirol’s Fons Vitae Book One

Author(s): Timo Schmitz / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2018

Ibn Gabirol Fons Vitae is one of the most renowned books of medieval Jewish Neoplatonism which is dedicated to the matter of true knowledge of the world and its substances. In this paper, we want to summarize the thought process of Ibn Gabirol as the work is very profound, it shall be a help for all students of Ibn Gabirol’s philosophy to grasp his basic world outlook. All references are taken from the Jacob-translation.

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CONDIȚIA UMANĂ ALTERATĂ DREPT FORȚĂ PROPULSOARE (karma) A UNIVERSULUI. INTERDEPENDENȚA DINTRE COSMIC ȘI UMAN ÎN BUDHISMUL YOGĀCĀRA

Author(s): Ovidiu Cristian Nedu / Language(s): Romanian,Moldavian Issue: 1/2020

In Yogācara Buddhism, human being is not a simple occurrence within the Cosmos but rather an important wheel of the Cosmic mechanism. The Universe is driven by the Karmic force which is engendered by human afflicted (klia) experience. Human condition “fuels” the Universe with Karmic energy, thus maintaining its existence and dynamics. It is not as much as in the Judeo-Christian tradition, where the Universe exists for the sake of man, but neither as in the rough Materialistic outlooks, where the Universe could have existed devoid of humans, too. In Yogācara, the ultimate subject is the Cosmos and not the individual being; nevertheless, human beings are not mere accidental (āgantuka) apparitions within the Universe, but rather some of its major mechanisms, the ones which propel the Cosmos. Thus, the dependence is mutual: men appear in the Universe but, equally, they maintain into existence the Universe. The paper deals with the two major functioning mechanisms of the cosmic consciousness (ālayavijāna), the outflow (niyanda) and the karmic maturation (vipāka), proving that the outflow can’t provide more than a limited continuity of a particular manifestation. The perpetuity of the cosmic consciousness is possible only through the karmic maturation mechanisms which always involve human affliction and human subjects.

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The Boundaries of Scriptural Cognition. The Examination of śruta-jñāna in its relation to mati-jñāna on the basis of Tattvârtha-sūtra-rāja-vārttika by Akalaṅka

Author(s): Małgorzata Glinicka / Language(s): English Issue: 41/2019

The aim of the article is to analyze the chosen passages of Akalaṅka’s Tattvârtha-sūtra-rāja-vārttika (8th c. CE) (mainly RVār 1.9, 20 and 26) in order to find an answer to a question: what are the boundaries of śruta-jñāna (‘scriptural cognition’), especially with reference to mati-jñāna’s (‘sensory cognition’) way of functioning? It aims at indicating particular aspects of relation between these two cognitions, basically the cause and effect order, the overlapping scopes of these two cognitions, a possibility of their erroneousness and various means of their attainment. These four issues could be taken into consideration in order to feature both of them in their mutual references. I attach the short analysis of Jinabhadra Gaṇi’s (6/7th c. CE) Viśeṣâvaśyaka-bhāṣya’s passages to shed light, in contrast, on the other Jain text – anteceding Akalaṅka’s treatise – in which this issue has been undertaken and thus to reveal rudimentary cohesion and coherence within the Jain system of thought.

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Is Our Perception Word-stained? The Analysis of Prameya-kamala-mārtaṇḍa 1.3. and 1.10

Author(s): Małgorzata Glinicka / Language(s): English Issue: 39/2018

The aim of the article is to analyse Prabhācandra’s treatise in Sanskrit entitled Prameya-kamala-mārtaṇḍa 1.3. and 1.10, one of the main Jain philosophical texts (11th c. CE), in order to investigate the author’s view on the relation between sensory and verbal cognition. Prabhācandra refers to the thought of Bhartrhari (5th c. CE), pioneer of the Indian philosophy of language, who formulated his original vision of the role of language in cognitive processes, as well as to the proponents of the monistic standpoint, who are considered to be his followers. The translation and interpretation of PKM’s passages are crucial to find an answer to the following questions: Is language for Prabhācandra necessary to make cognition complete? or: Are there any intersecting spheres of these two kinds of cognitions?

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Constructing a Moral Person in the Analects 論語 and Mengzi 孟子

Author(s): Katarzyna Pejda / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2020

In early Chinese philosophy, the concept of a unique individual separated from the outside world has no ontological basis. Every person is an open, interdependent construction, whose uniqueness can only be achieved and cannot be given. A person is an undetermined range and locus of experiences expressed through specific roles and relationships. In this article, the Author analyses such an understanding of the person in Confucian and Mencian thought. In Confucius’ philosophy, the junzi 君子 lives up to his status as long as he maintains ren 仁 relationships and displays proper emotions connected to ren. The author argues that, in the Analects, ren is a concept connected to the terms shu 恕, zhong 忠, yi 義 and li 禮. Ren may be interpreted as an ideal interaction that starts with an emphatic reaction towards another human being. Emphatic reactions, along with zhong—a sense of duty— is the basis for applying the situational moral norm yi and carrying it out according to li—the social norm. Ren behaviour is different for every person in every situation. It has to be learned and practised during the process of self-cultivation, xiushen 修身.Mencius’ moral theory is more complex, and concentrates on human nature and its features. According to this, human nature is shan 善, commonly translated as ‘good,’ because every person has four dispositions—emotions for developing ren, yi, li and zhi 智. Ren may be considered a virtue—it is not inborn, but has to be achieved and learned. Another skill required to be a sage was the understanding that every situation is unique, and that there is a right time to apply different norms—shizhong 詩中. Mencius’ thought is not simply an ethics of virtue, but it is also influenced by situational factors. Mencian moral behaviour is complex; not only does it require a deep understanding of oneself and the other, but also the use of all senses, sensitivity and creativity to deal with every situation in a different way. A sage, or a person who wants to become one, has to watch, listen, feel and understand every person and every situation. Moral cultivation in Mengzi’s thought is also a cultivation of the body’s qi 氣 (vigour or energy). Properly cultivated qi becomes haoran zhi qi 浩然之氣 (overflowing qi) and enables one’s body to have the zhi 志 (will) to follow its ren (heart/mind).

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The Esoteric Nature of Death Preparations in Taoism and Their Possible Sources

Author(s): Ewa Paśnik-Tułowiecka / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2020

Stephen Eskildsen has analysed a corpus of texts belonging to the Taoist tradition of internal alchemy, paying special attention to near-death meditations. Taking Eskildsen’s conclusions as the starting point, the main purpose of this paper is to show the similarities between death preparation techniques in Taoism (“entering the womb”, “changing the dwelling place” and “repelling killer demons”) and the esoteric practices of Tibetan Buddhism (The Six Yogas of Nāropa). The subject was chosen, firstly, because some of them were omitted by Eskildsen, and secondly because those similarities seem to be interesting in the context of establishing the possible sources of Taoist meditations. An attempt at analysing the origins of both sets of practices, and the relationships between them, led to the conclusion that the influence of Indian esoteric ideas on Chinese Taoism is highly probable. The author also noted that the breathing exercises that constitute the basis of all of the techniques in question are prior Buddhist influences, and thus the independent development of these practices is also possible. Such independent development may be considered interesting, as both Chinese and Tibetan techniques are based on a similar notion of mystical physiology, which subsequently could suggest some kind of universality.

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Vaiśeṣikos realizmas versus budizmo fenomenalizmas Kinijos budistiniuose tekstuose

Author(s): Tadas Snuviškis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 103/2020

This article discusses the significant topic of Indian Philosophy – the philosophical controversy between Vaiśeṣika and Buddhist thought. Usually, this debate is treated only within the context of Indian Philosophy, This article, however, emphasizes an unexpected and almost unexamined turn of the same controversy in China. The Chinese controversy stems from the translations of Buddhist texts into Chinese from the first centuries C.E. onwards that also included material on Brahmanic philosophy. The first part of the article discusses the philosophical assumptions as well as the main theories of both parties; the second presents a brief history of previous research, the tentative classification of sources, and finally – the most prominent cases of the dispute based on the analysis of primary sources.

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Savršeni čovjek kao krunolik svekosmičkoga bitka u Ibn ‘Arabījevu mišljenju

Author(s): Kenan Čemo / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 15/2021

In Sufism, the character and work of the Sufi master Muḥyid-dīn Ibn ʽArabī (d. 1240) is taken as pivotal. The questions and problems of spiritual anthropology are at the center of his attention. Ibn ʽArabī teaches that the cause of all creation is the Perfect Man, the earthly manifestation (maẓhar) of the metaphysical Muḥammadan Reality manifested by the Breath of the All-Merciful by which the river of God’s manifestations originated. That Breath was nothing else but a result of Divine love or longing for seeing Self in the other, which is the basic impulse of the entire cosmic movement. It is the Perfect Man that is the perfect polished mirror, in which divine Names and Attributes are reflected. Only by it, the world continues its existence, which means that at any given moment there have to be perfect men.Finally, those are the questions that are bringing us back to Ibn ‘Arabi’s famous existential theomonism دوجولا ةدحو) ) or singularity of the Being. Theory of the Perfect Man shows it as well. Exactly through it,we are capable to envisage such important transmission of the transcendence into immanent.

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