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If we have a tertium comparationis X, the marked member of a linguistic correlation always expresses a feature A expressing in this way X.A. On the contrary, the unmarked one has two meanings: in a situation of an opposition between the entities participating in the correlation it expresses X.A', i.e. a hyperonymic meaning, and in a situation of a neutralization it expresses X, i.e. a generic meaning. Nevertheless the two semantic values of the unmarked member of a correlation are only its subvalues and it preserves the unity of its system conditioned meaning. So the marked member is of system-creating nature while the nature of the unmarked one is system-provoked - it acquires its semantic feature when in opposition and it loses it in case of neutralization in which, because of the lack of the marked member’s interaction, the system comes to be reduced in regard with the opposition concerned.
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The article is a report of four discovery systems, operating in linguistics. All of these address „empirical“ discovery, or discovery from data. The first program models the familiar induction methods of John Stuart Mill, the second performs componential analysis of kinship terms, the third is a general concept-discrimination program, and the fourth can discover word order universals and write a report in English, summarizing its discoveries. These systems are briefly described and some arguments are offered in favour of machine-aided empirical discovery in linguistics. The arguments refer to the strength of machines in computationally complex tasks, the guaranteed consistency of machine results, the portability of machine methods to new tasks and domains, and the potential machines provide for our gaining new insights.
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Review of: М. Виденов. Увод в социолингвистиката. Издателство ДЕЛФИ.София, 2000. 322 стр.
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Review of: Mélanges de linguistique, sémiotique et nairatologie dédiés à la mémoire de Krassimir Mantchev à l'occasion de son 60e anniversaire. (comité de publication: A. Mantcheva, A. Tchaouchev, G. Melamed). Editions Colibri. Sofia, 1999. 459 p.
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Review of: Прикладное языкознание. Учебник. (Л. В. Бондарко, Л. А. Вербицкая, Г. Я.Мартыненко и др.; отв. ред. А. С. Герд). СПб.: Изд-во С.-Петербургского университета, 1996. 528 с.
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Review of: К. Попов. Етюди по българска стилистика (предговор от М. Виденов). София, ИК „Ваньо Недков“, 1999. 222 стр.
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Review of: Стереотипность и творчество в тексте. Межвузовский сборник научных трудов. Под ред. М. П. Котюровой. Пермь, 2000, 393 стр.
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Review of: Большой энциклопедический словарь. Языкознание (Гл. ред. В. Н. Ярцева. Ред. колл. Н. Д. Арутюнова, В. А. Виноградов (зам. гл. ред.), В. Г. Гак, Т. В. Гамкрелидзе, Т. А. Ганиева (отв. секр.), И. М. Дьяконов, Ю. Н. Караулов, Г. А. Климов, Г. В. Колшанский, И. К. Сазонова (зам. гл. ред.), В. М. Солнцев, Г. В. Степанов, Ю. С. Степанов) Москва, Научное издательство „Большая Российская энциклопедия“, 1998. 685 стр.
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The survey is theoretical base for building the dictionary macro structure for “Active combinatory-explanatorial dictionary of the French verb for Bulgarians”. The exposed anthropocentric ideographic model of the initial communicative ability is achieved through (re)construction of the French linguistic cognitive picture of the “communicating language personality (Homo colloquens), formed through means of the verb minimum. Homo colloquens is viewed as a combination of Homo dicens et agens (intentional aspect of the language communication and Homo dicens, essens, habens, agents (propositional aspect of the language communication). Two-aspect essence of the Homo colloquens defines lexical filling of the different components (lingua-cognitive pictures) of the worked anthropocentric ideographic model: 1. general lingua-cognitive picture comprises weakly fragmented language picture (propositional component) and phrasal modality (intentional component); 2. specific lingua-cognitive picture comprises highly fragmented language picture (propositional component and intentional verb minimum, which is a lexicalised variety of the phrasal modality (intentional component).
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Review of: А. В. Кинцель. Экспериментальное исследование эмоциональносмысловой доминанты как текстообразующего фактора. Барнаул, Издательство АГУ, 2000, 152 стр.
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Review of: Стереотипность и творчество в тексте [Межвузовский сборник научных трудов] (отв. ред. М. П. Котюрова). Пермь, Пермьский университет, 2001, 408 стр.
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The article summarizes the current state of understanding of the concept of inner speech and evaluates the role of the internal language in the speech generation process. First, the available definitions of inner speech are presented and its features are briefly characterised. Subsequently, the inner voice is compared to overt speech and the main differences between those two planes of speech: the internal and the external one are outlined. Since the aim of the paper is to show the role of inner speech in overt speech production, a speech generation model which coalesces Levelt‘s (1993) assumptions with the stratificational approach to language is presented. Different stages of linguistic processing are described and the impact of internal languaging on linguistic output is discussed. It is claimed that inner speech plays a threefold role in overt speech production: (1) provides an internal draft for external speech, (2) is vital for the self-monitoring system, and (3) supports working memory. Any impairment in the functioning of inner speech may thus lead to speech errors and slips of the tongue phenomena.
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The assimilation of Byzantine culture in the Slavic lands was accompanied by the exegesis of the New Testament and the formation of the phenomenal value of symbolic images, which were part of the literary and artistic consciousness of that time. The force field of Christian archetypes has preserved a long tradition in the Ukrainian literature. Christian archetypes of the Resurrection and the Crucifixion in Shevchenko’s painting and literary work are studied with modern approaches to comparative literature and theological exegesis, taking into account artistic Christology, philosophical and aesthetic approach to art, and key ideas of archetypal interpretation. It is found out that, in Shevchenko’s poetry, the archetypes of the Resurrection and the Crucifixion are manifested in a number of modifications, where resurrection / crucifixion has a symbolic meaning in the sense of the resurrection / crucifixion of Ukraine, the resurrection / crucifixion of the people, the resurrection / crucifixion of a lyrical hero, etc. In painting, Christian archetypes are directly related to the transmission of the New Testament history.
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The article deals with the structure and semantics of color elements in the poetic texts by David Samoylov. Colorism manifests itself in three ways: as a color image recreated from the context, as substituted metonymy, and as words denoting color semantics. In this paper, using a continuous sample, the mechanism of manifestations of the basic monochromes “black – white” and the contaminated metatricolor “blue – green – red” is investigated on the basis of a complete collection of Samoylov’s poems. As a result of the article, a frequency dictionary of color elements was created, a semantic and structural analysis of five color images was carried out, and an ideological and thematic complex of the poet’s poetry was determined.
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Abish Kekilbayev’s story The Well was first published in 1978 in the Kazakh language book Belaya Aruana. The story is one of the most striking works of Kazakh literature of the Soviet period and it has been translated into many languages of the world. It has been the subject of research by literary and cultural critics in Kazakhstan, Russia, Germany, the United States, Bulgaria and other countries, and it is still of interest for analysis and interpretation. In 2018, a feature film based on the novel was produced in Kazakhstan. This article examines the work as an example of coding during the ideological censorship of the Soviets and, from a psychoanalytical perspective, as a derivative of birth trauma. During the Soviet colonial period, ethnic myths acquired particular significance for Central Asian writers; they became a natural extension of the traditional folk epic and a way out of the situation: by engaging the mythical consciousness, they could encode meanings, presenting them in the form of socialist realism
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