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The analysis has focused on a few anthroponyms used in their secondary senses in the Polish press in the heat of pre-electional debates of 2015 and the relation between their meanings and forms, and particularly their inflectional patterns and the noun phrase structure. One unifying property of a miscellaneous set analysed, including both novel and ephemeral creations and expressions of a more established status, is a negative axiological valuation of the referent of the anthroponym. The analysis refers to a social function of such language use and mechanisms of persuasion and manipulation. The motivation for the morpho-syntactic features of the analysed proper names is sought, among others, in the processes of metaphor and metonymy. The analysis also includes examples of paragons, mimetic, or pseudo-mimetic compounding and polisemy of plurality.
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The aim of the paper was to present religious vocabulary selected from the 17th century works of Joannikij Galatovski and show the relations between Church Slavonic loan words (particularly words of Greek origin) and their Polish equivalents. The vocabulary has been divided into several subject groups concerning church organization, religious rites and feasts, liturgy, church books and prayers, God and other definition relating to the Orthodox Church. Some of these words or word combinations can be qualified as borrowings others may be treated as quotations used in the Polish texts. Analyzing Christian terminology the author pays attention to the usage of East Slavonic borrowings and Polish terms. The examples provided in the article indicate that the writer sometimes substitutes Church Slavonic loan words for Polish terms or uses them simultaneously.
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The aim of the article. The focus of cultural studies on language and cultural identity has a decisive influence on the formation of identity and its coexistence in the environment. In its turn, the culture can be studied as a system of values that are formed during communication in which language as cultural sign system is used as a means of communication. The methodology of the work is to use such techniques of the research as the study, analysis and synthesis in order to reveal the assumption about the similarity of languages to a closed-looped system. The research tries to prove that languages are what we might call the first science, which mankind have been studying. During a certain period of time people accumulate a huge stock of knowledge through communication, learn about the dynamics of the ecosystems, in which they coexist with local plants and animals. Scientific novelty of the research is to expand the relationship between the notions "culture" – "language" – "communication" as a form of consciousness that reflects a person's world, being the form of the human material and spiritual culture realization. Conclusion. Languages always realize through individuals "tied" to a particular area, the language and the territory being connected. Native speakers also always depend on the cultural context. As for example, different languages may include grammatical information about social status of the person.
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This paper presents the new formal grammar of Polish, POLFIE, couched in Lexical Functional Grammar.The paper introduces the basics of LFG, discusses the way of representing syntactic structures in LFG anddemonstrates the power of the LFG formalism on the basis of the analysis of selected phenomena of Polishin POLFIE. The paper shows that the LFG theory makes it possible to provide a formalised, adequate and linguisticallydeep description of syntactic phenomena such as: syntactic control, predicative arguments, thehaplology of ‘się’, unbounded dependencies and coordination; it also takes into account interactions betweenthese. POLFIE is accompanied by a computer implementation in XLE.
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Morfeusz is a well known application, used in Polish computational linguistics for over a decade. In the paper we present a new version of the program, focusing on new features which have been introduced since the previous version.
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The article points out a potential utility of the Elementary Handbook of Warmia dialect in teaching auditory identification of dialectal speech phones which are not found or have different articulation in standard PolishThe article points out a potential utility of The Elementary Handbookof Warmia dialect in teaching auditory identification of dialectal speech phoneswhich are not found or have different articulation in standard Polish.
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A characteristic feature of the modern era is the intensification of the processes of globalization, the emergence of an integrated economic, financial, information system in the world, the diffusion of social and cultural barriers that have traditionally existed between nations and peoples. One of the leading factors contributing to globalization, alongside economic, geopolitical, cultural, social and religious factors, is the dominance of a particular language in the global or regional communication relations. During the last decades, due to a number of objective and subjective reasons, American English leads in the world of communication. The current paper deals with the analysis of the way the Lithuanian language reacts to the globalization process, while comparative analysis with German gives reason to conclude whether the development dynamics of Lithuanian coincides with general linguistic cross-linking processes. An attempt is also made to clarify the link between culture and language. The methods used are both empirical and analytical; the language use sources are contemporary ones.
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The intellectual and civilizational achievements of the Czech National Revival in the nineteenth century produced many outstanding reference works (e.g. Riegrùv slovník nauèný and Ottùv slovník nauèný). Today these dictionaries are a rich and valuable source of general knowledge, as well as an „invaluable chronicle”– a document of that era. Between 1918 and 1945 a few interesting and significant lexicons (universal encyclopaedias) appeared on the Czechoslovak book market, including the continuation of the Jan Ottoproject (Ottùv slovník nauèný nové doby. Dodatky). In this article the author reviews the Czech and Czechoslovak reference works from this period and describes them in a general manner, paying attention tothe historical context of their creation and their specific features and qualities.
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This article argues against the single-phoneme approach discussed in Padgett (2001, 2003, 2010), which does not recognize the phonemic status of the vowel [ɨ]. The relevant data are drawn from the processes of Polish palatalization in the class of velars, while the presented analyses are couched in the theory of Lexical Phonology. It is argued that the lack of [ɨ] enforces the use of diacritics and leads to the proliferation of rules that are necessary to accommodate diacritically-specified contexts of palatalization. It is also shown that the singlephoneme approach leads to the morphologization of processes that are typically phonological. On the other hand, assuming the existence of underlying [ɨ] allows for a transparent and uniform account of palatalization effects.
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The paper presents ambiguity phenomena in terms of cognitive categorization and blending processes. Politicians’ manifesto speeches are analysed based on Lakoff’s and Langacker’s semantics and Langacker’s grammar research investigation, resulting in describing ambiguity phenomena more as the sender’s or receiver’s mental concepts than as a linguistic property of the message. Moreover, cognitive points of view in the research on ambiguity reveals its multileveled nature due to the polysemic nature of mental categories or blends.
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The reverie about the pure signifier, represented most often by a simple proper name, comes about with at least one of the most celebrated French-speaking contemporary poets, Philippe Jaccottet, in producing at least diverse connotations. Yet a central issue seems to emerge constantly from this metaphorical magma, involving the metonymic development of a network of closely-knit, semantically motivated associations, in order to go beyond the postmodern nonsense of language by a return to its original genetic ἀρχή.
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The article investigates the structure of romance and grief narrative included in Bobbie Ann Mason’s “Shiloh,” on the basis of Patrick C. Hogan’s theory of literary universals and his work on affective narratology. Following Hogan, I argue that emotions are deeply embedded in stories and that stories are typically designed so as to manipulate the affective responses of their readers. I will focus on the way the story depicts prototypical stages of romance and grief and where it deviates from universal narratives involving concerning grief, separation, attachment, and romantic love, arguing that the affective and aesthetic potential of the story lies precisely in where it departs from these prototypical narratives. At the same time, I shall speculate on how discourse organization manipulates the formation of affective schemata and empathic alignment in readers.
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This article deals with grammaticalization processes in the Latvian toponymy and tries to find differences in the derivation of toponymy and common vocabulary. Three types (primary, secondary and compounding toponymization) and six stages of toponymization (extension or the use of a word in new extensions, transcategorization or the change of category, decategorization or the loss of some categorical components, desemanticization or the loss or change of semes in the semantic field of a place name, clitization or merging of two words into one, erosion or the loss of phonetic substance, epexegeticalization or the acquisition of a new morphological or semantic extension in order to explain the place name) were observed. Two stages of desemanticization – partial and complete – have been distinguished.
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Livy tries to judge virtutes and vitia of both patricians and plebeians impartially. Naturally, Livy’s vision of the early republic presented in the first pentad is anachronic and discordant in reference to historical truth. In my opinion he supports an aristocratic republic and Augustus’s principate, but often criticizes patricians and highly estimates valours of the plebs. His observations on regnum, libertas, moderatio, discordia are noteworthy and rhetorically embellished. The language of political rhetoric is extended and close to invective. The struggle between the patricians and the plebeians is a poison (venenum) destroying the city. On the other hand, the best effects are brought out by concordia ordinum (e.g. II 1, 11). As in Vergil’s Aeneid very important are the martial, civil, religious, and familial virtues. The primal role, however, is played by virtus, understood for the most part as military courage (e.g. XXV 14, 1; IX 40, 6; XXIV 38, 2).
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The analysis of the texts published in 1913-1914 (before the outbreak of World War I) in “Tygodnik Ilustrowany” indicates that the Warsaw weekly focused its attention first and foremost on preserving discretion and distance. The editors, reassuring the readers, proposed looking at the European conflict in terms of restoring economic equilibrium. The outbreak of World War I forced the magazine to modify the communication strategy – the materials that make up the first war issue oscillate between calm and fear (in reference to military action) and peace and certainty (in the description of the new order). The rhetorical tension present in the special issue reflects the breakthrough quality of the described reality, and at the same time demonstrates the effort undertaken by the editorial staff to maintain the information strategy pursued in the periodical, aiming at privileging the discourse of order.
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Children’s language acquisition is normally explained either in biological, nativist or in functionalist and usage based terms. The main thesis of this article is that rhetorical terminology introduced by Aristotle is fruitful for our understanding of the development process children go through when learning language. Introducing rhetoric to descriptions of children’s language acquisition presupposes the presence of rhetoric in all communicative practices. This article introduces the concept of a civic art of rhetoric as developed by Eugene Garver in his reading of Aristotle as a theoretical framework for describing what characterizes children’s earliest communication. The article should therefore be understood as a discussion of rhetorical concepts relevant for describing children’s language acquisition. This approach highlights language acquisition as a cultural practice and children’s first communication as something more than just imperfect verbal communication.children’s language acquisition, child-adult communication as a rhetorical art, rhetorical patterns in communication
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The analysed material is derived from stock lists of the Greater Poland nobility from the second half of the 18th century. This paper elaborates on quotations of the statements introduced by verba dicendi. The aim of the study is to provide a list of verba dicendi, to analyse their forms, and to describe the ways of entering quotations.
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