"Astérix et Obélix" – un univers pragmatique

Author(s): Alexandra Cărămizaru / Language(s): French / Issue: 2/2013

The article uses notions and concepts borrowed from Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis (i.e. speech act and ethos), combined with the actantial model developed by Greimas (1966). The author focuses on the essentially pragmatic dimension of the textual world created by Uderzo & Goscinny: the actions performed by Asterix and Obelix, the heroes of the famous comics bearing the same title, are based on their knowledge and understanding of the world they live in (dictionary and encyclopaedia), on their will to act (intention), but also on the fact that they can act (they have a mandate from their leader). This pragmatic dimension is inherent to the discourse allowing certain relationships to be established between individuals acting in specific contexts. By identifying the dominant speech acts, the author draws up the ethical profiles of the selected characters and the corresponding relations, more or les asymmetric (at the social and/or discursive level), generated by them.

"auleta" und es bleibt alles beim Neuen! Zur Konstitution der polnischen Fachneologismen im Bereich der altgriechischen Musik.

Author(s): Grzegorz Pawłowski / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2015

Epistemic properties of a man constitute the base for change. So far little attention has been paid to those properties in semantics. Questions of epistemic factors, which influence the formation of specialised neologisms, have not been posed. The keynote of this article is the attempt to answer this question. To achieve this goal, I attempt to explain such expressions as ‚neo’, ‚epistemic’ and ‚specialised neologism’. Then I proceed with the presentation of the results of the analysis of an interview. The subject of the interview is the Polish neologism ‚auleta’, created by Maciej Kaziński during his work an the translation of John Landes’ Music in Ancient Greece and Rome.Epistemic properties of a man constitute the base for change. So far little attention has been paid to those properties in semantics. Questions of epistemic factors, which influence the formation of specialised neologisms, have not been posed. The keynote of this article is the attempt to answer this question. To achieve this goal, I attempt to explain such expressions as ‚neo’, ‚epistemic’ and ‚specialised neologism’. Then I proceed with the presentation of the results of the analysis of an interview. The subject of the interview is the Polish neologism ‚auleta’, created by Maciej Kaziński during his work an the translation of John Landes’ Music in Ancient Greece and Rome.

"Części mowy odmieniające się przez przypadki." - Feliks Żochowski

Author(s): Małgorzata B. Majewska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 04/2017

"Essere" o "avere"? La selezione dell’ausiliare tra teoria e didattica nell’insegnamento dell’italiano a stranieri

Author(s): Davide Bozzo / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 2/2018

In the teaching of Italian L2, learners and teachers encounter difficulties when they are faced with the issue of auxiliary selection in the formation of compound tenses. If we analyse the way grammars for foreigners deal with the problem, we notice—between hypertrophic classifications and lists of exceptions—the lack of a model that is able to explain the phenomenon in a systematic and exhaustive manner. Looking at the source, i.e., the Italian L1 grammars, the syntactic model based on the distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs, both in its traditional and non-accusative version, is not suitable for application in L2 teaching, especially in the case of learners from countries where little room during class time is given to metalinguistic reflection. This paper aims to suggest an alternative semantic model that is capable of representing an orientation tool for learners and finding a balance between theoretical and teaching needs, as well as between learning and acquisition. According to our model—which moves the attention from government to diathesis and starts from the meaning of the auxiliaries as autonomous verbs—avere is used when the effects of the action expressed by the verb are directed towards the external world. Meanwhile, essere is used when such effects are directed towards the subject itself, that is, when the syntactic subject of the sentence represents the semantic object of the event, and it therefore assumes the role of the patient, typical of passive and middle diathesis.

"FIRE" AS THE "LOGO" OF THE ARTISTIC WORLDS

Author(s): Natalja Dyorina,Yuliya Yuzhakova,Liliya Polyakova,Tatyana Zalavina / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2019

Fire as the ‘Logo’ of Artistic Worlds. The aim of the present paper is to analyse the image of fire created by two representatives, one of the Acmeist and the other of the Romantic school of poetry, N. Gumilev and S.T. Coleridge, revealing similarities and differences between their approaches. The obvious parallelism of the poets’ works is demonstrated, with particular attention paid to the fact that specific fire-related images were emphasised by Gumilev in his translation of Coleridge’s works. The attributes of the artistic universes of the Russian and of the English poet are shown: the continuity and constant interaction of their elements, the identity of the properties of the whole and of its various parts in each case.

"Le convoi du 24 janvier" de Charlotte Delbo et la mémoire ressuscitée de la Déportation

Author(s): Beata Kędzia-Klebeko / Language(s): French / Issue: 10/2016

The novel Convoy to Auschwitz, a testimony of the concentration camp experiences of a famous French writer Charlotte Delbo appeared in France in 1966. This book expresses the author's ethical position, who admits that the language of literature is capable to express even those human experiences which seemed inexpressible or inexplicable. The novel Convoy to Auschwitz is a biographical account of the daily lives of 230 women who were deported from France to the concentration camp in Auschwitz. The author attempts to protect and preserve for the posterity the lives of silent female heroes who were doomed to die in the camp appalling living conditions because of their nationality, political views or race. The memory of them requires a written testimony because of passing time, insensitivity to the past of subsequent generations, and also because of possible free interpretations of history.

"Nebibliografinë" Jono Bretkûno Postilë (1591): Vlado Daumanto egzempliorius

Author(s): Ona Aleknavičienė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 06/2004

In this article I describe the copy of Jonas Bretkûnas' Postilla (1591), which is kept in the Kaunas Art Gallery of Mykolas Žilinskas (this is a division of the National Art Museum of Mikalojus Konstantinas Èiurlionis), in the section of Archival Documents and Photographs (call number: Tkr. 148). Until 1944 the copy was kept in the private collection of Vladas Daumantas. For a certain period after World War Two it was unknown to scholars. The copy was included neither in the Lithuanian Bibliography (Lietuvos TSR bibliografija, 1969; LB I), nor in the supplement volume (Papildymai, 1990; LBP). This is the tenth copy of Bretkûnas' Postilla kept in Lithuania. Daumantas' copy is not defective, but is in good condition. There are, however, certain errors of pagination. Certain circumstances attest that this copy was the property of Vladas Daumantas: (1) an inscription in purple pencil on the title page "VDaumantas" (cf. Fig. 1); (2) an inscription "VDaumanto kolekcija" in the accession book of the Art Museum of Mikalojus Konstantinas Èiurlionis; (3) a description of the Postilla in the manuscripts by Petras Jakðtas (a contemporary of Daumantas; they both were members of the 27 Book Lovers Society).

"Œdipe Roi" – De l’enquête policière à la quête identitaire : noms propres et descriptions définies

Author(s): Mădălina Raşoga / Language(s): French / Issue: 4/2015

Sophocle’s tragedy, Oedipus the King, may be considered the first detective novel whose plot is built around the defining question of this literary genre: “Who is the murderer (x)?”. The existence of a murderer is thus presupposed since the beginning, which leads us to the first interpretation of the play, namely the referential investigation, aiming at the identification of the murderer to whom we assign the variable x. However, the real subject of the play is not the identity of the alleged murderer, but that of the eponymous character. The accent shifts from the referential investigation to Oedipus’s beliefs about his own origin (“Who am IŒdipe?”). Therefore, we propose a second reading level that leads us to the analysis of the play as the story of the quest for identity. We will sustain our hypothesis with the help of the notions of reference – seen from a double perspective: (i) logical vs (ii) pragmatic – and the universe of belief.

"ROMANIAN TODAY – AN OVERVIEW", BY MARINELA DOINA NISTEA

Author(s): Raluca Ghenţulescu / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2012

"Vzhledově neodolatelný", ale "povahově nesnesitelný", czyli o niektórych czeskich przymiotnikach i przysłówkach

Author(s): Irena Bogocz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 50/2015

The present contribution from the field of comparative Slavonic word for­ mation deals with a specific feature of the Czech language, namely its frequent (in comparison to other Slavonic tongues) use of adjectives of passive possibility (impossibility), which in Czech usually assume the suffix -telný (or ne-telný), and of so-called viewpoint adverbs, like cenově, vzhledově, and povahově. The article’s main focus is the situation of Czech from a diachronic perspective. Emphasis is also placed upon the differences between particular Slavonic languages as well as in academic traditions of linguistics in particular Slavonic nations. These theoretical remarks are illustrated with examples of different languages conveying the same message with means that are either synthetic (one word, e.g. adjective or adverb) or analytic (multi-word phrase).

"Warum soll man müssen müssen?" - System und Gebrauchsaspekte zur Beschreibung von müssen und sollen im Deutschen

Author(s): Hans Rainge / Language(s): German / Issue: 13/1986

Autor próbuje w oparciu o teorię działań językowych dokonać analizy czasowników modalnych w języku niemieckim. Analiza ograniczona do wzajemnej relacji czasowników "müssen" i "sollen" uwzględnia trzy płaszczyzny: opis z punktu widzenia teorii działań językowych, analizę ontogenetyczną oraz rzeczywiste użycie w/w czasowników.

"Wystarczy mocno i wytrwale zastanawiać się nad jednym życiem…" Biografistyka jako hermeneutyczne wyzwanie

Author(s): Anna Legeżyńska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2019

There is more than a formal difference between autobiography and biography understood as a text or process of describing another person’s life. Biography has a distinct modal framework that depends on three factors: the biographer’s fascination, empathy and imagination. These three, Legeżyńska argues, have a hermeneutic role, for they determine how the biographer interprets not just facts but the whole meaning of the subject’s life and work. Legeżyńska recalls how formalist and structuralist theories attempted to discredit the notion of (the real author’s) personality, then reviews representations of biography in personalism and in modernist aesthetic of portraiture – representations that anticipate her own concept of life writing. Her own experience of writing a biography (of the poet Julia Hartwig) is positioned in the movement of what Ryszard Nycz has called “personal literary scholarship”. She proposes the notion of “imagined biography” to describe her own preferred convention of describing a creative personality.

"Запіскі янычара" Канстанцінa Міхайлoвічa як факт узаемадачынненняў славянскіх літаратур (XV-XVI ст. ст.)

Author(s): Halina Twaranowicz / Language(s): Belarussian / Issue: II/1997

"Земя" и "пустиня" в българската фразеология

Author(s): Ekaterina Struganova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1 (5)/2017

This article is dedicated to analyses of Bulgarian idioms stemming from semantic fields centred round "earth” and "desert” from the point of view of cultural linguistics. An attempt has been made to classify cultural markers which were found in our material published in the phraseological dictionaries.

[R]ozsądek / wyszedł nam / naprzeciw / szkoda / że nie / spotkaliśmy go / po drodze – językowa kreacja miłości w polskojęzycznych lirykach Stefanii Trochanowskiej

Author(s): Joanna Rychter / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 18/2019

The article depicts the linguistic and stylistic means used by Stefania Trochanowska in her Polish-language volumes of poetry Potem, teraz, przedtem, Motyle and Nie pozwól uschnąć kwiatom in order to create the leading emotion of love. The analysed material is presented according to the suggestion made by Iwona Nowakowska-Kempna. The research has revealed that the Lemko poetess describes two types of love – as a feeling and as an erotic phenomenon – using the necessary number of words in a succinct way. She treats love as a universal feeling, typical of every human being, irrespective of their nationality.

1918–1940 M. STATYBOS TERMINIJOS DŪRINIŲ DARYBOS POLINKIAI

Author(s): Lina Rutkienė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 92/2019

The article deals with the compound constructional terms in scientific literature, published between 1918 and 1940. In Lithuania, during the interwar period, the construction sector was rapidly expanding, there were many new realities, which called for many new terms, including compounds. Exclusive personalities were very important for the development of construction terms of this period and for the formation of this professional language: Kazimieras Vasiliauskas, Jonas Šimoliūnas, Pranas Morkūnas, Anatolijus Rozenbliumas, Pranas Jodele, Jonas Kiškinas, Juozas Gabrys and others. Not only did these construction engineers carry out significant research, writing articles and books, teaching young people, but also enriched construction terminology. Quantitative data of related terms from 33 scientific papers and articles on construction indicate that during the interwar period compounding was an important way of developing construction terms: in the literature read, 262 related compound terms were found. The German equivalents presented in addition to some of the compounds make the assumption that the Lithuanian compounds are to be regarded as partial or full evaluations. Although general types of Lithuanian compound terms are characterized by the same major types of compounding found in the the present Lithuanian language, analyzing the period from 1918 to 1940 construction terminology compounds, it is determined that they are made according to 10 types of production.

A Cognitive Approach to Metaphorical Expressions

Author(s): Attila Imre / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2010

The present book tries to offer an insight regarding metaphorical expressions containing the following prepositions or verbal prefixes:over, through, above, across in English, prin, peste in Romanian and át,keresztül, felett, felül in Hungarian. the study constitutes the Ph.D.dissertation of the author, and the corpus is based on recent and representative dictionaries of the three languages involved: the shorter oxford English Dictionary, Dicţionarul explicativ al limbii române (the Romanian explanatory Dictionary) and A magyar nyelv értelmezőszótára (the Hungarian explanatory Dictionary).

A contrastive perspective on figurative language

Author(s): / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2019

In recent decades, linguistics has witnessed a rising interest in figurative language. The inspiration for this kind of research may be connected to the rise and development of cognitive semantics, which has made metaphor one of its key notions. George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, in their seminal work titled Metaphors We Live By (1980, modified and republished in 2003), denied the conviction that figurative speech is an aberration or anomaly that speakers use only in a limited number of special contexts. Lakoff and Johnson postulated that metaphor, together with metonymy, are actually pervasive ways of thinking and common cognitive tools that motivate a remarkable amount of our language (2003/1980: 3). Their findings have been developed by numerous authors, who have contributed to the Conceptual Metaphor Theory with both empirical research into various languages, as well as elaborations on the theoretical issues.1 Furthermore, it has been observed that metaphors and metonymies may vary among languages: the ways speakers use non-literal language is not universal, but to a large extent it depends on the culture, including the background of the speaker, or the specific context of language use (Kövecses 2005: 292–294). The aim of this volume is to present various examples of research into figurative language from the cross-linguistic perspective. However, first, we want to focus on the notion of figurative language as such, and notice how its understanding in linguistics has changed over the past decades. Next, we will focus on the cross-linguistic research into figurative language in contemporary linguistics. Finally, the topics undertaken in the subsequent chapters of this volume will be shortly presented and discussed. (fragment of introduction)

A metaphostructional analysis of sports terms in the context of business

Author(s): Jarosław Wiliński / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

In this paper, a quantitative corpus-based analysis of sports terms is conducted. The aim of this analysis is to uncover subtle distributional differences between sports terms occurring in the context of business: in other words, to determine which source domain lexemes derived from sports terminology are strongly attracted to or repelled by the target domain of business. To this end, the corpus-based method, referred to as metaphostructional analysis, is applied and the data are extracted from the magazine section of the Corpus of Contemporary American English. The findings of the analysis show that there are indeed sports terms that are significantly attracted to or repelled by the target domain of business, and that these instantiate various metaphorical correspondences.

A Semantic Description of the Combinability between Verbs and Nouns (on Material from Bulgarian and English)

Author(s): Svetlozara Leseva,Ivelina Stoyanova,Maria Todorova,Hristina Kukova / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2020

This paper represents a methodology for defining restrictions on the semantic combinability between different semantic classes of verbs and the sets of nouns corresponding to the elements of their conceptual frame (i.e. the major participants in the situation described). Our observations focus on verb synsets from WordNet and their assigned FrameNet frames which mutually inform each other. We analyse the semantic information typical for each of the studied verb classes and define semantic restrictions on the nouns they combine with. The theoretical and empirical value of the provided semantic representations and restrictions lies in the enhanced modelling of verb-noun combinability which is universal enough to be applicable not only to the languages exemplified (English and Bulgarian), but (with possible modifications) to various other languages for which wordnets are available.