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Alcătuit dintr-un număr consistent de pagini, volumul de faţă prezintă, într-o manieră amănunţită, aspecte din cultura imaterială a populaţiei din judeţul BistriţaNăsăud de-a lungul secolului XX. Aşa după cum bine remarca profesorul Vasile Dâncu în prezentarea de pe coperta 2 a cărţii, volumul se diferenţiază de alte lucrări de gen prin scopul pentru care a fost scris, şi anume acela de ,,a oferi societăţii şi omului modern o alternativă la pierderea sensului, la uitarea de sine sau la crizele identitare’’. Spaţiul investigat de cei doi autori este bine delimitat chiar din titlu: Ţinutul Bistriţei şi Ţinutul Năsăudului, locuri familiare autorilor care au copilărit şi au crescut în zonă.
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How can the school ensure the success of its students, how does it prepare them for a world that is constantly changing? What values, attitudes, what knowledge, skills do they form to really support them in facing these challenges? Teachers acknowledge that it is also a challenge for them. This paper supports the idea that curriculum integration is a potential solution, because it supports a quality education, which focuses on training student’s skills for the 21st century - flexible, creative thinking, critical thinking, cooperation and communication, but also character formation, of the civic spirit.
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Individual identity crisis became an obsessive theme of the Central-European literature, lived intensively in this space. From this point of view, the generations and literary promotions of the 1960 and 1970's Romania benefited from a specific openness due to a complex of social, political and historical factors. The 80s generation appeared in a full process of strengthening the ideological vigilance after the famous July Theses introduced by Nicolae Ceausescu following the North Korean model. Although there were the same rules and the same barriers for beginners of the era, the issue was treated and felt differently. While some suffer from the delay of the debut, others are patient because they trust their chance, others give up. Even if the overall context was an oppressive one and the institution of censorship was the one that controlled the literature during the communist period, authors managed to adapt and write no matter what, they found accepted ways that did not alter their message and they published under conditions that today we can hardly call without doubt honourable. The published authors had visibility and were united around some literary circles, forming what Allen Ginsberg called in The Best Minds of My Generation: A Literary History of the Beats, "circles of liberation".
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During this period, the danger of a third world war frightens the entire humanity, which can be destroyed, even several times, distinctly by each „type” of war, such as: biological warfare; chemical warfare; war with kinetic bombs; particle beam superweapon warfare; warfare with directed energy laser weapons or electromagnetic weapons etc. These weapons used in a world-wide conflict could destroy humanity on the entire planet in the same way that it would be destroyed by a nuclear bombardment. The use of the approximately 15,000 nuclear weapons owned by 10 countries, of which around 13,500 are owned by Russia and the USA, would lead to the total disappearance of man from Earth, even for a few million years, according to some specialists.
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This article aims to answer a few specific questions about the situation of social and religious life of the Romanian Jews in the interwar period. How was the Mosaic Faith organized in Romania during this period? How did religious diversity and the diversity of Jewish traditions in the provinces of interwar Romania influence organization of their spiritual and religious life, given the new framework? Was there a link between the emancipation of Romanian Jewry and the reorganization of their religious life? What were the main Jewish religious movements in interwar Romania? Was there a mutual influence between Jews in the various Romanian provinces, in the field of communal and religious life, in terms of the Chalacha, as well as of the emergence and development of various philosophical-religious currents of Judaism? Let me mention a few elements meant to provide a general answer to these questions: the diversity of regional and historical traditions, as well as the presence of different religious and cultural traditions among the Jews in the various Romanian provinces; a change in the status of the Jews, both individually and collectively, within the Romanian state; the reorganization of communal and religious life; contacts between casuistic rabbis from different provinces; the mutual influence in the field of Torah study and in publishing Hebrew books. One aspect I will refer to is that of the colliding tendencies between the followers of the various trends, as well as the collisions of interests between the followers of centralism and the followers of religious pluralism. I need to mention that the interwar period was the age of maximum development of the Romanian Jewry, both in terms of demography and level of integration, as well as in terms of philosophical-religious thinking and religious practice. Due to these aspects, I believe one can refer to a certain diversity in unity and to a unity in diversity, as far as the Romanian Jewry in the interwar period is concerned. This issue sparked controversy among the followers of various Jewish currents and tendencies within the community at the time, as well as later, between historians of Judaism and apologists belonging to different religious currents and political tendencies. Another aspect is the fact that the Romanian Jewry had been given citizenship, which meant they now faced different issues from those of the previous period. One such issue was the official acknowledgement of the Mosaic Faith, its right to have a representative in the Romanian Senate, just like all other religious groups, and the state’s obligation to subsidize it proportionally with the number of its members. This was one of the claims of the Union of the Local Jews, which later became the Union of Romanian Jews. Its main leader, Dr. Wilhelm Filderman, acknowledged the existence of linguistic differences between the Jews living in the various provinces of Romania. While recognizing the religious differences with regard to the Jews in Transylvania, he wanted to present the Mosaic Faith as a unitary organization, before the authorities, asserting the religious unity of the Jews and of Judaism, based on the Chalachic rules of the Shulchan Arukh religious codex. He considered that religious differences were only an internal matter, while the mosaic faith was unitary, and he gained the support of the Liberal Party, that shared this view. Unlike the Liberal Party, the National Party of Transylvania, which later became the National Peasants’ Party, supported the idea of pluralism, with different mosaic denominations.
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The aim of the paper was to analyse publications (compact editions) published on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of Poland's regaining independence in 1928 and 1929. The source of information on over 100 publications of this nature was Wykaz Druków wydawanych w Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej druków polskich lub Polski dotyczących wydawanych za granicą (List of Printed Works Published in the Republic of Poland and Polish Printed Works or Printed Works of Poland Concerning those Published Abroad), which had been published since 1928. The books analysed were grouped according to their subject matter: historical studies, publications devoted to Józef Piłsudski, poems and songs, publications on economic issues, etc. Selected issues were subject to detailed editorial analysis: Dziesięciolecie Polski Odrodzonej Księga Pamiątkowa (The Tenth Anniversary of Poland Reborn. Memorial Book), Złota księga Polski (The Golden Book of Poland) and Przemysł i handel (Industry and Trade), discussing issues related to the editorial concept, graphic design, layout and selection of illustrations, as well as the purpose of publication.
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The article focuses on translations into Irish of literary texts by writers from several central and eastern European countries. The author adopts a historical approach by first drawing attention to the Irish language as a means of literary expression and a vehicle for the translation of classical texts in the Middle Ages. Irish came under sustained attack because of English rule from the seventeenth century onwards and was only spoken by the poor and the marginalized in the middle of the nineteenth century. However, towards the end of the nineteenth century the language experienced a revival. The latter process was intensified following the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922. In 1926, a project for literacy and provision of reading material in the Irish language was implemented, and a government publishing company known as An Gúm started producing books for the new Irish-reading public. Since the start of the project, the general tendency has been for books by western European writers to be translated into Irish. However, a significant number of texts by eastern and central European authors, ranging from classics by Tolstoy and Chekhov to novels and short stories by contemporary Russian and Slovenian authors, have also been published over the years.
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Resumen: Desde su formación, el futuro de subjuntivo muestra una distribución sintáctica restringida al no concurrir en oraciones independientes y al estar asociado solo a determinados tipos de oraciones subordinadas, como condicionales, temporales, locativas, modales y relativas. Únicamente las relativas restrictivas están orientadas hacia el futuro, y en ellas el uso de la forma verbal en -re mostrará una especial vigencia hasta la primera mitad del siglo XVII. El objetivo del presente estudio es, por consiguiente, examinar las consideraciones surgidas hasta ahora sobre la restricción distribucional de amare y ame enlas OORR restrictivas. Para ello, tomaremos como punto de partida algunos ejemplos extraídos de nuestro corpus con el fin de que nuestra contribución al empleo del futuro de subjuntivo dentro de este tipo de subordinadas durante el siglo XVII sea lo más precisa posible. Abstract: Since its formation, the future of the subjunctive shows a restricted syntactic distribution by not co-occuring in independent sentences and by being associated only with certain types of subordinate sentences, such as conditional, temporary, locative, modal and relative. Among the latter, only the restrictive relative clauses are oriented towards the future, and the use of the verbal form ending in-re will show a special validity until the first half of the 17th century. The objective of the present study is, then, to examine the considerations that have emerged until now about the distributional restriction of amare and ame in the restrictive clauses. For this purpose, some examples will be extracted as a starting point from our corpus in order to provide a contribution as accurate as possible to the use of the future of subjunctive within this type of subordinates during the17th century.
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The article evokes the personality of actor Ştefan Ciubotăraşu who also played in important stage plays and memorable films, many with a theme related to the Romanian village. His own parents were peasants and he grew up in rural Moldova. Ştefan Ciubotăraşu, along with other actors whose characters were related to the Romanian village, reached their great artistic performances not necessarily due to school or some special methods of approaching the characters, but because they inherited a light and brought it with them from their native places, sometimes small and remote villages, places where pure traditions and customs have nourished their inner beauty flooding afterwards from the screen and stages towards us. It is appropriate to observe the fantastic resource these actors brought in theater and film, a resource that had its own source in the ancient values of the Romanian village of older days.
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Um 1800 richteten Regierungen und wissenschaftliche Gesellschaften ihren Blick auf die Volkskultur (Bräuche, Aberglauben, Lieder, Sagen, Märchen usw.). Es entstand eine neue Wissenschaft - die Ethnologie -, für deren Entwicklung die Korrespondenten viel beigetragen haben, denn sie konnten auf Grund der vom Zentrum verschickten Fragebögen, die notwendigen Informationen aufnehmen und sie den Wissenschaftlern zur Verfügung stellen. Die Anfänge der europäischen Ethnologie stehen also unter dem Zeichen des Sammelns mit Hilfe von Korrespondenten. Vorläufer dieser Methode waren die in die Neue Welt gesandten spanischen Priester (z. B. Bernardino de Sahagún im 16. Jh.), die Informationen aller Art über die eroberten Völker sammeln sollten, und der schwedische König Gustavus Adolphus, der 1630 Antiquaren und Historiker damit beauftragte, Märchen und Sagen sowie Kenntnisse der Volksmedizin und der Wetterkunde der einfachen Menschen aufzunehmen. Auf ähnlicher Weise verfuhren 1798 Napoleon und 1805-1810 Erzherzog Johann von Österreich, die „zum Zwecke einer besseren Regierungstätigkeit”, ein Inventar aller Feld-, Industrie- und Kunstarbeiten, und nicht zuletzt der Bräuche, Aberglauben sowie der Ruinen alter Monumente haben wollten. Société des Observateurs de l’Homme (1799-1804), Académie Celtique (1805) sowie das Grimmsche Projekt Aufsammlung der Volkspoesie (1808, 1810) stellten Fragebögen zusammen, die die Verbesserung der Forschung von Exploratoren im Übersee, bzw. das Kennenlernen der Vergangenheit der Kelten und Deutschen durch die Gegenwart bezweckten.
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Folklore archives – witnesses of the history of ethnological studies. This study proposes a rereading of the documents kept in a folklore archive from Romania, with a focus on the methods used by those who drafted and archived these documents. The research demonstrates that, in the absence of testimonies regarding the manner in which fieldwork was conducted, the documents of the archive can provide valuable information on the field research and the vision on folklore of several generations of researchers. Thus, archives of folklore are seen as witnesses of the history of ethnology.
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From Close to Distant Reading of 100 Romanian Novels from 1850 to 1920. In Romania, among the academic personalities, Solomon Marcus (b. the 1st of March 1925, Bacău – d. the 17th of March 2016, Bucharest) was perhaps the only one who happily combined linguistics and mathematics, being known in the Romanian philological environment especially for Lingvistica matematică [Mathematical Linguistic], Modele matematice în lingvistică [Mathematical Models in Linguistics], 1963, 1966, and Poetica matematică [Mathematical Poetics], in 1970, and in the international scientific field for numerous translation and also for numerous papers published in prestigious publishing houses in Paris, New York and Bologna. Grounded in the Distant reading paradigm (i.e. using digital humanities in analyzing large collection of literary texts) the paper, From close and to distant reading of Romanian novels from 1850 to 1920 provides a historical classification of texts in order to be included in a multilingual European Literary text Collection (ELTeC), permitting to test methods and compare results across national traditions and consider the consequences of such resources and methods for rethinking fundamental concepts in literary history. The paper is following main ideas in relation with the consequences of an absent research field in Romanian academic studies, digital humanities: Close and distant reading in digital humanities: Romanian literature case from 1850 to 1920; Romanian literary history and ways of transnational knowledge through Distant Reading of literary facts: 100 Romanian novels from 1850 to 1920; Transnational redefinition of periods in national history through a literary species: the novel; The problem of "translation / export" of national literary histories.
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Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, anhand literarischer Texte über Rumänien das nicht leicht zu durchschauende Wechselspiel von Globalisierung und Identität allgemein und skizzenhaft darzustellen und zu veranschaulichen. Mit auffallender Häufigkeit spricht man von der Identität der Frau. Rumänische Frauen, so betitelt Dana Grigorcea, die in der Schweiz lebende rumänische und auf Deutsch schreibende Autorin, ihren Text , in dem sie sich der literarischen Beschreibung des Profils von drei unterschiedlichen Frauen widmet und die Freiheit zu deuten sucht, die sie nach 1989 erfahren haben. Bezug wird primär auf die von Michaela Nowotnick und Florian Kührer-Wielach 2018 in Berlin herausgegebene Anthologie Wohnblockblues mit Hirtenflöte. Rumänien neu erzählen genommen.
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Goethe and his Followers: Weltliteratur and its Afterlives. Goethe´s Weltliteratur, which recalls cosmopolitan ideas of the 18th century, drew attention to literature´s multicultural role in the international exchange and networks. His ideas were developed by subsequent scholars who reflected upon the importance of translations, literatures belonging to small nations, and putting in contact local and global aspects in their discussions about literary studies. Hugo Meltzl emphasized multilingualism for development of literary studies; Georg Brandes drew attention to the importance of small literatures; and Fritz Strich proclaimed that world literature should challenge the Eurocentric notion of literary studies.
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Among contemporary Latin American writers, the Cuban Guillermo Cabrera Infante occupies a special place. He represents the temptation of playing with words and with very complex narrative strategies, in order to make up a text, Three Trapped Tigers (1965), impossible to be analyzed with the traditional approaches frequently used by the literary critics. This magnificent text is not entirely a novel, nor a collection of short stories, the author himself defining it as a “free book”, representing his own deep nostalgia for his beloved city, Havana, which he lost forever after the complete success of the Cuban Revolution.
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Osim Ilijade i Odiseje, pod Homerovim imenom sačuvan je i zbornik Himni. Najstarije, nama u celini poznate, grčke himne pisane su u heksametrima. Obeležene su, zajedno sa mnogo mlađim pesmama, kao: ΄Ομηρικοι υμνοι – homerske himne i sačuvane su u zborniku koji je, verovatno, nastao tek u doba helenizma.
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