CEEOL - Browse Subjects Result

We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

VRŠNJAČKO NASILJE U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ

Author(s): Snježana Bošnjak / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 9/2024

Peer violence is defined as unwanted aggressive behavior directed towards a specific person, which is repeated for a long time and in which there is a disparity of strength or power between the perpetrator and the victim, and it began to be observed in the 70s in the Scandinavian countries under the term mobbing, which was introduced by the school doctor Heinemann using it in the context of racial discrimination. This word comes from the English word mob, and it marks a relatively large and anonymous group of people involved in action towards a deviant individual. Soon after, an interest in studying peer education of violence also appeared in the rest of the world, and it became known that there are various forms of peer violence. Some statistics in the US show that there are over six million boys and four million girls annually involved in fights on the school grounds, a student was attacked every seven minutes on the playgrounds. In order to promote non-violent behavior, the National Anti-Violence Day is celebrated every year of peer violence or "Pink Shirt Day", known in Croatia as the Day of Pink Shirts. Peer violence leaves negative consequences for those who participate in it. Victims and perpetrators victims of peer violence, on average, more often suffer from depressive and anxiety disorders and suicidal thoughts, even in adulthood, people can show harmful patterns of behavior due to peer pressure violence during school days. In terms of reducing the incidence of peer violence, a very important factor is precisely this prevention at all levels of the educational system. In the form of reduction of manifestations, various programs and violence prevention measures are used, and it has been shown that they are successful methods perpetrators and victims with understanding, but persistently (non-violently) punish the perpetrators, include community and parents and educate children, serve as a positive example and set strict boundaries around it what is acceptable behavior and what is not.

More...

ULOGA STUDENTA U PREVENCIJI RODNO ZASNOVANOG NASILJA NA FAKULTETU

Author(s): Branka Kovačević / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 9/2024

Gender-based violence is a form of violence based on gender, that is on socially constructed roles, norms, and relations between women and men. Literature review on gender-based violence offers insight into the fact that gender-based violence is widely spread in all aspects of daily life, including also higher education. In this paper, we analyze the role of students in preventing gender based violence at the university level, in other words, we explore the challenges that the students face and their active contribution to creating a safe and inclusive environment. The paper emphasizes the role of students through activities such as education, providing support to victims, policy-making, and active participation in campaigns aimed at the prevention of gender-based violence. The aim of this research, conducted in focus groups, was to explore in detail key activities recognized as relevant in the prevention of gender-based violence by the students of the Faculty of Philosophy and Academy of Music of the University of East Sarajevo. Research results reveal that education is identified as a key activity which provides students with knowledge of gender-based violence and raises awareness of this issue. Providing support to victims is shown to be an important support mechanism, while policy makings tresses the need for a systematic approach to the prevention of gender-based violence at the university level. Identifying key activities that students see as relevant in preventing gender-based violence paves a path to creating programs and policies.

More...

ULOGA PORODICE I ŠKOLE U PREVENCIJI NASILJA MEĐU DJECOM

Author(s): Gordana Rajić,Andrea Stanković / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 9/2024

Violence against and amongst children is the violation of the rights of the child. The violence has short- and long-term consequences on mental and physical health which can last through several generations. The analysis of causes of violence amongst children is a pre-condition to determine a degree of probability of behaviour of each subject of violence. For this, the aim of this article is to point out importance of family and schools, their cooperation and common role in prevention of violence amongst children. Prevention is a key to tackle violence and has to start from a very young age. Work on prevention of violence has to be constant and continuous. Cooperation between family and school forms a concrete plan of action following identification of common goals based on mutual trust Engagement of parents, teachers, children and community has a key importance in ending violence in schools.‖

More...

NASILJE U OBITELJI

Author(s): Branko Peran,Mirko Goreta,Dragan Erceg / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 9/2024

As the title of the paper says, "violence in the family" implies that it can happen in every family, so it is very common for parents or children who experience violence to turn for help. Some people are not even aware of it, sometimes they don't even know what domestic violence involves, that is, some people don't want to admit that it happens to them, in their family. That is why it is very important for parents to be informed about this topic so that they can recognize it and find adequate ways to protect themselves and their children. Bearing in mind the above, we can state that domestic violence includes violence that occurs between family members, whether it is violence between parents, partners, brothers and sisters, or family members made up of people of several generations such as grandparents, great grand parents, as well as violence by parents or guardians against children. Here it is particularly important to point out that when domestic violence occurs, and subsequently to court and other proceedings, children appear as witnesses to domestic violence, which can have great and harmful consequences for them, especially if we take into account the situations in which the child witnesses frequent and prolonged verbal or physical violence between parents or other family members. Domestic violence threatens a central value to which the Council of Europe attaches great importance, namely the promotion of safety and security within the community. In particular, it should be emphasized that violence in close relationships is extremely destructive and has a high cost, in material, non-material and moral terms. Family violence is considered to be all threatening, coercive or controlling actions used by one family member towards another.

More...

UZROCI I POSLEDICE NASILJA U SAVREMENOJ PORODICI

Author(s): Gordana Budimir Ninković,Nenad Stevanović,Melida Župljanin / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 9/2024

The paper discusses the causes and consequences of violence in the contemporary family. It is based on the assumption that the globalization of modern society affects the transformation of the family. Paper analyses the findings of numerous researches that indicate that the classic structure, functions and importance of the modern family have changed. Due to the fast pace of life, the influence of modern technologies and technology (computers, mobile phones, television) there has been a degradation and crisis of the family. Under the influence of modern conditions, more and more family problems arise. To a large extent, poverty is expressed, which has a negative effect, because the family is not able to be a safe haven for its members, to satisfy their needs, desires and ambitions. Poverty hinders healthy, complete and harmonious personality development, which is necessary for mental health, proper physical development and social functioning. Since society is in crisis, and parents encourage the improvement - education of children, so the function of the family is largely taken over by institutions. Research indicates that ambitious and self-sacrificing parents expect adequate feedback and continuous successful progress of their children. Although, this type of encouraging is positive for the family on the one hand, on the other hand there are more and more problems like violence. Families are threatened by violence within the family, but also in the environment - society, peers, school, social networks. Domestic violence is present between parents, parents and children (by parents towards children and children towards parents). By summarizing the findings of recent relevant research, the paper systematizes the causes and consequences of violence in the modern family.

More...

RODNE DIMENZIJE NASILJA U SAVREMENOM DRUŠTVU

Author(s): Selma Ćosić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 9/2024

Every social phenomenon, every social and natural process with all its causes, outcomes and consequences, then mutual relations and interactions between people take place primarily within families, different groups, communities, societies and ultimately states. The majority of countries and societies are made up of the male and female population of the country and the membership of the society in almost the same ratio with all other differences: in terms of age, race, education, gender, economic and other characteristics. The mentioned characteristics precisely contribute to the formation of prejudices, stereotypes, and discrimination, which ultimately, if not eliminated, result in the appearance of various forms of violence in the state and society. Historical legacies and traditions passed down from generation to generation regarding gender inequality contribute to different gender dimensions of violence and gender-based violence. In this paper, the author will offer a theoretical contribution to the definition and understanding of the concepts of sex and gender, gender relations, and then perform a more detailed approach to the analysis of the concept of violence, with an emphasis on gender-based violence. The aim of the work is to point out the existence of different causes of gender-based violence, which manifest themselves through different forms of violence, violence against women, domestic violence, sexual violence, economic violence, psychological violence, which ultimately result in direct violence and femicide.

More...

PREVENCIJA NASILNIČKIH IMOVINSKIH KRIVIČNIH DELA

Author(s): Gordana Nikolić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 9/2024

Property crimes are the most represented crimes in the composition of the total number of crimes that are committed, so the repression of these crimes is equally important, whether it is a series or an individual crime, bearing in mind that with each of their clarifications, potential future crimes are prevented and perpetrators are punished with the prescribed penalty for the committed act, in which way justice is satisfied. However, preventing the commission of criminal acts in general is difficult, but at the same time extremely important for the legal and social system of every country. In his work, the author deals with the prevention of property crimes, namely violent property crimes such as robbery, various forms of aggravated theft, extortion, blackmail and racketeering. In this regard, it was handled in such a way that a review was made of the criminal law definition of violent property crimes in the Republic of Serbia, after which the author analyzes preventive mechanisms through the prism and strategy of various criminal law and criminological opportunities, as well as social ones, in order to prevent any potential new execution of these works. The prevention of violent acts of property is important for all legal subjects of every country, because its prevention first prevents violence against another person and illegal acquisition of property benefits, in which way citizens' safety is protected and their property is protected.

More...

DEČIJI BRAKOVI I IZLOŽENOST RODNO ZASNOVANOM NASILJU U ROMSKOJ ZAJEDNICI

Author(s): Ljupka Mandić-Kelijašević / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 9/2024

Child, early, and forced marriages represent a negative social phenomenon and a form of violation of children‘s rights and are present in the the general population and in the Roma community. They are often interpreted as being part of stereotype of the Roma tradition, but it is assumed that they occur most often with poverty, lack of access to education and health care, and life in patriarchal families. This paper analyzes the connections between early, child, and forced marriages in the Roma community and gender based-violence. Through a research in Roma community, the problem of child marriages in the Roma community in Serbia is pointed out, and the position of Roma girls and their exposure to violence, as well as the existing measures for support are approached.

More...

SOCIO-KULTURNA USLOVLJENOST LJUDSKE DESTRUKTIVNOSTI

Author(s): Dragana Vilić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 9/2024

This paper analyzes the socio-cultural factors of human destructiveness, through the scientific approaches of Erich Fromm and Johan Galtung. According to E. Fromm, aggression and destructiveness are not biologically determined impulses, but the reasons for their appearance should be sought in the political and economic conditions that we have created. Therefore, they are part of the character of a society, that is, they are socio-culturally conditioned. Johan Galtung's qualitative distinction between personal-direct-visible violence (direct, personal connection between the subject and the object of violence) and structural-indirect (in)visible violence (indirect, structured connection between the subject and the object) is important for the sociological analysis of violence. Structural violence is embedded in the structure of society, and it manifests itself as inequality of power and living conditions (uneven distribution of income, literacy, medical services, etc.).

More...

PRENESENA DISKRIMINACIJA RODITELJA/SKRBNIKA DJECE S TEŠKOĆAMA U RAZVOJU

Author(s): Mila Puljiz,Matea Luburić,Kristina Rašić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 9/2024

Discrimination represents an unfair and unethical practice based on prejudices and stereotypes about certain groups of people. Moreover, it has a negative impact on individuals and society as a whole, disrupting legal equality, social cohesion, and the proper development of individuals. Due to the demands of caring for a child with developmental difficulties, parents/caregivers face discrimination in various areas of life, including education, healthcare, social services, and employment. They often encounter prejudices and stereotypes leading to reduced career advancement opportunities, poorer working conditions, and stress. Additionally, they face biases and stereotypes regarding their ability to provide care and support to a child with developmental difficulties, resulting in feelings of isolation and injustice that negatively affect their mental health and well-being. In order to reduce the transmitted (associative) discrimination faced by this group of parents, it is necessary to take measures to improve awareness in the community, contribute to their education about children's difficulties, and ensure better support and resources for families facing their members' difficulties. Employers should also recognize the value of parents of children with developmental difficulties as employees and provide more flexible working conditions to enable better balance between family and professional obligations. Through an analysis of available literature, this paper explores the areas of life in which parents of children with developmental difficulties face transmitted discrimination and potential support strategies for its prevention.

More...

SEKSUALNA IZNUDA KAO PRIKRIVENA KORUPCIJA I SEKSUALNO NASILJE

Author(s): Vesna Iliktarević / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 9/2024

Sexual extortion, defined as a form of sexual and gender-based violence, as well as a form of corruption, has been the subject of research since 2008 when the International Association of Women Judges (IAW) recognized this phenomenon as alarming. Although certain efforts have been made to raise awareness of this corrupt practice and find solutions to stop it, sexual extortion remains a global phenomenon and problem. This phenomenon, as shown by previous research, is present in various sectors, both private and public, including Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, little public discussion surrounds sexual extortion, and in cases where it does enter media and public discourse, the victim is often stigmatized rather than holding the perpetrator of sexual extortion accountable for the consequences. Just like in many other countries, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the concept of sexual extortion is not incorporated into laws or legal or ethical regulations. Sexual extortion, as a combination of sexual harassment, exploitation, and abuse of power, authority, and dominance, is still not formally or legally recognized. This paper explores various aspects of the phenomenon of sexual extortion, examining broader implications and factors contributing to this phenomenon. The paper will investigate how the unacceptability of sexual extortion stems from the violation of basic human rights. This type of abuse of power can have long-term harmful consequences for victims of sexual extortion and implies various societal deviations. The focus of the paper will be on raising awareness among the general public, media, politicians, scientists, and representatives of various fields about the harmful consequences of sexual extortion, both at the individual and societal levels. Additionally, the paper will explore the possibilities of integrating the term sexual extortion into relevant laws and whether legal recognition of this concept can be crucial in combating this type of corruption and protecting victims.

More...

PREVENCIJA NASILJA U ŠKOLI

Author(s): Ibrahim Kadrić,Jasna Eminović / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 9/2024

In this paper, we analyze the concept of violence with a special emphasis on violence against children. Violence is an inseparable part of the human species from the very beginning, even in the holy books there is a paragraph about Adam's sons Abel and Cain, where Cain kills Abel because of jealousy. There are different motives for violence, Erich Fromm in his major work "Anatomy of Human Destructiveness" dealt with this phenomenon, more precisely the causes and consequences of human tendencies towards violence. Children, as the most vulnerable part of our population, are exposed daily to different types of violence both from adults and from their peers. Since children do not have mechanisms to defend themselves and prevent violence, it is the duty of conscientious nations and governments to adopt measures that will protect children and determine punishment for offenders. In the following, we analyze measures to prevent violence against children in the world, neighboring countries and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Finally, we suggest relying on the INSPIRE strategy as a starting point due to the lack of a unified strategic approach for the prevention of violence at the state level.

More...

NASILJE U PORODICI U REPUBLICI SRPSKOJ KROZ ZAKONODAVNI OKVIR

Author(s): Svetlana Ristić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 9/2024

Domestic violence is one of the most severe social problems in contemporary society. Although it has existed throughout history, it was only at the end of the last century, with the actualization of gender equality issues, that this problem slowly entered the sphere of socially unacceptable behavior, beginning to be legally sanctioned. The topicality of this problem in legislation arises precisely from the serious and harmful consequences it has on family members, especially children and women. The need to take preventive action, which is the essence of legal regulation of this area, results from a multitude of international documents that have been adopted in the meantime and have become an integral part of the national legislation of the countries that have signed them. Bosnia and Herzegovina, and thus the Republic of Srpska, are signatories to all international documents pertaining to this issue, thus committing to incorporating their provisions into the existing legal system. Domestic violence has been recognized as a type of criminal offense in the Criminal Code of Republic of Srpska since 2000, but in 2005, the first Law on Protection from Domestic Violence was adopted, marking the first time this area was singled out as a special legally regulated area of state authorities' systemic action. The very complexity of domestic violence as asocial deviation and the need for a better social response to violence have imposed the need for a law that will more effectively address domestic violence. Since then, up to the present day, the area of protection and support for victims of domestic violence has been constantly improved legislatively, as evidenced by several amendments to the law, as well as by the adoption of a completely new legal solution in 2012. A new law is about to be drafted. This paper presents the development of legislation related to the regulation of addressing and prosecution of domestic violence in the legal system of the Republic of Srpska, with reference to the reasons that led to the aforementioned changes in legislation.

More...

IZVRŠAVANJE ALTERNATIVNIH SANKCIJA U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ

Author(s): Branko Peran,Mirko Goreta,Vedran Milković / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 9/2024

The problem of overcrowding in prison systems is expressed all over the world, and the same problem of overcrowding exists in the Republic of Croatia. Bearing in mind the above, it was inevitable to introduce new, alternative forms of sanctions in order to relieve the prison system. When we are talking about alternative sanctions, it should be pointed out that alternative sanctions are all forms of punishing prisoners that do not include institutionalization, and in the Croatian legal system, these are protected supervision and work for the common good at liberty. Both types of alternative sanctions aim for the convict to repay his debt to society and to serve the sentence assigned by the court, but not to jeopardize his socialization and not to separate him from the environment in which he lives. The paper deals with alternative sanctions as sanctions that do not include institutionalized forms of punishment, i.e., punishment in the form of social isolation that is carried out in prison systems. Alternative sanctions keep the convict in his environment, but with the obligation to serve the sentence assigned by the court, but also to educate and progress in order to avoid repeating the crime for which he was convicted. Alternative sanctions are determined in accordance with the personality of the convict, with his consent and taking into account the degree of gravity of the crime he committed, so that the convict's remaining at liberty does not represent a security risk for the environment. The aim of the paper is to describe the concept, principles of implementation, historical development and forms of alternative sanctions and the organization of the probation system in the Republic of Croatia, with special reference to the organization of the probation system, its organization and the activities of the Probation Sector operating under the Ministry of Justice, as well as the tasks of the Central Office, probation offices, competencies of probation officers and commissioners, i.e. cooperation with other institutions and international cooperation. It should be emphasized here that probation is a new system established in the Republic of Croatia, the purpose of which is to humanize the execution of criminal sanctions and more effective resocialization and reintegration of perpetrators of criminal offenses into the social community.

More...

КРИВИЧНО ДЕЛО НАСИЛНИЧКО ПОНАШАЊЕ НА СПОРТСКОЈ ПРИРЕДБИ ИЗ УГЛА МАЛОЛЕТНИКА КАО УЧИНИОЦА ДЕЛА

Author(s): Jovana Kostić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 9/2024

In everyday life today, we often hear the term "violence", which is usually associated with unwanted behavior in the family, at school, towards a child or a spouse. It occurs in several forms and what characterizes it is that it manifests itself primarily through forms of behavior aimed at physically or psychologically harming another person. The causes of violent behavior are a frequent topic today. Speaking about them, all researches look for the answer in psychology, primarily for the reason that violence itself is a matter of perception of the person who applies it. In recent years, the existence of violence at sports events has often been mentioned, where the perpetrators of violence are mostly male persons who attend sports events and actively follow them, and which undoubtedly represents a way to redirect their focus from everyday dissatisfaction when they find ways to express that dissatisfaction. Bearing this in mind, special attention is paid to the study of violence itself by analyzing behavior at sports events, and violence at sports events as a predicated criminal offense is directed to the study of the behavior of minors as perpetrators of crimes who, due to their biopsychological characteristics and limited intellectual abilities, are more susceptible to resorting to behaviors that are primarily affective and have elements of violence. The subject of the work is the study of the criminal act of violent behavior at sports events committed by minor perpetrators of criminal acts, in which violent behavior will be described as a criminal act with its manifestations viewed through the prism of minors.

More...

NOVI KULTURNI OBRASCI MLADIH U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI

Author(s): Amer Osmić,Enita Čustović,Ehlimana Spahić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 9/2024

The research paper deals with new cultural patterns that are increasingly present among youth in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The new cultural patterns encompass a spectrum of changes in cultural activities, including digital culture, activism and alternative art reflecting their openness to new ideas, diversity and social engagement. Through a mixed methods approach using a survey, various aspects of new cultural trends among young people are analyzed, including music, art, fashion, digital media, social networks and ways of communication. Special attention is paid to the influence of globalization, technological progress and social changes on the formation of cultural preferences of youth. Through the results of the research, the work provides an insight into the dynamism of the cultural identities of young people in contemporary everyday life in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

More...

MOBBING – ZLOSTAVLJANJE NA RADNOM MJESTU – PRIKAZI ISKUSTAVA ŽRTAVA

Author(s): Daša Poredoš Lavor / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 9/2024

The paper presents experience of victims of mobbing or abuse at the workplace and their personal assessment of the quality of life of those involved in counseling and psychosocial support in the area of Sisak-Moslavina County. It is a convenient sample of 87 interviewed persons who completed the quality of life scale, which contains 17 essential segments, before joining the support system and one year after participating in individual meetings. The obtained results indicate the initial dissatisfaction of the respondents with the quality and number of friendships, leisure activities, mental and physical health, and financial situation. Furthermore, to a significant extent, they verbalize the presence of frequent mood changes, general dissatisfaction with life, the presence of anxiety, lack of self confidence, fears of various causes related to the workplace, difficulty sleeping, changes in diet, low back pain, balance disorders, tremors and tingling of the extremities, neck pain and dizziness. After a year of involvement in counseling work and psychosocial support, the respondents are still dissatisfied with their financial situation, but show improvements in the level of realization of the social support network, such as better and more numerous friendships, more activities in their free time, many of which are related to physical activity in nature, greater satisfaction with family relationships, as well as greater satisfaction with their mental and physical health because they describe many symptoms as less burdensome for daily functioning. The experiences of the victims are presented through several concise narratives.

More...

CRIMINOLOGICAL (ETIOLOGICAL) ASPECTS OF TERRORISM

Author(s): Filip Novaković / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2024

The contemporary landscape of global security is profoundly influenced by the phenomenon of terrorism, constituting a paramount concern of unparalleled magnitude. While terrorism has historically permeated the annals of state formations, its contemporary manifestation has witnessed a marked escalation and proliferation in recent decades. Contrary to popular belief which may confine the specter of terrorism to the confines of the Old Continent or to nations characterized by democratic governance paradigms, its reach extends far beyond such boundaries, impacting diverse geographical locales and transcending conventional societal demarcations. Indeed, terrorism in the present era exacts a heavy toll, manifesting in myriad forms and encroaching upon all facets of communal existence. In its deleterious wake, terrorism undermines the foundational tenets safeguarded by global legal frameworks, thereby imperiling the bedrock principles that underpin civilizational norms. This scholarly exposition endeavors to scrutinize the multifaceted dimensions intrinsic to the phenomenon of terrorism, elucidating the intricate interplay of factors that precipitate recourse to violent means in the pursuit of political objectives.

More...

POLITIČKO NASILJE U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI

Author(s): Ognjen Sredojević / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 9/2024

This paper investigates the phenomenon of political violence in the context of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Through an interdisciplinary approach, various causes, forms and consequences of political violence in the state are investigated. Emphasis is placed on ethnically motivated incidents, political corruption, election manipulations and institutional crises, and their role in destabilizing the political system and society. Through the analysis of examples of political violence in the past and present, the factors that contribute to the escalation of violence, as well as strategies for prevention and dealing with it, are investigated.. The focus of the research is the identification of key factors that influence political violence, including ethnic tensions, lack of rule of law, economic inequality, and lack of reconciliation from the past. The goal of the research is to understand the complexity of political violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in order to develop effective policies and strategies for building peace, stability and inter-ethnic reconciliation in the country, that is, to avoid future political violence and ensure sustainable political stability in the country.

More...

MEĐUNARODNI TERORIZAM KAO BEZBJEDNOSNI PROBLEM POSMATRAN KROZ PRIZMU NASILJA I STRAHA

Author(s): Mišel Buvač / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 9/2024

Two categories of terms, violence and fear, which are characteristic of modern society, are linked to terrorism as a third social category which is viewed from a scientific perspective as a serious security and global problem. The starting point when looking at these three categories is a multidimensional and global approach to each of them, the reaction of society to the events that preceded it, the consequences caused by terrorist activities and ways of anti-terrorist action. Terrorism, after the attack on the United States of America, became a threat to the symbols of the American security and economic establishment, which remained shocked by the spiral of fear set by the terrorists for future action. With the event of September 11, a different view of terrorism entered the world stage, called international terrorism, the effects of which were the great media attention, in the domestic and world public, that the terrorists from the Al-Qaeda terrorist organization under the leadership of Osama bin Laden received. The West was furious with Islamic fundamentalists who had done something that could only be speculated about in American circles, which was to have one of the most powerful countries attacked at home, in its own backyard. Countries that were facing terrorism tried to get answers to questions like how to prevent terrorism, how to define it and what sanctions to take against terrorists. The answer was to recognize which forms of violence and fear can turn into terrorist actions and the prescribed penal provisions of the law that provides for sanctions. From the point of view of analysts of various sciences, seen as a struggle of Islam against the West, terrorism has fought for its place in scientific study and prediction of previously unknown events and activities that the world will move through at the beginning of the 21st century. Precisely this dimension of international action was the turning point for terrorism to be condemned as an act full of violence, terror, fear, uncertainty and marked as an invisible enemy that has no state and territory and against which even America cannot fight unless its allies are with it.

More...