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Rozwój wczesnych biologicznych metod leczenia schizofrenii po II wojnie światowej

Author(s): Mateusz Gholamy / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

The article tells about the history of development the first biological methods of treatment of schizophrenia, introduced after the II World War. At first, there was insulin shock therapy, introduced for the first time in 1933, then electroconvulsive therapy, applied in 1938 and lobotomy, which became popular method of treatment in 40s and 50s. Introducing every of this methods was an important step in schizophrenia research, altough all of them were mainly ineffective. Moreover all of this methods contain many side effects, even dangerous to life. It seems that development of each of this methods was crucial step important to introduce much more effective and safety ways of treatment of this disease.

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O historykach medycyny i zakładach naukowych pierwszej połowy lat 50. XX w. w świetle sprawozdania Ministerstwa Zdrowia

Author(s): Magdalena Paciorek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

The article discusses the issue of the perception of the academic milieu of medical historians through the prism of the new post-war reality of the early 1950s. The author, based on the document – a report on a tour of scientific institutions by Dr. A. Smoluchowski – presents the then way of assessing medical historians, which to a large extent it depended on their individual views and attitude to the new Marxist ideology. In the end, the image of the community of Polish medical historians of the analyzed period turned out to be not the most interesting. It was supposed to be very Conflicted, full of prejudices, blurring, disagreements, very attached to the pre-war way of practicing history, with little valuable achievements. How was it really? What could have been the cause of such an opinion? The author of the article tries to find an answer to these and other questions.

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Nihil durat in aeternum. On the Ecosystem of Political Communication in the Process of Dynamic Changes, Main Trends and Resulting Threats

Author(s): Rafał Klepka / Language(s): English Issue: 2 (254)/2023

Political communication observers and researchers recognise that the field is undergoing deep and multidimensional transformations. Numerous recent works presented and analysed the characteristics of the changes taking place and refer to the media, political actors or citizens. However, attempts at a multidimensional analysis of changes in the political communication ecosystem are much less frequent. This article aims to identify trends in contemporary political communication. A trend is a sequence of changes forming a certain regularity, showing strength and continuity over time, and the direction of development existing at a given moment. The research in this article identifies and analyses these trends, which should be understood as an interpretation of reality requiring an interdisciplinary and open heuristic approach. This approach will provide a broader view of the processes and changes taking place in the political communication ecosystem, allowing for further analyses and the formulation of hypotheses about the consequences and possible directions of the changes taking place, particularly those relating to trust in the media and politicians.

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Walka o wiarygodność. Narracje i storytelling w ukraińskiej komunikacji strategicznej

Author(s): Justyna Arendarska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2 (254)/2023

The article refers to the communications carried out by Ukraine’s official Instagram account (ukraine.ua). Until February 24, 2022, it served as the country’s branding tool to promote the country’s tourism assets. On the day the war escalated, the account did not suspend its activities, but instead changed its content and target audience, and became an element of Ukrainian strategic communications. At the same time, the Instagram profile continues to be a component for branding the Ukrainian state and society, even though crisis and wars tend to hinder the shaping of a country’s image in the international arena. The author of the article applies a qualitative method to analyse published messages from the first few days of the war, paying special attention towards storytelling, i.e. narrative construction and the image of the society fighting against the occupying forces. The purpose of the article is to verify the thesis that Ukrainian narratives use universal patterns derived from pop culture messages and refer to archetypes commonly used in branding. These messages are key for Ukrainian external communications, which are focused on building both a coherent and credible image of a country invaded.

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Nie wchodzi się dwa razy do tej samej rzeki. Obraz katastrofy ekologicznej na Odrze a wiarygodność polskich władz w przekazie wybranych mediów niemieckich

Author(s): Agnieszka Szymańska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2 (254)/2023

In August 2022 the Polish media reported on a mass mortality of fish and other animals in the Oder, which occurred as a result of contamination of the river’s waters over a section of several hundred kilometres. The situation revealed that Poland lacked an effective water control system and procedures in the case of contamination. Polish authorities’ response and crisis communication, including with foreign partners in the Oder region, were widely commented on in foreign media. From the perspective of Polish-German relations – which have been strained in recent years – how such a crisis is communicated by the media in Poland’s western neighbour seems to be of particular interest. The article presents the results of the content analysis of selected German media in August 2022. The quantitative analysis covered the service of selected German opinion-forming media. The qualitative analysis covered printed editions of selected opinion-forming weeklies (F.A.S., WamS, BamS, Der Spiegel, Stern, Focus, Die Zeit) and weekend editions of two titles published in the border federal states (ger. Bundesländer) (Neues Deutschland/Die Woche, Sächsische Zeitung). The research aimed to evaluate how the actions of the Polish government were presented in the German media during the crisis caused by the ecological disaster.

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Symulator działań Policji w sytuacjach kryzysowych jako narzędzie kształtujące kompetencje dowódcze

Author(s): Łukasz Świerczewski,Łukasz Kacprowicz / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 3/2022

This article aims to identify the basic activities of the police to prepare com-mand staff and officers in executive positions for the effective implementation of officialtasks related to the conduct of police actions and operations, with particular emphasison mass events, including sporting ones, such as football matches, and gatherings.Furthermore, in addition to indicating the catalogue and describing the training andin-service training system, this paper also presents a modern AI-based teaching toolused during the above courses – a simulator of crisis police operations.

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Bezpieczeństwo policjantów w kontekście zagrożeń związanych z podejmowanymi interwencjami oraz sposoby ochrony przed atakami

Author(s): Mariusz Kramarczyk / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 3/2022

The police is an institution dealing not only with the protection of publicsafety and order, detection of criminal offenses, and search for missing persons, butit also conducts activities aimed at maintaining public order in dangerous situationsresulting from the violation of the law. It includes the broadly understood fight againstterrorism and neutralizing individuals and terrorist groups. While ensuring publicsafety and order in public places, on roads, waters, and in rail or air traffic, police of-ficers put their lives and well-being at risk every day, facing various threats. In almostevery intervention, officers risk bodily injuries, which can often lead to disability, andin some particularly dangerous situations, even to the loss of life. The risk of injury isa consequence of the behavior of persons against whom official actions are taken toeliminate unlawful conduct. The awareness and presence of such threats cause fearand high levels of stress among police officers, which translates into the efficiency oftheir service and interventions. The solution to an attempted assault on a police officer,active resistance, or an assault with a dangerous instrument may be the identificationand description of countermeasures that affect the level of personal safety of each po-lice officer. The article presents and describes selected categories of threats that mayoccur during an intervention. Moreover, the author has analyzed the significant factorsdetermining high effectiveness in counteracting and repelling all kinds of dangers theintervening officers may encounter

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USMENA POEZIJA KAO MEDIJ KULTURALNOG PAMĆENJA BOŠNJAKA

Author(s): Ibnel Ramić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 23/2023

Review of: Sead Šemsović, Usmena poezija Bošnjaka, Slovo bosansko, Sarajevo, 2021

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Етнокултурни особености в развитието на социалния интерес при деца от ромски произход в предучилищна възраст

Author(s): Nedelina Zdravkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

In preschool age, according to the classics of individual psychology A. Adler and R. Dreikurs, the lifestyle is formed and social interest develops. In its development, each child is placed at the center of a unique social circle of human relationships, namely child - family - teacher. The specific study focused on the manifestations of social interest in preschool children of different ethnic origins. The comparative analysis of the level of social interest in children of different ethnic origins shows statistical differences in its development. However, a very optimistic trend is emerging related to the results of pre-school education and training. The particular advantages, sustainability and effectiveness and the integrating nature of the paradigm of modern preschool education and upbringing in our country are revealed.

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Wojenna retoryka przemocy w konflikcie rosyjsko-ukraińskim

Author(s): Marek Kochan / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2023

The topic of the article are the media reports from the Russo-Ukrainian war, focused on the issue of the violence. Violence could be the act of communication, used to dominate the victims, as a ritual integrating community and the act of self-presentation of the aggressor. Rhetoric of violence refers to a certain way to describe the acts of violence, to utterances accompanying violence or being violence, instigating to it or legitimizing it. After discussing the concept, the war rhetoric of violence in the Russo-Ukrainian war is described in the article, in its linguistic dimension and content (analysis cover headlines of the publications, terms used to name the aggressors and their actions, elements stressing their brutality, mass character of violence, its systemic nature and support given by some citizens of the Russian Federation). Following the idea of rhetoric of violence’s legitimization, the author proposes the term rhetoric of violence’s de-legitimization, including 1. the rhetoric of brutality, 2. the rhetoric of breaking the civilizational rules, 3. the rhetoric of mass and systemic nature and common support, 4. the rhetoric of senseless violence. The conclusion of the article is that this rhetoric might affect the image of the Russian Federation, its soldiers and citizens, and lead to excluding them from the community of civilized countries and societies, at the same time empowering the support for Ukrainian victims and their struggle, being the effective defensive weapon in Russo-Ukrainian war.

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THE INFLUENCE OF COVID-19 AND THE OLYMPIC GAMES ON THE MARKET BUSINESS OF JAPAN

Author(s): Aleksandar Đukić,Višnja Kojić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The Summer Olympics are the largest international sporting event in the world. Over 200 sports nations take part in them every 4 years and represent a real organizational challenge for the host country. The organization of the games requires large financial resources that the host country would have to allocate. The Tokyo Olympics in 2020 faced unprecedented challenges due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which increased the price of the games, which is already a record. Economists and organizers predicted that the Games in Tokyo would have an impact of as much as 292 billion dollars on the overall economy of Japan. Economists in Japan have raised expectations that the Tokyo Olympics will sharply strengthen not only the country's tourism industry, but also the construction business, while encouraging consumption, which together would increase Japan's market business. With the appearance of the corona virus, the Olympics were postponed for one year, which eventually led to a ban on watching at the venue of the postponed event. These bans, on the one hand, increased the cost of maintenance three times, and on the other hand, reduced revenues several times, which had a great impact on the Japanese market. This paper investigates the impact of covid-19 and the Olympic Games on Japan's market operations using regression and correlation analysis. Based on the analysis, the negative impact of Covid-19 on the market operations of Japan and the positive impact of the Olympics, especially in the year of maintenance, were proven, regardless of the fact that additional funds were invested.

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Personalizacija politike u rusko-ukrajinskom ratu: polarizovani narativi u medijima

Author(s): Sanja Domazet,Stefan Surlić,Maja Vukadinović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 29/2023

This paper offers an analysis of the phenomenon of political personalization in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The authors contend that the celebrity status of political leaders during times of war is aimed at mobilizing society, rather than providing objective reporting. By drawing upon established forms of ‘celebrity’, the study examines the personalized approach to the war through a comparative analysis of the presentations of Putin and Zelenski. The instrumentalization of the media space at both the global and national levels is explored, whereby idealized or demonized representations of the two leaders reflect a departure from objective reporting. The consumption of information and misinformation pertaining to the war events perpetuates media instrumentalization, contributing to a continuous cycle of consumption. This paper provides valuable insights into the complexities of media manipulation in the context of political conflict and its ramifications for public opinion and policy-making.

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Hledání mezinárodního řádu: přístup Anglické školy k analýze mezinárodní politiky

Author(s): Aleš Karmazin / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2022

The English School of International Relations is one of the long-established theoretical approaches in IR that systematically interrogates the purpose and the character of international order at the macro-level of international politics. This paper aims to introduce and explore how the English School theoretically conceptualises and investigates international order by analysing deeply embedded (the so-called primary) institutions and other related institutional elements, norms and practices. The paper synthesises the core argument of the School, discusses how recent debates develop it and which key cleavages are present among English School authors. I argue and demonstrate that the English School has been dynamically evolving in the last two decades and that it can contribute to our understanding of the changing world. The paper also encourages the development of English School research in the Czech academic context.

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Recenzja książki: Świat naszych przodków. Tradycje letniego cyklu obrzędowego

Author(s): Dionizjusz Czubala / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2019

The text is a review of the fourth volume of the publishing series The world of our ancestors, subtitled: Traditions of the summer ritual cycle, developed by young researchers gathered in the Culture Researchers’ Circle at the Municipal Culture Centre in Czechowice-Dziedzice under the direction of its founder and supervisor – Dr. Agnieszka Przybyła-Dumin, a folklorist and cultural anthropologist with considerable scientific achievements. The book was developed based on field research carried out in 2017–2019 with 116 people aged 11 to 95 living in Bronów, Ligota, Zabrzeg and Czechowice-Dziedzice. Their purpose was to archive remembered and cultivated customs, rituals, magical beliefs and practices, as well as the transferred narratives. The volume in question is a collection of several articles, including two volumes prepared by the editor of the volume: introducing the theoretical issues Regional idea – regional education – Regional Culture Archive and the second one being an editorial commentary to the entire publication and the project. The remaining texts were written by young people well prepared in terms of content and methodology. They have been devoted to the consecutive annual holidays of the summer ritual cycle and developed according to a set pattern – holiday history or life of a saint, results of field research in the municipality of Czechowice-Dziedzice, examples from other times and regions. The collection is supplemented by: narrator index, research questionnaire, tables and bibliography, as well as short notes presenting the authors of the articles and other members of the Culture Researchers’ Circle. The work of the whole team is located in the cultural trend called regionalism and has been highly rated as valuable in the context of strengthening the intergenerational message transfer, preservation of intangible cultural heritage and as a source text for further research on the regional culture.

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Interetnické vzťahy v prostredí Rusínov a Slovákov (na Slovensku a na Dolnej zemi) v 19. storočí.

Author(s): Michal Šmigeľ,Miroslav Kmeť / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2023

Rusyns and Slovaks, members of two culturally close ethnic groups, had lived for centuries in one state unit and in immediate neighbour contact. Complex socio-economic situation of the Rusyn settlement area in Slovakia had conditioned the poor development of both cultural and national needs. Rusyn intelligentsia from Greek-Catholic church circles had tended towards Hungarian culture or a broader Slavic consciousness. From the beginning of the 19th century and during the spread of pan-Slavism with the development of national movements and the formation of modern nations, Rusyns became the object of interest in Slovak intellectual circles. The Rusyn elite, inspired by Slavic and nonSlavic national movements, revived nationally in the revolutionary period of the 1840s. It was also the merit of Slovaks who supported the national awakening of Rusyns as their closest allies in the Kingdom of Hungary during the peak period of the Slovak national revival movement (1836–1848). The mutuality of RusynSlovak political cooperation had been manifested in the revolutionary years of 1948–1949 in the Habsburg Monarchy. Even though the revolution in the Kingdom of Hungary had failed, it had brought some significant changes in the sphere of social development, civil principles and the weakening of the influence of the state and the church. These new conditions had enabled the emergence and development of Rusyn national revival movement and the so-calledrevivalistic generation of Rusyns. Mutual contacts between the two national movements, especially in the post-revolutionary period, had symbolized social, political and literary activities of several nationalities. Even in the second half of the 19th century, Slovak elites had a positive influence on the development of the Rusyn national movement. Slovak environment had an inspiring effect on Rusyns. Of course, this relationship had not only worked from the side of Slovaks to Rusyns, but also in the opposite direction (in a lesser extent), i.e. from Rusyns to Slovaks. Finally, during the period of dualism (1867–1918), the reflection of Rusyn issue in Slovak literature was not as intense as before the revolution, which was related to strong national oppression of minorities by the Hungarian governments. The national movements of Rusyns and Slovaks had to cope with a very complicated political and social reality, so there was much less scope for wider cooperation and mutual reflection than before. Complex socio-economic situation of northern and northeastern Kingdom of Hungary at the end of the 19th century together with the rapidly increasing Slovak and Rusyn emigration had a significant influence on this.

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ИНТЕРЕСУВАТ ЛИ СЕ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИТЕ ПАРТИИ ОТ МЛАДИТЕ ХОРА - ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ НА ИДЕИТЕ ЗА МЛАДЕЖКИ ПОЛИТИКИ В ПРОГРАМИТЕ НА БЪЛГАРСКИТЕ ПАРТИИ (2021 – 2022)

Author(s): Teodora Yovcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

This article explores the ideas for youth policies in the programs of the parties in Bulgaria in 2021 - 2022. It focuses on the political parties: Citizens for the European Development of Bulgaria (GERB), Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), "We continue the Change" (PP), coalition "Democratic Bulgaria" (DB) and "Vazrazhdane". The choice of the parties was made on the basis of their importance in the political life. The research does not include the formations: Movement for Rights and Freedoms (DPS) and coalition "Bulgarian Rise", because the topic of youth policies was not found in their programs. The information about "There is such a people" is minimal, but it is still part of the article. The research concludes that not all parties address young people in their programs as a separate segment. Predominantly young people are addressed through the sectors of social policy, sport, demographic problem and to a lesser extent innovation. Parties generally include youth policies in their programs, but usually their place is marginal, being one of the last places in terms of priorities. One of the most interesting findings in the research is that the parties with the youngest electorates hardly included youth policy ideas in their programs. This finding rises the question of what attracts young voters and to what extent parties' policy proposals Plays a crucial role in voting within certain age group. This question provides a basis for future research on the topic of youth and parties.

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ДИГИТАЛНИ ХОРИЗОНТИ ЗА ДУАЛНОТО ОБУЧЕНИЕ

Author(s): Silvia Toneva,Olympia Vedar / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

The article focuses on the challenges and opportunities facing the dual VET in the country because of the active digital transformation that has begun in the education sector following the COVID-19 pandemic. The main hypothesis is that a number of stages and activities in the process of organizing dual training can be more efficient with the help of the advantages offered by information and communication technologies. The basis of the analysis is a review of research in the field as well as a survey conducted online in the period May-June 2023 among companies actively involved in dual training partnerships. Digital horizons for the modernization of the dual VET system can be found in the following aspects: the use of ICT for a broad information campaign; the delivery of training in the theory of the profession entirely or partially through ICT; the organization of the training of mentors at a distance; the transition to a digital logbook for practical training; the creation of an online space for the promoting of training institutions participating in the dual system and a platform for communication between partner companies in dual training; development of digital space for mentors to exchange information and good practices.

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Biometric Data in Scientific Research

Author(s): Edyta Kot,Monika Porwisz,Agnieszka Sadło-Nowak,Rafał Płocki / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The aim of the article is to present the issues related to the processing of sensitive data, including biometric data, in thecourse of scientific research and for the purpose of achieving the objectives of such research. This study indicates the purposesof scientific research, the legal grounds, standards of conduct, premises legalizing data processing and the rights of persons in thescope of processing their data. It is important to reconcile the protection of personal data with research challenges, especiallyrelated to the possibilities of using innovative technologies in order to effectively detect and fight various forms of crime.Thepublication discusses European regulations: Regulation 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of the EuropeanUnion of 27 April 2016 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movementof such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/WE and national provisions contained in the Act of 10 May 2018 on the protectionof personal data (Journal of Laws of 2019, item 1781). During the literature review a number of studies relating to the protectionof personal data was identified. The authors, in particular in monographs, analyse the issue of personal data protection in thecontext of data protection in the Polish criminal trial, in civil or educational cases. This publication focuses on one of theaspectsnot often discussed in scientific studies, which is the protection of personal data obtained for the purposes of scientific research.The publication aims to introduce the standards in force in the field of personal data protection in the context of empirical research.The issue is so complex that it requires in-depth discussion, especially since many researchers, taking up the challenge and effortof scientific research, have to face the problem of personal data protection, both for researchers and participants in the researchprocess. In view of this conclusion, it is reasonable to present in this publication the fundamental principles of conducting researchwhen it is necessary to obtain personal data in the course of research. The article discusses legal regulations and good practicesthat may constitute a specific compendium of knowledge for everyone who participates in research projects

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Crisis Management in the Czech Republic

Author(s): Radomír Ščurek,Ryszard Szynowski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The Czech Republic seems to be a geographically peaceful place. However, the territory of the Republic is not free fromnatural disasters that have hit the country in the past, and are a common occurrence in the country nowadays. The most dramaticand destructive natural disasters and technical failures in the history of the Czech Republic included, among others, a brokendam on the Desná River in the Jizera Mountains (1916), earthquakes (1985), or floods that affected Moravia, Silesia and partof eastern Bohemia, as well as the territory of Poland, in July 1997. The latter threats related to flooding especially highlightedthe inability of state institutions of the time to deal with crisis situations, and this led to undertaking work on the constructionof a crisis management system in the Czech Republic. The purpose of this article is to present the solutions, experiences and trendsof the currently functioning crisis management system in the Czech Republic. Why? Well, natural disasters know no borders and,just like it was in 1997, they could cover larger areas, including the territory of Poland, and the basic knowledge about the crisismanagement system of our neighbor (the Czech Republic) is contained in a broader concept: the concept of cross-border crisismanagement, the necessity of which results from cross-border threats

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REPRESENTATIONS OF WOMEN AND OF THEIR ROLES IN THE WORLD OF THE ROMANIAN VILLAGE. PICTURE POSTCARDS FROM THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY

Author(s): Oana Ramona Ilovan,Ioana Alexandra Ciupe,Adrian Muntean / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This study aims to explore the visual discourse about women and their roles in the Romanian village, a discourse created by the picture postcards from the end of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th. century. To reach this aim, we considered the following objectives: to realise a typology of the used research material, to identify the main representations of women, to analyse the relationship between the representations of women and the other represented elements (men, children, rural landscapes, households, tools, etc.), to discuss the main features of the visual discourse about the women from the rural area, for the respective period, based on the previous identification of the elements that became iconic through repeated representation. We used a critical visual methodology and discourse analysis to explore the picture postcards that represented women from the Romanian village, underlining the connection between their meanings and the cultural reality. Our findings are useful for similar research on gender and its visual construction from the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th.

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