Disruptive behavior- methods of intervention of the teacher

Author(s): Ana-Georgiana Mazarache,Natalia Pociumban / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

Disruptive behavior of the pupils became from different reasons and social circumstances. Animportant role, a huge one I would say, it has the teacher, who put the intellectual base at thepupils. The teacher intervention to maintain the order in the classroom putting on the end to thedisruptive behavior or on the contrary gets to the worse. So, teacher intervention has some basicsteps which must get follow, but their not a basic rule, it is more a reference point from wherethe teacher could guide in a difficult situation. The classroom management, concerns theessential appearance of the teacher works, the effective management, under the civic-democracyvalue, sign, inherent conflicts from classroom, assuming that school anticipate and preparegraduate for involvement and for resolve the conflict from a democratic society.

Refleksyjny podmiot w świecie społecznym. O paradygmacie i założeniach socjologii interpretacyjnej

Author(s): Elżbieta Hałas / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2016

The article analyses the use of Thomas Kuhn’s concept of paradigm in sociology, presented in the 20th century as a multiparadigm science. The unity of the so-called interpretive paradigm is questioned and the transformation of the interpretive orientations in sociology under the influence of postmodernism and critical praxis theory is analysed. The problems of the subject’s reflexivity and the intersubjectivity of the life-world, which have their roots in pragmatism and phenomenology, are discussed on the backdrop of new attempts to reconstruct systematic sociology.

Observationes ako forma vedeckej komunikácie od stredoveku do 18. storočia

Author(s): Erika Juríková,Ladislav Tkáčik / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2017

The reign Charles of Great introduced Latin as a universal language of scholars, so-called lingua franca. Latin kept this position until mid-19th century, because national languages got preference. However, Latin’s domain has lasted until today in certain fields of study in turns of terminology. This paper focuses on the phenomenon of observations across natural and social-economic circumstances. The term observationes originated in Medieval time and it’s derived from Latin verb observare – to observe, to monitor, to keep, to maintain. This labeling can be found in the area of philosophy, secular and monastic life, astronomics remarks, travel reports and natural sciences including medicine as well as law.

Жан Кюизение (1927–2017)

Author(s): Mila Santova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2017

In memoriam

The Structure of Reality, or Where to Find the Final Theory?

Author(s): Alexander Panov / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2017

The main objective of the present article is the methodological analysis of the structures of physical theories that could apply to the theory of quantum gravitation or the unified theory of all interactions (other terms are the “Final Theory” or “The Theory of Everything”, TOE). In the first step of this discussion, it is shown that, unlike widely believed, quantum theory, in principle, allows representation by local classical hidden variables. The possibility of such representation is proved by the possibility of an exhaustive simulation of quantum systems by means of a local and classical device — the computer equipment plays a role in the local classical hidden variables. Details regarding the realization of such a representation are discussed using the example of an actual computer program simulating a correlation experiment using Einstein-Podolsky-Rozen pairs. This example explicitly violates the theorems of impossibility for hidden classical variables in quantum theory.The fact that these theorems ignore the possibility for a situation, which, in this article, is characterized as the splitting of the layers of reality, is the reason that a possible violation of the theorem of impossibility for hidden variables exists. There are two such layers in the computer example — a reality layer where computer equipment exists, and a layer of simulated quantum reality. The analysis of this example results in a general idea about the layers of reality, which are the main subject of the subsequent discussion.The computer example plays a role of the existence theorem. It follows that, in principle, a fundamental local and classical structure may exist behind physical quantum reality. However, such a “local realism” leads to the idea that an immense “space container” exists for classical objects of such a layer of reality. The problem is overcome if the fundamental ontology is classical but nonlocal. Then, a space container for it is not required. It is shown that such a classical, but nonlocal, structure is very similar to a formal mathematical system. It leads to a thought that the ideal mathematical system can be a fundamental ontology of the TOE, or it is reminiscent of something beyond mathematics — a nonreducible pseudomathematical structure.In this regard, the analysis of the nature of mathematics is given. It is shown that mathematics is not only a result of the imagination of people, but that mathematical forms and all mathematics holistically exist objectively. Moreover, the statement about the objective existence of mathematical forms has an empirical status based on Popper’s criterion of falsifiability. It transfers a question of objectivity for mathematics from the field of philosophy to the field of empirical science. Then, a connection on the bases of mathematics and physics is established — namely, with the existence of the classical sector of quantum theory and with a causal structure of space-time. In this sense, the existing mathematics is not the only objective, but they also possess physics. That is, mathematics, in a sense, is a thing but it is not a thought, and this quality can be considered as an objective layer of reality that can be a substrate of the physical world.In the final part of this paper, several modern directions in the quantum gravity theory or TOE (string theory, loop quantum gravity, and causal sets) are considered regarding, as far as these theories are concerned, the formation of an abstract mathematical substratum. It is shown that the tendency to develop an of structure like an abstract mathematical substratum definitely exists. This means that a TOE can be not just a physical theory, but rather an abstract mathematical structure.

İbn Sînâ Metafiziğinde Nefs-Beden Düalizmi Üzerine Bir Zihin Felsefesi Değerlendirmesi

Author(s): Mehtap Doğan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 49/2018

Soul has been a huge problem in history of philosophy within the context of its description, existence, immortality and its relationship with body since the ancient times. Avicenna’s theory on soul could be evaluated as a bridge between his epistemological and ontological ideas. Although his theory has similar characteristics with Plato’s and Aristoteles’ philosophical arguments on soul, Avicenna offers a significant schema on soul that really exceeds both Plato and Aristoteles. Avicenna proposed a systematical analysis of mind-body problem decades before Descartes, who has been known as the constructer of mind-body problem. Therefore, it should be taken into an account that Avicenna although lived in Middle-ages, made a significant contribution to both psychology and philosophy of mind indirectly. The aim of this essay is firstly to evaluate Avicenna’s soul theory concerning the description of soul, the nature of soul, types of soul and the functions of soul and then to search for its effects on modern philosophy of mind. Especially it is easy to realize that there is an explicit similarity between Descartes and Avicenna’s ideas on soul. On the issue of mind-body problem, Descartes claims that mind could exist without the existence of body. Mind is a separate and distinct substance; however, there is a mutual relationship between mind and body through pineal gland. Similar with Descartes, Avicenna also claims that soul can exist without body because it is a distinct substance. He constructs a ground for this idea by using his popular thought experiment “flyman”. In this essay, it is tried to be indicated that Avicenna’s theory of soul has important reflections both on Descartes and modern philosophy of mind

Economics in times of crisis. In search of a new paradigm in economic sciences

Author(s): Joanna Dzionek-Kozlowska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

The relationship between the development of economics and economic performance is not reducible to any set of simple rules. Among the historians of economic thought there is even a handful of those who perceive the progress in economics mostly as an outcome of the attempts to solve the problems, inconsistencies and paradoxes within economic theory itself. Seen from this perspective, economic reality has minor (or no) importance. On the other hand, the endeavours to modify a mainstream approach are significantly greater in times of economic downturns. Seeing that economics is in such a state of ‘intellectual ferment’ nowadays, it is worth reconsidering the connection between economics and the economy. Thus the main aim of the paper is to analyse the current state of economic science in relation to the last economic slump. Although it is of course not possible to predict the future trajectories of economic theorising, taking into consideration the nature of the crisis the most feasible and potentially most fruitful areas are indicated.

Chaos i ciemność. Kilka uwag o Zagadce Kaspara Hausera Wernera Herzoga

Author(s): Michał Filipczuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2017

“The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser” by Werner Herzog could be treated as an allegory of the human condition, akin to the vision of writers belonging to the broadly defined existentialist tradition – as far as the world vision and the conception of man, presented in the movie, are concerned. As the aforementioned allegory we can treat life history of the movie’s protagonist, Kaspar Hauser, the child of nature, thrown by an unknown dark force into completely incomprehensible for him human civilization, into the world of an absent – or negated – Absolute. It’s best formulaic description – “the empty Transcendence” – we can find in the poetry of Bolesław Leśmian. To some extent Herzog’s work could be treated as an evocation of so understood transcendence and as an expression of the existentialists’ diagnosis of our human fate: the man comes out of darkness and in the darkness he finds his ultimate destination.

Social mechanisms and social causation

Author(s): Friedel Weinert / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

The aim of this paper is to examine the notion of social mechanisms by comparison with the notions of evolutionary and physical mechanisms. It is argued that social mechanisms are based on trends, and not lawlike regularities, so that social mechanisms are different from mechanisms in the natural sciences. Taking as an example of social causation the abolition of the slave trade, this paper argues that social mechanisms should be incorporated in Weber’s wider notion of adequate causation in order to achieve their explanatory purpose.

The ‘desire for money:’ Aristotelian blind spot in the field of economics? A French heterodox point of view

Author(s): Richard Sobel / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2013

If the field of economics has today become the archetype for determinism in the social sciences, it comes at the price of a form of objectivity founded on the complex process of the reduction and naturalization of a certain type of social relation, a process best described via the real approach or the ‘approach by value.’ A radical critique of this process requires the deconstruction of this dominant approach, characterized by the articulation of neoclassical theory and economic liberalism. It is only once the repression of the desire for money, a repression constitutive of false economic objectivity, has been denounced that the standard model can then be subject to such a critique. This will in turn open the possibility of an economic theory which is radically anti-naturalist.

The evolution of merchant moral thought in Tokugawa Japan

Author(s): Ryan Langrill / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2012

The Tokugawa Era of Japan is known for its domination by the shogunate, or warrior bureaucracy. While samurai capture the popular imagination, the merchant class of this era was changing their cultural narrative as well. The regime, officially Neo-Confucian, considered trade a vulgar and corrupting activity, but among commoners, especially in Osaka, a culture arose celebrating the virtue of commerce. Merchant scholars and commoners assailed the orthodoxy by putting forth alternate interpretations of Confucianism, and later by abandoning the entire Confucian framework. Their primary goal was to explore the nature of virtue and commerce, and justify their own place in the world. As a side effect, the marriage of virtue to commerce allowed a nexus of long-term relationships to arise, based in Osaka.

Review of Eric Helleiner, Stefano Pagliari and Hubert Zimmerman (editors), Global Finance in Crisis: The Politics of International Regulatory Change, Routledge, 2010, pp. 216

Author(s): Linh Dao / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2012

Critical Realism versus Social Constructivism in International Relations

Author(s): Roxana Bobulescu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2011

This article discusses the methodological differences between the British school and the American school of international relations. It attempts to demonstrate that Susan Strange, representative of the British school, could be considered a critical realist. The aim of the article is to show that her vision of international political economy fulfills the methodological reorientation initiated in economics by Tony Lawson at the end of the 90s. Strange’s radical ontology claims that structural power determines human actions. The paper contrasts Strange’s approach with that of John Ruggie, from the American school, who identifies himself as a social constructivist. Ruggie emphasizes the role of ideational factors in international relations and the constructed nature of social reality.

Financial stability requires macroeconomic foundations of macroeconomics

Author(s): Sergio Rossi / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2010

Financial stability features prominently among the goals of several post­crisis macroeconomic policies around the world. Being a systemic characteristic, financial stability requires a systemic analysis, which only macroeconomics can offer logically. Yet, the current way of doing macroeconomics is not up to the task, as it is grounded on so­called microfoundations. Considering macroeconomics as the science of aggregating data obtained at microeconomic level can lead indeed to conclusions that are either misleading or wrong. This paper points out that the true foundations of macroeconomics are macroeconomic, and that understanding the working of monetary economies of production and exchange requires a conceptual rather than a mathematical treatment of economic issues at a systemic level.

A Review of Moral Markets: the Critical Role of Values in the Economy, Edited by Paul J. Zak, Princeton/Oxford, Princeton University Press, 2008, 386 pp.

Author(s): Thomas Wells / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2009

Methodology and the practice of economists – a philosophical approach

Author(s): Bjørn-Ivar Davidsen / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2008

Practicing academic economists are reported to pay little attention to work being done by economic methodologists. This is an unfortunate situation for the sub­field of economic methodology as well as for the discipline of economics at large. If the sub­field of economic methodology does not succeed in communicating with practitioners of the larger discipline of which it is a part, its rationale is seriously brought into question. And when practitioners of a scientific discipline do not pay heed to methodological questions, the discipline is destined to stagnation and possible degeneration.In order to contribute to an amelioration of the noted unfortunate state of affairs, this paper argues the case for purposeful philosophically informed approaches through which economic methodologists may prove themselves helpful and valuable to the practitioners of the discipline. A scheme of descriptive­critical analyses of economic texts is set forth as a means of enhancing academic economists’ awareness of, and interest in, philosophical questions embedded in, and vital to, their practices. Moreover, it is argued, and exemplified, how philosophically minded methodologists may contribute constructively to processes directed towards establishing and developing economic theories and analyses.

Classifying Heterodoxy

Author(s): Rick Szostak / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2008

This paper draws upon the scholarship of interdisciplinarity to argue that Economics, like all disciplines, should be open to a wide range of theories and methods, and the study of all relevant phenomena. A classification of the different methods and theory types used by scholars identifies key strengths and weaknesses of each. Different schools of heterodox [that is, non-neoclassical] economics, as well as neoclassical economics itself, emphasize different sets of theory and method. Each thus has a unique contribution to make to a holistic understanding of the economy. At present, different heterodox schools, like neoclassical economics itself, tend to act as if it were thought that their theory and method were superior. This paper urges a quite different attitude: different heterodox schools, as well as neoclassical economics, should be seen as complements rather than substitutes. That is, the insights of different schools of thought within Economics can and should be integrated just as disciplinary insights are integrated within interdisciplinary scholarship. The classification also identifies valuable theory types not presently embraced by any heterodox approach. Heterodoxy needs also to embrace the causal linkages between economic and diverse non-economic phenomena; the paper outlines a strategy for organizing the complex understandings that emerge from such a project. Some might recoil at the complexity of an academic enterprise that embraces such a wide range of phenomena, theory, and method; this paper shows how these diverse investigations can be organized in terms of the classifications presented such that all economists could readily appreciate the contributions of others. The paper also makes suggestions regarding the daily practice of heterodox economists, and draws lessons for heterodoxy from interdisciplinary research practice.

„A lélek: ház, s az utak a lélekerők.”

Author(s): Ferenc Bányai / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2015

This study focuses on metaphors in the mysticism of Meister Eckhart (1260-1328). The role of the building – related metaphors was proved on his Latin works, vernacular treatises and sermons using the method of the conceptual theory of metaphor. In the research the connections in relation to these metaphors were established and from elements of the target domain the system was constructed and thus the hidden structure of Eckhart’s thought analyzed. Findings of this study demonstrate metaphors’ work in the understanding and in the translation, furthermore enable modern readers to enter into a discussion with mysticism through the Eckhartian language.

Историософията на Арнълд Тойнби

Author(s): Zhelyazko Stoyanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2019

The article presents the basic views of the renowned British historian and philosopher of history (historiosopher) Arnold Toynbee (1889–1975), outlined above all in his 12-volume work 'A Study of History'. First of all, his understanding of the specifics of the emergence, development and existence of civilizations is examined. Special attention is paid to the criteria formulated by the British historian for the development of civilizations. Emphasis is placed on the topic of the relation between society and the individual, which is an essential element in Toynbee’s historiosophy. His views on the decline of civilizations and the “universal state” are also traced, as well as his scenarios for the future of civilizations.

I kissed an NPC, and I liked it: Love and sexuality in digital games

Author(s): Gianmarco Thierry Giuliana / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

In this paper we will discuss the presence of love and sexuality in digital games (from ‘80s amateur porn games to the newest released VR ludo-erotic entertainment), both as representation and as experienced simulation. By way of a semiotic framework, we will analyze the following key features that produce the meaning of love and sexuality (L&S from now on) in these texts: the possibility of semantic manipulation, intersubjective enunciation, a cognitive sensibility created through a ratio, and the presence of an economy of meaning. Furthermore, we will look not only at what these games represent and allow players to do, but also at players’ strategies and actions that give love and sex meaning in these games. Finally, this work will allow us to highlight not only the ideological and socio-cultural relevance of love and sex in digital games, but also the limits of a classical semiotic approach to this kind of problem, and consequently to make a general theoretical reflection in the conclusion.